diff --git a/block/dirty-bitmap.c b/block/dirty-bitmap.c
index 89fd1d7f8b..6b688394e4 100644
--- a/block/dirty-bitmap.c
+++ b/block/dirty-bitmap.c
@@ -625,7 +625,6 @@ void bdrv_clear_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, HBitmap **out)
 void bdrv_restore_dirty_bitmap(BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap, HBitmap *backup)
 {
     HBitmap *tmp = bitmap->bitmap;
-    assert(bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap));
     assert(!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_readonly(bitmap));
     bitmap->bitmap = backup;
     hbitmap_free(tmp);
diff --git a/blockdev-nbd.c b/blockdev-nbd.c
index 1d170c80b8..c76d5416b9 100644
--- a/blockdev-nbd.c
+++ b/blockdev-nbd.c
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ void qmp_nbd_server_start(SocketAddressLegacy *addr,
 }
 
 void qmp_nbd_server_add(const char *device, bool has_name, const char *name,
-                        bool has_writable, bool writable, Error **errp)
+                        bool has_writable, bool writable,
+                        bool has_bitmap, const char *bitmap, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
     BlockBackend *on_eject_blk;
@@ -174,14 +175,13 @@ void qmp_nbd_server_add(const char *device, bool has_name, const char *name,
         writable = false;
     }
 
-    exp = nbd_export_new(bs, 0, -1, writable ? 0 : NBD_FLAG_READ_ONLY,
+    exp = nbd_export_new(bs, 0, -1, name, NULL, bitmap,
+                         writable ? 0 : NBD_FLAG_READ_ONLY,
                          NULL, false, on_eject_blk, errp);
     if (!exp) {
         return;
     }
 
-    nbd_export_set_name(exp, name);
-
     /* The list of named exports has a strong reference to this export now and
      * our only way of accessing it is through nbd_export_find(), so we can drop
      * the strong reference that is @exp. */
@@ -214,31 +214,13 @@ void qmp_nbd_server_remove(const char *name,
 
 void qmp_nbd_server_stop(Error **errp)
 {
-    nbd_export_close_all();
-
-    nbd_server_free(nbd_server);
-    nbd_server = NULL;
-}
-
-void qmp_x_nbd_server_add_bitmap(const char *name, const char *bitmap,
-                                 bool has_bitmap_export_name,
-                                 const char *bitmap_export_name,
-                                 Error **errp)
-{
-    NBDExport *exp;
-
     if (!nbd_server) {
         error_setg(errp, "NBD server not running");
         return;
     }
 
-    exp = nbd_export_find(name);
-    if (exp == NULL) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Export '%s' is not found", name);
-        return;
-    }
+    nbd_export_close_all();
 
-    nbd_export_bitmap(exp, bitmap,
-                      has_bitmap_export_name ? bitmap_export_name : bitmap,
-                      errp);
+    nbd_server_free(nbd_server);
+    nbd_server = NULL;
 }
diff --git a/blockdev.c b/blockdev.c
index 1cc893fe61..a8fa8748a9 100644
--- a/blockdev.c
+++ b/blockdev.c
@@ -1339,7 +1339,7 @@ struct BlkActionState {
     const BlkActionOps *ops;
     JobTxn *block_job_txn;
     TransactionProperties *txn_props;
-    QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(BlkActionState) entry;
+    QTAILQ_ENTRY(BlkActionState) entry;
 };
 
 /* internal snapshot private data */
@@ -1963,7 +1963,7 @@ static void block_dirty_bitmap_add_prepare(BlkActionState *common,
                                action->has_granularity, action->granularity,
                                action->has_persistent, action->persistent,
                                action->has_autoload, action->autoload,
-                               action->has_x_disabled, action->x_disabled,
+                               action->has_disabled, action->disabled,
                                &local_err);
 
     if (!local_err) {
@@ -2048,7 +2048,7 @@ static void block_dirty_bitmap_enable_prepare(BlkActionState *common,
         return;
     }
 
-    action = common->action->u.x_block_dirty_bitmap_enable.data;
+    action = common->action->u.block_dirty_bitmap_enable.data;
     state->bitmap = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(action->node,
                                               action->name,
                                               NULL,
@@ -2089,7 +2089,7 @@ static void block_dirty_bitmap_disable_prepare(BlkActionState *common,
         return;
     }
 
-    action = common->action->u.x_block_dirty_bitmap_disable.data;
+    action = common->action->u.block_dirty_bitmap_disable.data;
     state->bitmap = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(action->node,
                                               action->name,
                                               NULL,
@@ -2119,33 +2119,28 @@ static void block_dirty_bitmap_disable_abort(BlkActionState *common)
     }
 }
 
+static BdrvDirtyBitmap *do_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(const char *node,
+                                                    const char *target,
+                                                    strList *bitmaps,
+                                                    HBitmap **backup,
+                                                    Error **errp);
+
 static void block_dirty_bitmap_merge_prepare(BlkActionState *common,
                                              Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDirtyBitmapMerge *action;
     BlockDirtyBitmapState *state = DO_UPCAST(BlockDirtyBitmapState,
                                              common, common);
-    BdrvDirtyBitmap *merge_source;
 
     if (action_check_completion_mode(common, errp) < 0) {
         return;
     }
 
-    action = common->action->u.x_block_dirty_bitmap_merge.data;
-    state->bitmap = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(action->node,
-                                              action->dst_name,
-                                              &state->bs,
-                                              errp);
-    if (!state->bitmap) {
-        return;
-    }
+    action = common->action->u.block_dirty_bitmap_merge.data;
 
-    merge_source = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(state->bs, action->src_name);
-    if (!merge_source) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    bdrv_merge_dirty_bitmap(state->bitmap, merge_source, &state->backup, errp);
+    state->bitmap = do_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(action->node, action->target,
+                                                action->bitmaps, &state->backup,
+                                                errp);
 }
 
 static void abort_prepare(BlkActionState *common, Error **errp)
@@ -2209,17 +2204,17 @@ static const BlkActionOps actions[] = {
         .commit = block_dirty_bitmap_free_backup,
         .abort = block_dirty_bitmap_restore,
     },
-    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_X_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_ENABLE] = {
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_ENABLE] = {
         .instance_size = sizeof(BlockDirtyBitmapState),
         .prepare = block_dirty_bitmap_enable_prepare,
         .abort = block_dirty_bitmap_enable_abort,
     },
-    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_X_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_DISABLE] = {
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_DISABLE] = {
         .instance_size = sizeof(BlockDirtyBitmapState),
         .prepare = block_dirty_bitmap_disable_prepare,
         .abort = block_dirty_bitmap_disable_abort,
     },
-    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_X_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_MERGE] = {
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCK_DIRTY_BITMAP_MERGE] = {
         .instance_size = sizeof(BlockDirtyBitmapState),
         .prepare = block_dirty_bitmap_merge_prepare,
         .commit = block_dirty_bitmap_free_backup,
@@ -2266,8 +2261,8 @@ void qmp_transaction(TransactionActionList *dev_list,
     BlkActionState *state, *next;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, BlkActionState) snap_bdrv_states;
-    QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&snap_bdrv_states);
+    QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlkActionState) snap_bdrv_states;
+    QTAILQ_INIT(&snap_bdrv_states);
 
