The newly added ON CONFLICT clause allows to specify an alternative to
raising a unique or exclusion constraint violation error when inserting.
ON CONFLICT refers to constraints that can either be specified using a
inference clause (by specifying the columns of a unique constraint) or
by naming a unique or exclusion constraint. DO NOTHING avoids the
constraint violation, without touching the pre-existing row. DO UPDATE
SET ... [WHERE ...] updates the pre-existing tuple, and has access to
both the tuple proposed for insertion and the existing tuple; the
optional WHERE clause can be used to prevent an update from being
executed. The UPDATE SET and WHERE clauses have access to the tuple
proposed for insertion using the "magic" EXCLUDED alias, and to the
pre-existing tuple using the table name or its alias.
This feature is often referred to as upsert.
This is implemented using a new infrastructure called "speculative
insertion". It is an optimistic variant of regular insertion that first
does a pre-check for existing tuples and then attempts an insert. If a
violating tuple was inserted concurrently, the speculatively inserted
tuple is deleted and a new attempt is made. If the pre-check finds a
matching tuple the alternative DO NOTHING or DO UPDATE action is taken.
If the insertion succeeds without detecting a conflict, the tuple is
deemed inserted.
To handle the possible ambiguity between the excluded alias and a table
named excluded, and for convenience with long relation names, INSERT
INTO now can alias its target table.
Bumps catversion as stored rules change.
Author: Peter Geoghegan, with significant contributions from Heikki
Linnakangas and Andres Freund. Testing infrastructure by Jeff Janes.
Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas, Andres Freund, Robert Haas, Simon Riggs,
Dean Rasheed, Stephen Frost and many others.
Foreign tables can now be inheritance children, or parents. Much of the
system was already ready for this, but we had to fix a few things of
course, mostly in the area of planner and executor handling of row locks.
As side effects of this, allow foreign tables to have NOT VALID CHECK
constraints (and hence to accept ALTER ... VALIDATE CONSTRAINT), and to
accept ALTER SET STORAGE and ALTER SET WITH/WITHOUT OIDS. Continuing to
disallow these things would've required bizarre and inconsistent special
cases in inheritance behavior. Since foreign tables don't enforce CHECK
constraints anyway, a NOT VALID one is a complete no-op, but that doesn't
mean we shouldn't allow it. And it's possible that some FDWs might have
use for SET STORAGE or SET WITH OIDS, though doubtless they will be no-ops
for most.
An additional change in support of this is that when a ModifyTable node
has multiple target tables, they will all now be explicitly identified
in EXPLAIN output, for example:
Update on pt1 (cost=0.00..321.05 rows=3541 width=46)
Update on pt1
Foreign Update on ft1
Foreign Update on ft2
Update on child3
-> Seq Scan on pt1 (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=1 width=46)
-> Foreign Scan on ft1 (cost=100.00..148.03 rows=1170 width=46)
-> Foreign Scan on ft2 (cost=100.00..148.03 rows=1170 width=46)
-> Seq Scan on child3 (cost=0.00..25.00 rows=1200 width=46)
This was done mainly to provide an unambiguous place to attach "Remote SQL"
fields, but it is useful for inherited updates even when no foreign tables
are involved.
Shigeru Hanada and Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat and Kyotaro
Horiguchi, some additional hacking by me
As with NOT NULL constraints, we consider that such constraints are merely
reports of constraints that are being enforced by the remote server (or
other underlying storage mechanism). Their only real use is to allow
planner optimizations, for example in constraint-exclusion checks. Thus,
the code changes here amount to little more than removal of the error that
was formerly thrown for applying CHECK to a foreign table.
(In passing, do a bit of cleanup of the ALTER FOREIGN TABLE reference page,
which had accumulated some weird decisions about ordering etc.)
Shigeru Hanada and Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Kyotaro Horiguchi and
Ashutosh Bapat.
In commit 462bd95705a0c23ba0b0ba60a78d32566a0384c1, I changed postgres_fdw
to rely on get_plan_rowmark() instead of get_parse_rowmark(). I still
think that's a good idea in the long run, but as Etsuro Fujita pointed out,
it doesn't work today because planner.c forces PlanRowMarks to have
markType = ROW_MARK_COPY for all foreign tables. There's no urgent reason
to change this in the back branches, so let's just revert that part of
yesterday's commit rather than trying to design a better solution under
time pressure.
