The code to check the bitmap for the allocation status of each sector
has been "disabled by reason" ever since the vpc driver existed.
The reason might be that we might end up reading sector by sector
in vpc_read if we really used it. This would be a performance desaster.
The current code would furthermore not work if the disabled parts get
reactivated since vpc_read and vpc_write only use get_sector_offset to
check the allocation status of the first sector of a read/write operation.
This might lead to sectors incorrectly treated as zero in vpc_read and
to sectors getting allocated twice in vpc_write.
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Message-id: 1425379316-19639-6-git-send-email-pl@kamp.de
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
the field is named current size in the spec. Name it accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Message-id: 1425379316-19639-5-git-send-email-pl@kamp.de
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
The VHD spec [1] allows for total_sectors of 65535 x 16 x 255 (~127GB)
represented by a CHS geometry. If total_sectors is greater
than 65535 x 16 x 255 this geometry is set as a maximum.
Qemu, Hyper-V and disk2vhd use this special geometry as an indicator
to use the image current size from the footer as disk size.
This patch changes vpc_create to effectively calculate a CxHxS geometry
for the given image size if possible while rounding up if necessary.
If the image size is too big to be represented in CHS we set the maximum
and write the exact requested image size into the footer.
This partly reverts commit 258d2edb, but leaves support for >127G disks
intact.
[1] http://download.microsoft.com/download/f/f/e/ffef50a5-07dd-4cf8-aaa3-442c0673a029/Virtual%20Hard%20Disk%20Format%20Spec_10_18_06.doc
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Message-id: 1425379316-19639-4-git-send-email-pl@kamp.de
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
The CHS calculation as done per the VHD spec imposes a maximum image
size of ~127 GB. Real VHD images exist that are larger than that.
Apparently there are two separate non-standard ways to achieve this:
You could use more heads than the spec does - this is the option that
qemu-img create chooses.
However, other images exist where the geometry is set to the maximum
(65535/16/255), but the actual image size is larger. Until now, such
images are truncated at 127 GB when opening them with qemu.
This patch changes the vpc driver to ignore geometry in this case and
only trust the size field in the header.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
[PL: Fixed maximum geometry in the commit msg]
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Message-id: 1425379316-19639-3-git-send-email-pl@kamp.de
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
*pnum can't be greater than s->block_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE for allocated
sectors since there is always a bitmap in between.
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Message-id: 1425379316-19639-2-git-send-email-pl@kamp.de
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
This implements bdrv_co_get_block_status() for VHD images. This can
significantly speed up qemu-img convert operation because only with this
function implemented sparseness can be considered. (Before, converting a
1 TB empty image took several minutes for me, now it's instantaneous.)
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
If total_sectors is rounded to match the geometry, total_size needs to
be changed as well. Otherwise we end up with an image whose geometry
describes a disk larger than the image file, which doesn't end well.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
In commit fef6070, the need for NOCOW was removed from the vpc driver,
as we removed the the posix calls. However, the BLOCK_OPT_NOCOW was not
removed from vpc_create_opts. This was a mistake - remove the opt from
there as well.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Cody <jcody@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Weil <sw@weilnetz.de>
Message-id: 8ba076fa725fed681cde7d8afc4fb239ae06a9c6.1417620301.git.jcody@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
device_name[] can become non-empty only in bdrv_new_root() and
bdrv_move_feature_fields(). The latter is used only to undo damage
done by bdrv_swap(). The former is called only by blk_new_with_bs().
Therefore, when a BlockDriverState's device_name[] is non-empty, then
it's been created with a BlockBackend, and vice versa. Furthermore,
blk_new_with_bs() keeps the two names equal.
Therefore, device_name[] is redundant. Eliminate it.
Signed-off-by: Markus Armbruster <armbru@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The beX_to_cpu() and cpu_to_beX() functions perform the same operation -
they do a byteswap if the host CPU endianness is little-endian or a
nothing otherwise.
The point of two names for the same operation is that it documents which
direction the data is being converted. This makes it clear whether the
data is suitable for CPU processing or in its external representation.
This patch fixes incorrect beX_to_cpu()/cpu_to_beX() usage.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Currently the file size requested by user is rounded down to nearest
sector, causing the actual file size could be a bit less than the size
user requested. Since some formats (like qcow2) record virtual disk
size in bytes, this can make the last few bytes cannot be accessed.