     /* Does this transaction get canceled as a group on failure?
      * If not, we don't really need to make a JobTxn.
@@ -2298,7 +2293,7 @@ void qmp_transaction(TransactionActionList *dev_list,
         state->action = dev_info;
         state->block_job_txn = block_job_txn;
         state->txn_props = props;
-        QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&snap_bdrv_states, state, entry);
+        QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&snap_bdrv_states, state, entry);
 
         state->ops->prepare(state, &local_err);
         if (local_err) {
@@ -2307,7 +2302,7 @@ void qmp_transaction(TransactionActionList *dev_list,
         }
     }
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
+    QTAILQ_FOREACH(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
         if (state->ops->commit) {
             state->ops->commit(state);
         }
@@ -2318,13 +2313,13 @@ void qmp_transaction(TransactionActionList *dev_list,
 
 delete_and_fail:
     /* failure, and it is all-or-none; roll back all operations */
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
+    QTAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
         if (state->ops->abort) {
             state->ops->abort(state);
         }
     }
 exit:
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry, next) {
+    QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry, next) {
         if (state->ops->clean) {
             state->ops->clean(state);
         }
@@ -2935,7 +2930,7 @@ void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_clear(const char *node, const char *name,
     bdrv_clear_dirty_bitmap(bitmap, NULL);
 }
 
-void qmp_x_block_dirty_bitmap_enable(const char *node, const char *name,
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_enable(const char *node, const char *name,
                                    Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs;
@@ -2956,7 +2951,7 @@ void qmp_x_block_dirty_bitmap_enable(const char *node, const char *name,
     bdrv_enable_dirty_bitmap(bitmap);
 }
 
-void qmp_x_block_dirty_bitmap_disable(const char *node, const char *name,
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_disable(const char *node, const char *name,
                                     Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs;
@@ -2977,24 +2972,56 @@ void qmp_x_block_dirty_bitmap_disable(const char *node, const char *name,
     bdrv_disable_dirty_bitmap(bitmap);
 }
 
-void qmp_x_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(const char *node, const char *dst_name,
-                                    const char *src_name, Error **errp)
+static BdrvDirtyBitmap *do_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(const char *node,
+                                                    const char *target,
+                                                    strList *bitmaps,
+                                                    HBitmap **backup,
+                                                    Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs;
-    BdrvDirtyBitmap *dst, *src;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *dst, *src, *anon;
+    strList *lst;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
 
-    dst = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(node, dst_name, &bs, errp);
+    dst = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(node, target, &bs, errp);
     if (!dst) {
-        return;
+        return NULL;
     }
 
-    src = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, src_name);
-    if (!src) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Dirty bitmap '%s' not found", src_name);
-        return;
+    anon = bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(bs, bdrv_dirty_bitmap_granularity(dst),
+                                    NULL, errp);
+    if (!anon) {
+        return NULL;
     }
 
-    bdrv_merge_dirty_bitmap(dst, src, NULL, errp);
+    for (lst = bitmaps; lst; lst = lst->next) {
+        src = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, lst->value);
+        if (!src) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Dirty bitmap '%s' not found", lst->value);
+            dst = NULL;
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        bdrv_merge_dirty_bitmap(anon, src, NULL, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            dst = NULL;
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Merge into dst; dst is unchanged on failure. */
+    bdrv_merge_dirty_bitmap(dst, anon, backup, errp);
+
+ out:
+    bdrv_release_dirty_bitmap(bs, anon);
+    return dst;
+}
+
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(const char *node, const char *target,
+                                  strList *bitmaps, Error **errp)
+{
+    do_block_dirty_bitmap_merge(node, target, bitmaps, NULL, errp);
 }
 
 BlockDirtyBitmapSha256 *qmp_x_debug_block_dirty_bitmap_sha256(const char *node,
diff --git a/hmp.c b/hmp.c
index 80aa5ab504..8da5fd8760 100644
--- a/hmp.c
+++ b/hmp.c
@@ -2326,7 +2326,7 @@ void hmp_nbd_server_start(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
         }
 
         qmp_nbd_server_add(info->value->device, false, NULL,
-                           true, writable, &local_err);
+                           true, writable, false, NULL, &local_err);
 
         if (local_err != NULL) {
             qmp_nbd_server_stop(NULL);
@@ -2347,7 +2347,8 @@ void hmp_nbd_server_add(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
     bool writable = qdict_get_try_bool(qdict, "writable", false);
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
-    qmp_nbd_server_add(device, !!name, name, true, writable, &local_err);
+    qmp_nbd_server_add(device, !!name, name, true, writable,
+                       false, NULL, &local_err);
     hmp_handle_error(mon, &local_err);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/block/nbd.h b/include/block/nbd.h
index 65402d3396..1971b55789 100644
--- a/include/block/nbd.h
+++ b/include/block/nbd.h
@@ -295,9 +295,10 @@ typedef struct NBDExport NBDExport;
 typedef struct NBDClient NBDClient;
 
 NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
-                          uint16_t nbdflags, void (*close)(NBDExport *),
-                          bool writethrough, BlockBackend *on_eject_blk,
-                          Error **errp);
+                          const char *name, const char *description,
+                          const char *bitmap, uint16_t nbdflags,
+                          void (*close)(NBDExport *), bool writethrough,
+                          BlockBackend *on_eject_blk, Error **errp);
 void nbd_export_close(NBDExport *exp);
 void nbd_export_remove(NBDExport *exp, NbdServerRemoveMode mode, Error **errp);
 void nbd_export_get(NBDExport *exp);
@@ -306,8 +307,6 @@ void nbd_export_put(NBDExport *exp);
 BlockBackend *nbd_export_get_blockdev(NBDExport *exp);
 
 NBDExport *nbd_export_find(const char *name);
-void nbd_export_set_name(NBDExport *exp, const char *name);
-void nbd_export_set_description(NBDExport *exp, const char *description);
 void nbd_export_close_all(void);
 
 void nbd_client_new(QIOChannelSocket *sioc,
@@ -320,9 +319,6 @@ void nbd_client_put(NBDClient *client);
 void nbd_server_start(SocketAddress *addr, const char *tls_creds,
                       Error **errp);
 
-void nbd_export_bitmap(NBDExport *exp, const char *bitmap,
-                       const char *bitmap_export_name, Error **errp);
-
 /* nbd_read
  * Reads @size bytes from @ioc. Returns 0 on success.
  */
diff --git a/nbd/server.c b/nbd/server.c
index 7af0ddffb2..e8c56607ef 100644
--- a/nbd/server.c
+++ b/nbd/server.c
@@ -1456,9 +1456,10 @@ static void nbd_eject_notifier(Notifier *n, void *data)
 }
 
 NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
-                          uint16_t nbdflags, void (*close)(NBDExport *),
-                          bool writethrough, BlockBackend *on_eject_blk,
-                          Error **errp)
+                          const char *name, const char *description,
+                          const char *bitmap, uint16_t nbdflags,
+                          void (*close)(NBDExport *), bool writethrough,
+                          BlockBackend *on_eject_blk, Error **errp)
 {
     AioContext *ctx;
     BlockBackend *blk;
@@ -1471,6 +1472,7 @@ NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
      * that BDRV_O_INACTIVE is cleared and the image is ready for write
      * access since the export could be available before migration handover.
      */
+    assert(name);
     ctx = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
     aio_context_acquire(ctx);
     bdrv_invalidate_cache(bs, NULL);
@@ -1494,6 +1496,8 @@ NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
     QTAILQ_INIT(&exp->clients);
     exp->blk = blk;
     exp->dev_offset = dev_offset;
+    exp->name = g_strdup(name);
+    exp->description = g_strdup(description);
     exp->nbdflags = nbdflags;
     exp->size = size < 0 ? blk_getlength(blk) : size;
     if (exp->size < 0) {
@@ -1503,6 +1507,43 @@ NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
     }
     exp->size -= exp->size % BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
 
+    if (bitmap) {
+        BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm = NULL;
+        BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+        while (true) {
+            bm = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, bitmap);
+            if (bm != NULL || bs->backing == NULL) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            bs = bs->backing->bs;
+        }
+
+        if (bm == NULL) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' is not found", bitmap);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((nbdflags & NBD_FLAG_READ_ONLY) && bdrv_is_writable(bs) &&
+            bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bm)) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Enabled bitmap '%s' incompatible with readonly export",
+                       bitmap);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_user_locked(bm)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' is in use", bitmap);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        bdrv_dirty_bitmap_set_qmp_locked(bm, true);
+        exp->export_bitmap = bm;
+        exp->export_bitmap_context = g_strdup_printf("qemu:dirty-bitmap:%s",
+                                                     bitmap);
+    }
+
     exp->close = close;
     exp->ctx = blk_get_aio_context(blk);
     blk_add_aio_context_notifier(blk, blk_aio_attached, blk_aio_detach, exp);
@@ -1513,10 +1554,14 @@ NBDExport *nbd_export_new(BlockDriverState *bs, off_t dev_offset, off_t size,
         exp->eject_notifier.notify = nbd_eject_notifier;
         blk_add_remove_bs_notifier(on_eject_blk, &exp->eject_notifier);
     }
+    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&exports, exp, next);
+    nbd_export_get(exp);
     return exp;
 
 fail:
     blk_unref(blk);
+    g_free(exp->name);
+    g_free(exp->description);
     g_free(exp);
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -1533,43 +1578,29 @@ NBDExport *nbd_export_find(const char *name)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-void nbd_export_set_name(NBDExport *exp, const char *name)
-{
-    if (exp->name == name) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    nbd_export_get(exp);
-    if (exp->name != NULL) {
-        g_free(exp->name);
-        exp->name = NULL;
-        QTAILQ_REMOVE(&exports, exp, next);
-        nbd_export_put(exp);
-    }
-    if (name != NULL) {
-        nbd_export_get(exp);
-        exp->name = g_strdup(name);
-        QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&exports, exp, next);
-    }
-    nbd_export_put(exp);
-}
-
-void nbd_export_set_description(NBDExport *exp, const char *description)
-{
-    g_free(exp->description);
-    exp->description = g_strdup(description);
-}
-
 void nbd_export_close(NBDExport *exp)
 {
     NBDClient *client, *next;
 
     nbd_export_get(exp);
+    /*
+     * TODO: Should we expand QMP NbdServerRemoveNode enum to allow a
+     * close mode that stops advertising the export to new clients but
+     * still permits existing clients to run to completion? Because of
+     * that possibility, nbd_export_close() can be called more than
+     * once on an export.
+     */
     QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(client, &exp->clients, next, next) {
         client_close(client, true);
     }
-    nbd_export_set_name(exp, NULL);
-    nbd_export_set_description(exp, NULL);
+    if (exp->name) {
+        nbd_export_put(exp);
+        g_free(exp->name);
+        exp->name = NULL;
+        QTAILQ_REMOVE(&exports, exp, next);
+    }
+    g_free(exp->description);
+    exp->description = NULL;
     nbd_export_put(exp);
 }
 