This patch fixes it by rounding up file size to nearest sector so that
the actual file size is no less than the requested file size.
Signed-off-by: Hu Tao <hutao@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
cpu_to_be32() is wrong since vhd_type is an enum constant
(just a regular CPU-endian integer).
Signed-off-by: Xiaodong Gong <gordongong0350@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Some code in the block layer makes potentially huge allocations. Failure
is not completely unexpected there, so avoid aborting qemu and handle
out-of-memory situations gracefully.
This patch addresses the allocations in the vpc block driver.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Benoit Canet <benoit@irqsave.net>
Use the block layer to create, and write to, the image file in the VPC
.bdrv_create() operation.
This has a couple of benefits: Images can now be created over protocols,
and hacks such as NOCOW are not needed in the image format driver, and
the underlying file protocol appropriate for the host OS can be relied
upon.
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Cody <jcody@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Add 'nocow' option so that users could have a chance to set NOCOW flag to
newly created files. It's useful on btrfs file system to enhance performance.
Btrfs has low performance when hosting VM images, even more when the guest
in those VM are also using btrfs as file system. One way to mitigate this bad
performance is to turn off COW attributes on VM files. Generally, there are
two ways to turn off NOCOW on btrfs: a) by mounting fs with nodatacow, then
all newly created files will be NOCOW. b) per file. Add the NOCOW file
attribute. It could only be done to empty or new files.
This patch tries the second way, according to the option, it could add NOCOW
per file.
For most block drivers, since the create file step is in raw-posix.c, so we
can do setting NOCOW flag ioctl in raw-posix.c only.
But there are some exceptions, like block/vpc.c and block/vdi.c, they are
creating file by calling qemu_open directly. For them, do the same setting
NOCOW flag ioctl work in them separately.
[Fixed up 082.out due to the new 'nocow' creation option
--Stefan]
Signed-off-by: Chunyan Liu <cyliu@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Now that all backend drivers are using QemuOpts, remove all
QEMUOptionParameter related codes.
Signed-off-by: Dong Xu Wang <wdongxu@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Chunyan Liu <cyliu@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Dong Xu Wang <wdongxu@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Chunyan Liu <cyliu@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
This fixes some cases of division by zero crashes.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
This adds checks to make sure that max_table_entries and block_size
are in sane ranges. Memory is allocated based on max_table_entries,
and block_size is used to calculate indices into that allocated
memory, so if these values are incorrect that can lead to potential
unbounded memory allocation, or invalid memory accesses.
Also, the allocation of the pagetable is changed from g_malloc0()
to qemu_blockalign().
Signed-off-by: Jeff Cody <jcody@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Returning "Wrong medium type" for an image that does not have a valid
header is a bit weird. Improve the error by mentioning what format
was trying to open it.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fam Zheng <famz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
this adds a check that a dynamic VHD file has not been
accidently truncated (e.g. during transfer or upload).
Signed-off-by: Peter Lieven <pl@kamp.de>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The VHD footer and header structs (vhd_footer and vhd_dyndisk_header)
are on-disk structures for the image format, and as such should be
packed.
Go ahead and make these typedefs as well, with the preferred QEMU
naming convention, so that the packed attribute is used consistently
with the struct.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Cody <jcody@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Add an Error ** parameter to BlockDriver.bdrv_open and
BlockDriver.bdrv_file_open to allow more specific error messages.
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Depending on the subformat, has_zero_init on VHD must behave like raw
and query the underlying storage (fixed) or like other sparse formats
that can always return 1 (dynamic, differencing).
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
This reverts commit f880defbb0.
Jeff Cody's testing revealed that the interpretation of size differs
even between VirtualPC and HyperV. Revert this so there is time to
consider the impact of any backwards incompatible behavior this change
creates.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
The size calculated from the CHS values is not the real image (disk) size,
but usually a smaller value. This is caused by rounding effects.
Only older operating systems use CHS. Such guests won't be able to use
the whole disk. All modern operating systems use the real size.
This patch fixes https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1105670/.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Weil <sw@weilnetz.de>
Message-id: 1360265212-22037-1-git-send-email-sw@weilnetz.de
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Return -errno instead of -1 on errors. While touching the
code, fix a memory leak.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
The VHD specification allows for up to a 2 TB disk size. The current
implementation in qemu emulates EIDE and ATA-2 hardware which only allows
for up to 127 GB. This disk size limitation can be overridden by allowing
up to 255 heads instead of the normal 4 bit limitation of 16. Doing so
allows disk images to be created of up to nearly 2 TB. This change does
not violate the VHD format specification nor does it change how smaller
disks (ie, <=127GB) are defined.