@@ -2430,44 +2461,3 @@ void nbd_client_new(QIOChannelSocket *sioc,
     co = qemu_coroutine_create(nbd_co_client_start, client);
     qemu_coroutine_enter(co);
 }
-
-void nbd_export_bitmap(NBDExport *exp, const char *bitmap,
-                       const char *bitmap_export_name, Error **errp)
-{
-    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bm = NULL;
-    BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(exp->blk);
-
-    if (exp->export_bitmap) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Export bitmap is already set");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    while (true) {
-        bm = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, bitmap);
-        if (bm != NULL || bs->backing == NULL) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        bs = bs->backing->bs;
-    }
-
-    if (bm == NULL) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' is not found", bitmap);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bm)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' is enabled", bitmap);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_user_locked(bm)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' is in use", bitmap);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    bdrv_dirty_bitmap_set_qmp_locked(bm, true);
-    exp->export_bitmap = bm;
-    exp->export_bitmap_context =
-            g_strdup_printf("qemu:dirty-bitmap:%s", bitmap_export_name);
-}
diff --git a/qapi/block-core.json b/qapi/block-core.json
index 762000f31f..91685be6c2 100644
--- a/qapi/block-core.json
+++ b/qapi/block-core.json
@@ -1806,29 +1806,29 @@
 #            Currently, all dirty tracking bitmaps are loaded from Qcow2 on
 #            open.
 #
-# @x-disabled: the bitmap is created in the disabled state, which means that
-#              it will not track drive changes. The bitmap may be enabled with
-#              x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable. Default is false. (Since: 3.0)
+# @disabled: the bitmap is created in the disabled state, which means that
+#            it will not track drive changes. The bitmap may be enabled with
+#            block-dirty-bitmap-enable. Default is false. (Since: 4.0)
 #
 # Since: 2.4
 ##
 { 'struct': 'BlockDirtyBitmapAdd',
   'data': { 'node': 'str', 'name': 'str', '*granularity': 'uint32',
-            '*persistent': 'bool', '*autoload': 'bool', '*x-disabled': 'bool' } }
+            '*persistent': 'bool', '*autoload': 'bool', '*disabled': 'bool' } }
 
 ##
 # @BlockDirtyBitmapMerge:
 #
 # @node: name of device/node which the bitmap is tracking
 #
-# @dst_name: name of the destination dirty bitmap
+# @target: name of the destination dirty bitmap
 #
-# @src_name: name of the source dirty bitmap
+# @bitmaps: name(s) of the source dirty bitmap(s)
 #
-# Since: 3.0
+# Since: 4.0
 ##
 { 'struct': 'BlockDirtyBitmapMerge',
-  'data': { 'node': 'str', 'dst_name': 'str', 'src_name': 'str' } }
+  'data': { 'node': 'str', 'target': 'str', 'bitmaps': ['str'] } }
 
 ##
 # @block-dirty-bitmap-add:
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@
   'data': 'BlockDirtyBitmap' }
 
 ##
-# @x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable:
+# @block-dirty-bitmap-enable:
 #
 # Enables a dirty bitmap so that it will begin tracking disk changes.
 #
@@ -1907,20 +1907,20 @@
 #          If @node is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
 #          If @name is not found, GenericError with an explanation
 #
-# Since: 3.0
+# Since: 4.0
 #
 # Example:
 #
-# -> { "execute": "x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable",
+# -> { "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-enable",
 #      "arguments": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmap0" } }
 # <- { "return": {} }
 #
 ##
-  { 'command': 'x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable',
+  { 'command': 'block-dirty-bitmap-enable',
     'data': 'BlockDirtyBitmap' }
 
 ##
-# @x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable:
+# @block-dirty-bitmap-disable:
 #
 # Disables a dirty bitmap so that it will stop tracking disk changes.
 #
@@ -1928,42 +1928,42 @@
 #          If @node is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
 #          If @name is not found, GenericError with an explanation
 #
-# Since: 3.0
+# Since: 4.0
 #
 # Example:
 #
-# -> { "execute": "x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+# -> { "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
 #      "arguments": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmap0" } }
 # <- { "return": {} }
 #
 ##
-    { 'command': 'x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable',
+    { 'command': 'block-dirty-bitmap-disable',
       'data': 'BlockDirtyBitmap' }
 
 ##
-# @x-block-dirty-bitmap-merge:
+# @block-dirty-bitmap-merge:
 #
-# FIXME: Rename @src_name and @dst_name to src-name and dst-name.
-#
-# Merge @src_name dirty bitmap to @dst_name dirty bitmap. @src_name dirty
-# bitmap is unchanged. On error, @dst_name is unchanged.
+# Merge dirty bitmaps listed in @bitmaps to the @target dirty bitmap.
+# The @bitmaps dirty bitmaps are unchanged.
+# On error, @target is unchanged.
 #
 # Returns: nothing on success
 #          If @node is not a valid block device, DeviceNotFound
-#          If @dst_name or @src_name is not found, GenericError
-#          If bitmaps has different sizes or granularities, GenericError
+#          If any bitmap in @bitmaps or @target is not found, GenericError
+#          If any of the bitmaps have different sizes or granularities,
+#              GenericError
 #
-# Since: 3.0
+# Since: 4.0
 #
 # Example:
 #
-# -> { "execute": "x-block-dirty-bitmap-merge",
-#      "arguments": { "node": "drive0", "dst_name": "bitmap0",
-#                     "src_name": "bitmap1" } }
+# -> { "execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-merge",
+#      "arguments": { "node": "drive0", "target": "bitmap0",
+#                     "bitmaps": ["bitmap1"] } }
 # <- { "return": {} }
 #
 ##
-      { 'command': 'x-block-dirty-bitmap-merge',
+      { 'command': 'block-dirty-bitmap-merge',
         'data': 'BlockDirtyBitmapMerge' }
 
 ##
diff --git a/qapi/block.json b/qapi/block.json
index 11f01f28ef..5a79d639e8 100644
--- a/qapi/block.json
+++ b/qapi/block.json
@@ -246,6 +246,10 @@
 #
 # @writable: Whether clients should be able to write to the device via the
 #     NBD connection (default false).
+
+# @bitmap: Also export the dirty bitmap reachable from @device, so the
+#          NBD client can use NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT with
+#          "qemu:dirty-bitmap:NAME" to inspect the bitmap. (since 4.0)
 #
 # Returns: error if the server is not running, or export with the same name
 #          already exists.
@@ -253,7 +257,8 @@
 # Since: 1.3.0
 ##
 { 'command': 'nbd-server-add',
-  'data': {'device': 'str', '*name': 'str', '*writable': 'bool'} }
+  'data': {'device': 'str', '*name': 'str', '*writable': 'bool',
+           '*bitmap': 'str' } }
 
 ##
 # @NbdServerRemoveMode:
@@ -296,29 +301,6 @@
 { 'command': 'nbd-server-remove',
   'data': {'name': 'str', '*mode': 'NbdServerRemoveMode'} }
 
-##
-# @x-nbd-server-add-bitmap:
-#
-# Expose a dirty bitmap associated with the selected export. The bitmap search
-# starts at the device attached to the export, and includes all backing files.
-# The exported bitmap is then locked until the NBD export is removed.
-#
-# @name: Export name.
-#
-# @bitmap: Bitmap name to search for.
-#
-# @bitmap-export-name: How the bitmap will be seen by nbd clients
-#                      (default @bitmap)
-#
-# Note: the client must use NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT with a query of
-# "qemu:dirty-bitmap:NAME" (where NAME matches @bitmap-export-name) to access
-# the exposed bitmap.
-#
-# Since: 3.0
-##
-  { 'command': 'x-nbd-server-add-bitmap',
-    'data': {'name': 'str', 'bitmap': 'str', '*bitmap-export-name': 'str'} }
-
 ##
 # @nbd-server-stop:
 #
diff --git a/qapi/transaction.json b/qapi/transaction.json
index 5875cdb16c..95edb78227 100644
--- a/qapi/transaction.json
+++ b/qapi/transaction.json
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@
 # - @abort: since 1.6
 # - @block-dirty-bitmap-add: since 2.5
 # - @block-dirty-bitmap-clear: since 2.5
-# - @x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable: since 3.0
-# - @x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable: since 3.0
-# - @x-block-dirty-bitmap-merge: since 3.1
+# - @block-dirty-bitmap-enable: since 4.0
+# - @block-dirty-bitmap-disable: since 4.0
+# - @block-dirty-bitmap-merge: since 4.0
 # - @blockdev-backup: since 2.3
 # - @blockdev-snapshot: since 2.5
 # - @blockdev-snapshot-internal-sync: since 1.7
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@
        'abort': 'Abort',
        'block-dirty-bitmap-add': 'BlockDirtyBitmapAdd',
        'block-dirty-bitmap-clear': 'BlockDirtyBitmap',
-       'x-block-dirty-bitmap-enable': 'BlockDirtyBitmap',
-       'x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable': 'BlockDirtyBitmap',
-       'x-block-dirty-bitmap-merge': 'BlockDirtyBitmapMerge',
+       'block-dirty-bitmap-enable': 'BlockDirtyBitmap',
+       'block-dirty-bitmap-disable': 'BlockDirtyBitmap',
+       'block-dirty-bitmap-merge': 'BlockDirtyBitmapMerge',
        'blockdev-backup': 'BlockdevBackup',
        'blockdev-snapshot': 'BlockdevSnapshot',
        'blockdev-snapshot-internal-sync': 'BlockdevSnapshotInternal',
diff --git a/qemu-nbd.c b/qemu-nbd.c
index 2807e13239..51b55f2e06 100644
--- a/qemu-nbd.c
+++ b/qemu-nbd.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 #define MBR_SIZE 512
 
-static NBDExport *exp;
+static NBDExport *export;
 static int verbose;
 static char *srcpath;
 static SocketAddress *saddr;
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ static void usage(const char *name)
 "Exposing part of the image:\n"
 "  -o, --offset=OFFSET       offset into the image\n"
 "  -P, --partition=NUM       only expose partition NUM\n"
+"  -B, --bitmap=NAME         expose a persistent dirty bitmap\n"
 "\n"
 "General purpose options:\n"
 "  --object type,id=ID,...   define an object such as 'secret' for providing\n"
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ static int nbd_can_accept(void)
     return state == RUNNING && nb_fds < shared;
 }
 
-static void nbd_export_closed(NBDExport *exp)
+static void nbd_export_closed(NBDExport *export)
 {
     assert(state == TERMINATING);
     state = TERMINATED;
@@ -509,7 +510,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     off_t fd_size;
     QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
     const char *sn_id_or_name = NULL;
-    const char *sopt = "hVb:o:p:rsnP:c:dvk:e:f:tl:x:T:D:";
+    const char *sopt = "hVb:o:p:rsnP:c:dvk:e:f:tl:x:T:D:B:";
     struct option lopt[] = {
         { "help", no_argument, NULL, 'h' },
         { "version", no_argument, NULL, 'V' },
@@ -519,6 +520,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         { "offset", required_argument, NULL, 'o' },
         { "read-only", no_argument, NULL, 'r' },
         { "partition", required_argument, NULL, 'P' },
+        { "bitmap", required_argument, NULL, 'B' },
         { "connect", required_argument, NULL, 'c' },
         { "disconnect", no_argument, NULL, 'd' },
         { "snapshot", no_argument, NULL, 's' },
@@ -558,6 +560,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     QDict *options = NULL;
     const char *export_name = ""; /* Default export name */
     const char *export_description = NULL;
+    const char *bitmap = NULL;
     const char *tlscredsid = NULL;
     bool imageOpts = false;
     bool writethrough = true;
@@ -695,6 +698,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                 exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
             }
             break;
+        case 'B':
+            bitmap = optarg;
+            break;
         case 'k':
             sockpath = optarg;
             if (sockpath[0] != '/') {
@@ -1015,10 +1021,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         }
     }
 
-    exp = nbd_export_new(bs, dev_offset, fd_size, nbdflags, nbd_export_closed,
-                         writethrough, NULL, &error_fatal);
-    nbd_export_set_name(exp, export_name);
-    nbd_export_set_description(exp, export_description);
+    export = nbd_export_new(bs, dev_offset, fd_size, export_name,
+                            export_description, bitmap, nbdflags,
+                            nbd_export_closed, writethrough, NULL,
+                            &error_fatal);
 
     if (device) {
 #if HAVE_NBD_DEVICE
@@ -1055,9 +1061,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         main_loop_wait(false);
         if (state == TERMINATE) {
             state = TERMINATING;
-            nbd_export_close(exp);
-            nbd_export_put(exp);
-            exp = NULL;
+            nbd_export_close(export);
+            nbd_export_put(export);
+            export = NULL;
         }
     } while (state != TERMINATED);
 
diff --git a/qemu-nbd.texi b/qemu-nbd.texi
index 9a84e81eed..96b1546006 100644
--- a/qemu-nbd.texi
+++ b/qemu-nbd.texi
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ auto-detecting
 Export the disk as read-only
 @item -P, --partition=@var{num}
 Only expose partition @var{num}
+@item -B, --bitmap=@var{name}
+If @var{filename} has a qcow2 persistent bitmap @var{name}, expose
+that bitmap via the ``qemu:dirty-bitmap:@var{name}'' context
+accessible through NBD_OPT_SET_META_CONTEXT.
 @item -s, --snapshot
 Use @var{filename} as an external snapshot, create a temporary
 file with backing_file=@var{filename}, redirect the write to
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/206 b/tests/qemu-iotests/206
index 128c334c7c..5bb738bf23 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/206
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/206
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ from iotests import imgfmt
 iotests.verify_image_format(supported_fmts=['qcow2'])
 
 def blockdev_create(vm, options):
-    result = vm.qmp_log('blockdev-create', job_id='job0', options=options)
+    result = vm.qmp_log('blockdev-create',
+                        filters=[iotests.filter_qmp_testfiles],
+                        job_id='job0', options=options)
 
     if 'return' in result:
         assert result['return'] == {}
@@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ with iotests.FilePath('t.qcow2') as disk_path, \
                           'filename': disk_path,
                           'size': 0 })
 
-    vm.qmp_log('blockdev-add', driver='file', filename=disk_path,
+    vm.qmp_log('blockdev-add',
+               filters=[iotests.filter_qmp_testfiles],
+               driver='file', filename=disk_path,
                node_name='imgfile')
 
     blockdev_create(vm, { 'driver': imgfmt,
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/223 b/tests/qemu-iotests/223
index 397b865d34..773892dbe6 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/223
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/223
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ status=1 # failure is the default!
 