[Charles Arnold also writes: "In analyzing a 160 GB VHD fixed disk image
created on Windows 2008 R2, it appears that MS is also ignoring the CHS
values in the footer geometry field in whatever driver they use for
accessing the image. The CHS values are set at 65535,16,255 which
obviously doesn't represent an image size of 160 GB." -- Stefan]
Signed-off-by: Charles Arnold <carnold@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Initialize the uuid field in the footer with a generated uuid.
Signed-off-by: Charles Arnold <carnold@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
There is currently nothing that needs to be done for VPC image
file reopen.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Cody <jcody@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
This patch converts all block layer close calls, that correspond
to qemu_open calls, to qemu_close.
Signed-off-by: Corey Bryant <coreyb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
This patch converts all block layer open calls to qemu_open.
Note that this adds the O_CLOEXEC flag to the changed open paths
when the O_CLOEXEC macro is defined.
Signed-off-by: Corey Bryant <coreyb@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
After validation check, the 'checksum' is not written back
to footer, which leave it with zero.
This results in errors while loadding it under Microsoft's
Hyper-V environment, and also errors from utilities like
Citrix's vhd-util.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Shengju <sean_zhang@trendmicro.com.cn>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The geometry calculation algorithm from the VHD spec rounds the image
size down if it doesn't exactly match a geometry. During image
conversion, this causes the image to be truncated. For dynamic images,
we already have code in place to round up instead, let's do the same for
fixed images.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The Virtual Hard Disk Image Format Specification allows for three
types of hard disk formats, Fixed, Dynamic, and Differencing. Qemu
currently only supports Dynamic disks. This patch adds support for
the Fixed Disk format.
Usage:
Example 1: qemu-img create -f vpc -o type=fixed <filename> [size]
Example 2: qemu-img convert -O vpc -o type=fixed <input filename> <output filename>
While it is also allowed to specify '-o type=dynamic', the default disk type
remains Dynamic and is what is used when the type is left unspecified.
Signed-off-by: Charles Arnold <carnold@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
There are two different types of flush that you can do: Flushing one level up
to the OS (i.e. writing data to the host page cache) or flushing it all the way
down to the disk. The existing functions flush to the disk, reflect this in the
function name.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The Data Offset field in the Dynamic Disk Header is an 8 byte field.
Although the specification (2006-10-11) gives an example of initializing
only the first 4 bytes, images generated by Microsoft on Windows initialize
all 8 bytes.
Failure to initialize all 8 bytes results in errors from utilities
like Citrix's vhd-util which checks specifically for the proper Data
Offset field initialization.
Signed-off-by: Charles Arnold <carnold@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Färber <afaerber@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Since coroutine operation is now mandatory, convert all bdrv_flush
implementations to coroutines. For qcow2, this means taking the lock.
Other implementations are simpler and just forward bdrv_flush to the
underlying protocol, so they can avoid the lock.
The bdrv_flush callback is then unused and can be eliminated.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
This does the first part of the conversion to coroutines, by
wrapping bdrv_write implementations to take the mutex.
Drivers that implement bdrv_write rather than bdrv_co_writev can
then benefit from asynchronous operation (at least if the underlying
protocol supports it, which is not the case for raw-win32), even
though they still operate with a bounce buffer.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
This does the first part of the conversion to coroutines, by
wrapping bdrv_read implementations to take the mutex.
Drivers that implement bdrv_read rather than bdrv_co_readv can
then benefit from asynchronous operation (at least if the underlying
protocol supports it, which is not the case for raw-win32), even
though they still operate with a bounce buffer.
raw-win32 does not need the lock, because it cannot yield.
nbd also doesn't probably, but better be safe.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The big conversion of bdrv_read/write to coroutines caused the two
homonymous callbacks in BlockDriver to become reentrant. It goes
like this:
1) bdrv_read is now called in a coroutine, and calls bdrv_read or
bdrv_pread.