 _cleanup()
 {
+    nbd_server_stop
     _cleanup_test_img
     _cleanup_qemu
     rm -f "$TEST_DIR/nbd"
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 . ./common.rc
 . ./common.filter
 . ./common.qemu
+. ./common.nbd
 
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto file # uses NBD as well
@@ -61,6 +63,8 @@ echo "=== Create partially sparse image, then add dirty bitmaps ==="
 echo
 
 # Two bitmaps, to contrast granularity issues
+# Also note that b will be disabled, while b2 is left enabled, to
+# check for read-only interactions
 _make_test_img -o cluster_size=4k 4M
 $QEMU_IO -c 'w -P 0x11 1M 2M' "$TEST_IMG" | _filter_qemu_io
 run_qemu <<EOF
@@ -107,26 +111,37 @@ echo
 
 _launch_qemu 2> >(_filter_nbd)
 
+# Intentionally provoke some errors as well, to check error handling
 silent=
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"qmp_capabilities"}' "return"
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"blockdev-add",
   "arguments":{"driver":"qcow2", "node-name":"n",
     "file":{"driver":"file", "filename":"'"$TEST_IMG"'"}}}' "return"
-_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
   "arguments":{"node":"n", "name":"b"}}' "return"
-_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"x-block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
-  "arguments":{"node":"n", "name":"b2"}}' "return"
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
+  "arguments":{"device":"n"}}' "error" # Attempt add without server
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-start",
   "arguments":{"addr":{"type":"unix",
     "data":{"path":"'"$TEST_DIR/nbd"'"}}}}' "return"
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-start",
+  "arguments":{"addr":{"type":"unix",
+    "data":{"path":"'"$TEST_DIR/nbd"1'"}}}}' "error" # Attempt second server
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
-  "arguments":{"device":"n"}}' "return"
-_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"x-nbd-server-add-bitmap",
-  "arguments":{"name":"n", "bitmap":"b"}}' "return"
+  "arguments":{"device":"n", "bitmap":"b"}}' "return"
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
-  "arguments":{"device":"n", "name":"n2"}}' "return"
-_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"x-nbd-server-add-bitmap",
-  "arguments":{"name":"n2", "bitmap":"b2"}}' "return"
+  "arguments":{"device":"nosuch"}}' "error" # Attempt to export missing node
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
+  "arguments":{"device":"n"}}' "error" # Attempt to export same name twice
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
+  "arguments":{"device":"n", "name":"n2",
+  "bitmap":"b2"}}' "error" # enabled vs. read-only
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
+  "arguments":{"device":"n", "name":"n2",
+  "bitmap":"b3"}}' "error" # Missing bitmap
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-add",
+  "arguments":{"device":"n", "name":"n2", "writable":true,
+  "bitmap":"b2"}}' "return"
 
 echo
 echo "=== Contrast normal status to large granularity dirty-bitmap ==="
@@ -150,16 +165,33 @@ $QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
   "$IMG,x-dirty-bitmap=qemu:dirty-bitmap:b2" | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
-echo "=== End NBD server ==="
+echo "=== End qemu NBD server ==="
 echo
 
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-remove",
   "arguments":{"name":"n"}}' "return"
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-remove",
   "arguments":{"name":"n2"}}' "return"
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-remove",
+  "arguments":{"name":"n2"}}' "error" # Attempt duplicate clean
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-stop"}' "return"
+_send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"nbd-server-stop"}' "error" # Again
 _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE '{"execute":"quit"}' "return"
 
+echo
+echo "=== Use qemu-nbd as server ==="
+echo
+
+nbd_server_start_unix_socket -r -f $IMGFMT -B b "$TEST_IMG"
+IMG="driver=nbd,server.type=unix,server.path=$nbd_unix_socket"
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+  "$IMG,x-dirty-bitmap=qemu:dirty-bitmap:b" | _filter_qemu_img_map
+
+nbd_server_start_unix_socket -f $IMGFMT -B b2 "$TEST_IMG"
+IMG="driver=nbd,server.type=unix,server.path=$nbd_unix_socket"
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+  "$IMG,x-dirty-bitmap=qemu:dirty-bitmap:b2" | _filter_qemu_img_map
+
 # success, all done
 echo '*** done'
 rm -f $seq.full
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/223.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/223.out
index 99ca172fbb..0de5240a75 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/223.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/223.out
@@ -27,11 +27,14 @@ wrote 2097152/2097152 bytes at offset 2097152
 {"return": {}}
 {"return": {}}
 {"return": {}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "NBD server not running"}}
 {"return": {}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "NBD server already running"}}
 {"return": {}}
-{"return": {}}
-{"return": {}}
-{"return": {}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "Cannot find device=nosuch nor node_name=nosuch"}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "NBD server already has export named 'n'"}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "Enabled bitmap 'b2' incompatible with readonly export"}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "Bitmap 'b3' is not found"}}
 {"return": {}}
 
 === Contrast normal status to large granularity dirty-bitmap ===
@@ -58,10 +61,22 @@ read 2097152/2097152 bytes at offset 2097152
 { "start": 1024, "length": 2096128, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true},
 { "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": false}]
 