2) the nested bdrv_read goes through the fast path in bdrv_rw_co_entry;
3) in the common case when the protocol is file, bdrv_co_do_readv calls
bdrv_co_readv_em (and from here goes to bdrv_co_io_em), which yields
until the AIO operation is complete;
4) if bdrv_read had been called from a bottom half, the main loop
is free to iterate again: a device model or another bottom half
can then come and call bdrv_read again.
This applies to all four of read/write/flush/discard. It would also
apply to is_allocated, but it is not used from within coroutines:
besides qemu-img.c and qemu-io.c, which operate synchronously, the
only user is the monitor. Copy-on-read will introduce a use in the
block layer, and will require converting it.
The solution is "simply" to convert all drivers to coroutines! We
just need to add a CoMutex that is taken around affected operations.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
VHD files technically can be up to 2Tb, but virtual pc is limited
to 127G. Currently qemu-img refused to create vpc files > 127G,
but it is failing to return error when converting from a non-vpc
VHD file which is >127G. It returns success, but creates a truncated
converted image. Also, qemu-img info claims the vpc file is 127G
(and clean).
This patch detects a too-large vpc file and returns -EFBIG. Without
this patch,
=============================================================
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# qemu-img info /mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd
image: /mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd
file format: vpc
virtual size: 127G (136899993600 bytes)
disk size: 284K
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# qemu-img convert -f vpc -O raw /mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd /mnt/y
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# echo $?
0
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# qemu-img info /mnt/y
image: /mnt/y
file format: raw
virtual size: 127G (136899993600 bytes)
disk size: 0
=============================================================
(The 140G image was truncated with no warning or error.)
With the patch, I get:
=============================================================
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# ./qemu-img info /mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd
qemu-img: Could not open '/mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd': File too large
root@ip-10-38-123-242:~/qemu-fixed# ./qemu-img convert -f vpc -O raw /mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd /mnt/y
qemu-img: Could not open '/mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd': File too large
qemu-img: Could not open '/mnt/140g-dynamic.vhd'
=============================================================
See https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/814222 for details.
Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Use get_option_parameter() to instead of duplicating the loop, and
use BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE to instead of 512
Signed-off-by: Mitnick Lyu <mitnick.lyu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
All drivers use bs->file instead of s->hd for quite a while now, so it's time
to remove s->hd.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
This changes the vpc block driver (for VHD) to read/write multiple sectors at
once instead of doing a request for each single sector.
Before this, running qemu-iotests for VPC took ages, now it's actually quite
reasonable to run it always (down from ~1 hour to 40 seconds for me).
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The VHD algorithm calculates a disk geometry
which is usually smaller than the requested size.
QEMU tried to round up but failed for certain sizes:
qemu-img create -f vpc disk.vpc 9437184
would create an image with 9435136 bytes
(which is too small for qemu-img convert).
Instead of hacking the geometry algorithm, the patch
increases the number of sectors until we get enough
sectors.
Cc: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Stefan Weil <weil@mail.berlios.de>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Format drivers shouldn't need to bother with things like file names, but rather
just get an open BlockDriverState for the underlying protocol. This patch
introduces this behaviour for bdrv_open implementation. For protocols which
need to access the filename to open their file/device/connection/... a new
callback bdrv_file_open is introduced which doesn't get an underlying file
opened.
For now, also some of the more obscure formats use bdrv_file_open because they
open() the file themselves instead of using the block.c functions. They need to
be fixed in later patches.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
The company which made Virtual PC was Connectix.
They use the magic string "conectix" in their disk images.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Weil <weil@mail.berlios.de>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
These errors come up when compiling with gcc-4.3.3 and some older headers:
/scratch/froydnj/qemu.git/block/vpc.c: In function 'vpc_create':
/scratch/froydnj/qemu.git/block/vpc.c:514: error: value computed is not used
/scratch/froydnj/qemu.git/block/vpc.c:516: error: value computed is not used
/scratch/froydnj/qemu.git/block/vpc.c:517: error: value computed is not used
/scratch/froydnj/qemu.git/block/vpc.c:566: error: value computed is not used
Use memcpy to copy the strings instead of strncpy.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Froyd <froydnj@codesourcery.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
This patch adds a small help text to each of the options in the block drivers
which can be displayed by using qemu-img create -f fmt -o ?
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Now we can make use of the newly introduced option structures. Instead of
having bdrv_create carry more and more parameters (which are format specific in
most cases), just pass a option structure as defined by the driver itself.
bdrv_create2() contains an emulation of the old interface to simplify the
transition.
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