-=== End NBD server ===
+=== End qemu NBD server ===
 
 {"return": {}}
 {"return": {}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "Export 'n2' is not found"}}
 {"return": {}}
+{"error": {"class": "GenericError", "desc": "NBD server not running"}}
 {"return": {}}
+
+=== Use qemu-nbd as server ===
+
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 65536, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": false},
+{ "start": 65536, "length": 2031616, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true},
+{ "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": false}]
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 512, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true},
+{ "start": 512, "length": 512, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": false},
+{ "start": 1024, "length": 2096128, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true},
+{ "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": false}]
 *** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/236 b/tests/qemu-iotests/236
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..79a6381f8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/236
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Test bitmap merges.
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2018 John Snow for Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+# owner=jsnow@redhat.com
+
+import iotests
+from iotests import log
+
+iotests.verify_image_format(supported_fmts=['generic'])
+size = 64 * 1024 * 1024
+granularity = 64 * 1024
+
+patterns = [("0x5d", "0",         "64k"),
+            ("0xd5", "1M",        "64k"),
+            ("0xdc", "32M",       "64k"),
+            ("0xcd", "0x3ff0000", "64k")]  # 64M - 64K
+
+overwrite = [("0xab", "0",         "64k"), # Full overwrite
+             ("0xad", "0x00f8000", "64k"), # Partial-left (1M-32K)
+             ("0x1d", "0x2008000", "64k"), # Partial-right (32M+32K)
+             ("0xea", "0x3fe0000", "64k")] # Adjacent-left (64M - 128K)
+
+def query_bitmaps(vm):
+    res = vm.qmp("query-block")
+    return { "bitmaps": { device['device']: device.get('dirty-bitmaps', []) for
+                          device in res['return'] } }
+
+with iotests.FilePath('img') as img_path, \
+     iotests.VM() as vm:
+
+    log('--- Preparing image & VM ---\n')
+    iotests.qemu_img_create('-f', iotests.imgfmt, img_path, str(size))
+    vm.add_drive(img_path)
+    vm.launch()
+
+    log('\n--- Adding preliminary bitmaps A & B ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-add", node="drive0",
+               name="bitmapA", granularity=granularity)
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-add", node="drive0",
+               name="bitmapB", granularity=granularity)
+
+    # Dirties 4 clusters. count=262144
+    log('\n--- Emulating writes ---\n')
+    for p in patterns:
+        cmd = "write -P%s %s %s" % p
+        log(cmd)
+        log(vm.hmp_qemu_io("drive0", cmd))
+
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    log('\n--- Submitting & Aborting Transaction ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("transaction", indent=2, actions=[
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapB" }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapC",
+                    "granularity": granularity }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-clear",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapA" }},
+        { "type": "abort", "data": {}}
+    ])
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    log('\n--- Disabling B & Adding C ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("transaction", indent=2, actions=[
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapB" }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapC",
+                    "granularity": granularity }},
+        # Purely extraneous, but test that it works:
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapC" }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-enable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapC" }},
+    ])
+
+    log('\n--- Emulating further writes ---\n')
+    # Dirties 6 clusters, 3 of which are new in contrast to "A".
+    # A = 64 * 1024 * (4 + 3) = 458752
+    # C = 64 * 1024 * 6       = 393216
+    for p in overwrite:
+        cmd = "write -P%s %s %s" % p
+        log(cmd)
+        log(vm.hmp_qemu_io("drive0", cmd))
+
+    log('\n--- Disabling A & C ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("transaction", indent=2, actions=[
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapA" }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapC" }}
+    ])
+
+    # A: 7 clusters
+    # B: 4 clusters
+    # C: 6 clusters
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    log('\n--- Submitting & Aborting Merge Transaction ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("transaction", indent=2, actions=[
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapD",
+                    "disabled": True, "granularity": granularity }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-merge",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "target": "bitmapD",
+                    "bitmaps": ["bitmapB", "bitmapC"] }},
+        { "type": "abort", "data": {}}
+    ])
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    log('\n--- Creating D as a merge of B & C ---\n')
+    # Good hygiene: create a disabled bitmap as a merge target.
+    vm.qmp_log("transaction", indent=2, actions=[
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "name": "bitmapD",
+                    "disabled": True, "granularity": granularity }},
+        { "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-merge",
+          "data": { "node": "drive0", "target": "bitmapD",
+                    "bitmaps": ["bitmapB", "bitmapC"] }}
+    ])
+
+    # A and D should now both have 7 clusters apiece.
+    # B and C remain unchanged with 4 and 6 respectively.
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    # A and D should be equivalent.
+    # Some formats round the size of the disk, so don't print the checksums.
+    check_a = vm.qmp('x-debug-block-dirty-bitmap-sha256',
+                     node="drive0", name="bitmapA")['return']['sha256']
+    check_d = vm.qmp('x-debug-block-dirty-bitmap-sha256',
+                     node="drive0", name="bitmapD")['return']['sha256']
+    assert(check_a == check_d)
+
+    log('\n--- Removing bitmaps A, B, C, and D ---\n')
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-remove", node="drive0", name="bitmapA")
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-remove", node="drive0", name="bitmapB")
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-remove", node="drive0", name="bitmapC")
+    vm.qmp_log("block-dirty-bitmap-remove", node="drive0", name="bitmapD")
+
+    log('\n--- Final Query ---\n')
+    log(query_bitmaps(vm), indent=2)
+
+    log('\n--- Done ---\n')
+    vm.shutdown()
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/236.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/236.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dad24db0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/236.out
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+--- Preparing image & VM ---
+
+
+--- Adding preliminary bitmaps A & B ---
+
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-add", "arguments": {"granularity": 65536, "name": "bitmapA", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-add", "arguments": {"granularity": 65536, "name": "bitmapB", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+
+--- Emulating writes ---
+
+write -P0x5d 0 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0xd5 1M 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0xdc 32M 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0xcd 0x3ff0000 64k
+{"return": ""}
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": [
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapB",
+        "status": "active"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapA",
+        "status": "active"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+--- Submitting & Aborting Transaction ---
+
+{
+  "execute": "transaction",
+  "arguments": {
+    "actions": [
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapB"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapC",
+          "granularity": 65536
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapA"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-clear"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {},
+        "type": "abort"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+{
+  "error": {
+    "class": "GenericError",
+    "desc": "Transaction aborted using Abort action"
+  }
+}
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": [
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapB",
+        "status": "active"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapA",
+        "status": "active"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+--- Disabling B & Adding C ---
+
+{
+  "execute": "transaction",
+  "arguments": {
+    "actions": [
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapB"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapC",
+          "granularity": 65536
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapC"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapC"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-enable"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+{
+  "return": {}
+}
+
+--- Emulating further writes ---
+
+write -P0xab 0 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0xad 0x00f8000 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0x1d 0x2008000 64k
+{"return": ""}
+write -P0xea 0x3fe0000 64k
+{"return": ""}
+
+--- Disabling A & C ---
+
+{
+  "execute": "transaction",
+  "arguments": {
+    "actions": [
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapA"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "name": "bitmapC"
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-disable"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+{
+  "return": {}
+}
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": [
+      {
+        "count": 393216,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapC",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapB",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 458752,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapA",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+--- Submitting & Aborting Merge Transaction ---
+
+{
+  "execute": "transaction",
+  "arguments": {
+    "actions": [
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "disabled": true,
+          "name": "bitmapD",
+          "granularity": 65536
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "target": "bitmapD",
+          "bitmaps": [
+            "bitmapB",
+            "bitmapC"
+          ]
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-merge"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {},
+        "type": "abort"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+{
+  "error": {
+    "class": "GenericError",
+    "desc": "Transaction aborted using Abort action"
+  }
+}
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": [
+      {
+        "count": 393216,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapC",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapB",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 458752,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapA",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+--- Creating D as a merge of B & C ---
+
+{
+  "execute": "transaction",
+  "arguments": {
+    "actions": [
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "disabled": true,
+          "name": "bitmapD",
+          "granularity": 65536
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-add"
+      },
+      {
+        "data": {
+          "node": "drive0",
+          "target": "bitmapD",
+          "bitmaps": [
+            "bitmapB",
+            "bitmapC"
+          ]
+        },
+        "type": "block-dirty-bitmap-merge"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+{
+  "return": {}
+}
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": [
+      {
+        "count": 458752,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapD",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 393216,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapC",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 262144,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapB",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      },
+      {
+        "count": 458752,
+        "granularity": 65536,
+        "name": "bitmapA",
+        "status": "disabled"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+
+--- Removing bitmaps A, B, C, and D ---
+
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-remove", "arguments": {"name": "bitmapA", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-remove", "arguments": {"name": "bitmapB", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-remove", "arguments": {"name": "bitmapC", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "block-dirty-bitmap-remove", "arguments": {"name": "bitmapD", "node": "drive0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+
+--- Final Query ---
+
+{
+  "bitmaps": {
+    "drive0": []
+  }
+}
+
+--- Done ---
+
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/group b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
index 61a6d98ebd..f6b245917a 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/group
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
@@ -233,3 +233,4 @@
 233 auto quick
 234 auto quick migration
 235 auto quick
+236 auto quick
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
index d537538ba0..cbedfaf1df 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import signal
 import logging
 import atexit
 import io
+from collections import OrderedDict
 
 sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', '..', 'scripts'))
 import qtest
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ socket_scm_helper = os.environ.get('SOCKET_SCM_HELPER', 'socket_scm_helper')
 debug = False
 
 luks_default_secret_object = 'secret,id=keysec0,data=' + \
-                             os.environ['IMGKEYSECRET']
+                             os.environ.get('IMGKEYSECRET', '')
 luks_default_key_secret_opt = 'key-secret=keysec0'
 
 
@@ -75,6 +76,16 @@ def qemu_img(*args):
         sys.stderr.write('qemu-img received signal %i: %s\n' % (-exitcode, ' '.join(qemu_img_args + list(args))))
     return exitcode
 
+def ordered_kwargs(kwargs):
+    # kwargs prior to 3.6 are not ordered, so:
+    od = OrderedDict()
+    for k, v in sorted(kwargs.items()):
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            od[k] = ordered_kwargs(v)
+        else:
+            od[k] = v
+    return od
+
 def qemu_img_create(*args):
     args = list(args)
 
@@ -235,10 +246,36 @@ def filter_qmp_event(event):
         event['timestamp']['microseconds'] = 'USECS'
     return event
 
+def filter_qmp(qmsg, filter_fn):
+    '''Given a string filter, filter a QMP object's values.
+    filter_fn takes a (key, value) pair.'''
+    # Iterate through either lists or dicts;
+    if isinstance(qmsg, list):
+        items = enumerate(qmsg)
+    else:
+        items = qmsg.items()
+
+    for k, v in items:
+        if isinstance(v, list) or isinstance(v, dict):
+            qmsg[k] = filter_qmp(v, filter_fn)
+        else:
+            qmsg[k] = filter_fn(k, v)
+    return qmsg
+
 def filter_testfiles(msg):
     prefix = os.path.join(test_dir, "%s-" % (os.getpid()))
     return msg.replace(prefix, 'TEST_DIR/PID-')
 
+def filter_qmp_testfiles(qmsg):
+    def _filter(key, value):
+        if key == 'filename' or key == 'backing-file':
+            return filter_testfiles(value)
+        return value
+    return filter_qmp(qmsg, _filter)
+
+def filter_generated_node_ids(msg):
+    return re.sub("#block[0-9]+", "NODE_NAME", msg)
+
 def filter_img_info(output, filename):
     lines = []
     for line in output.split('\n'):
@@ -251,11 +288,18 @@ def filter_img_info(output, filename):
         lines.append(line)
     return '\n'.join(lines)
 
-def log(msg, filters=[]):
+def log(msg, filters=[], indent=None):
+    '''Logs either a string message or a JSON serializable message (like QMP).
+    If indent is provided, JSON serializable messages are pretty-printed.'''
     for flt in filters:
         msg = flt(msg)
-    if type(msg) is dict or type(msg) is list:
-        print(json.dumps(msg, sort_keys=True))
+    if isinstance(msg, dict) or isinstance(msg, list):
+        # Python < 3.4 needs to know not to add whitespace when pretty-printing:
+        separators = (', ', ': ') if indent is None else (',', ': ')
+        # Don't sort if it's already sorted
+        do_sort = not isinstance(msg, OrderedDict)
+        print(json.dumps(msg, sort_keys=do_sort,
+                         indent=indent, separators=separators))
     else:
         print(msg)
 
@@ -444,12 +488,14 @@ class VM(qtest.QEMUQtestMachine):
             result.append(filter_qmp_event(ev))
         return result
 
-    def qmp_log(self, cmd, filters=[filter_testfiles], **kwargs):
-        logmsg = '{"execute": "%s", "arguments": %s}' % \
-            (cmd, json.dumps(kwargs, sort_keys=True))
-        log(logmsg, filters)
+    def qmp_log(self, cmd, filters=[], indent=None, **kwargs):
+        full_cmd = OrderedDict((
+            ("execute", cmd),
+            ("arguments", ordered_kwargs(kwargs))
+        ))
+        log(full_cmd, filters, indent=indent)
         result = self.qmp(cmd, **kwargs)
-        log(json.dumps(result, sort_keys=True), filters)
+        log(result, filters, indent=indent)
         return result
 
     def run_job(self, job, auto_finalize=True, auto_dismiss=False):