Also, add a regression test case showing what postgres_fdw does with FOR
UPDATE/SHARE. I'd blithely assumed there was one already, else I'd have
realized yesterday that this code didn't work.
postgres_fdw would send query conditions involving system columns to the
remote server, even though it makes no effort to ensure that system
columns other than CTID match what the remote side thinks. tableoid,
in particular, probably won't match and might have some use in queries.
Hence, prevent sending conditions that include non-CTID system columns.
Also, create_foreignscan_plan neglected to check local restriction
conditions while determining whether to set fsSystemCol for a foreign
scan plan node. This again would bollix the results for queries that
test a foreign table's tableoid.
Back-patch the first fix to 9.3 where postgres_fdw was introduced.
Back-patch the second to 9.2. The code is probably broken in 9.1 as
well, but the patch doesn't apply cleanly there; given the weak state
of support for FDWs in 9.1, it doesn't seem worth fixing.
Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat, and somewhat modified by me
That allows to run those tests against a postmaster listening on a
nonstandard port without requiring to export PGPORT in postmaster's
environment.
This still doesn't support connecting to a nondefault host without
configuring it in postmaster's environment. That's harder and less
frequently used though. So this is a useful step.
That allows parallel installcheck to succeed inside contrib/. The
output is not particularly pretty unless make's -O option to
synchronize the output is used.
There's other tests, outside contrib, that use a hardcoded,
non-unique, database name. Those prohibit paralell installcheck to be
used across more directories; but that's something for a separate
patch.
This command provides an automated way to create foreign table definitions
that match remote tables, thereby reducing tedium and chances for error.
In this patch, we provide the necessary core-server infrastructure and
implement the feature fully in the postgres_fdw foreign-data wrapper.
Other wrappers will throw a "feature not supported" error until/unless
they are updated.
Ronan Dunklau and Michael Paquier, additional work by me
We were emitting "(SELECT null::typename)", which is usually interpreted
as a scalar subselect, but not so much in the context "x = ANY(...)".
This led to remote-side parsing failures when remote_estimate is enabled.
A quick and ugly fix is to stick in an extra cast step,
"((SELECT null::typename)::typename)". The cast will be thrown away as
redundant by parse analysis, but not before it's done its job of making
sure the grammar sees the ANY argument as an a_expr rather than a
select_with_parens. Per an example from Hannu Krosing.
This covers all the SQL-standard trigger types supported for regular
tables; it does not cover constraint triggers. The approach for
acquiring the old row mirrors that for view INSTEAD OF triggers. For
AFTER ROW triggers, we spool the foreign tuples to a tuplestore.
This changes the FDW API contract; when deciding which columns to
populate in the slot returned from data modification callbacks, writable
FDWs will need to check for AFTER ROW triggers in addition to checking
for a RETURNING clause.
In support of the feature addition, refactor the TriggerFlags bits and
the assembly of old tuples in ModifyTable.
Ronan Dunklau, reviewed by KaiGai Kohei; some additional hacking by me.
The previous coding supposed that it could consider just a single join
condition in any one parameterized path for the foreign table. But in
reality, the parameterized-path machinery forces all join clauses that are
"movable to" the foreign table to be evaluated at that node; including
clauses that we might not consider safe to send across. Such cases would
result in an Assert failure in an assert-enabled build, and otherwise in
sending an unsafe clause to the foreign server, which might result in
errors or silently-wrong answers. A lesser problem was that the
cost/rowcount estimates generated for the parameterized path failed to
account for any additional join quals that get assigned to the scan.
To fix, rewrite postgresGetForeignPaths so that it correctly collects all
the movable quals for any one outer relation when generating parameterized
paths; we'll now generate just one path per outer relation not one per join
qual. Also fix bogus assumptions in postgresGetForeignPlan and
estimate_path_cost_size that only safe-to-send join quals will be
presented.
Based on complaint from Etsuro Fujita that the path costs were being
miscalculated, though this is significantly different from his proposed
patch.
Extend the FDW API (which we already changed for 9.3) so that an FDW can
report whether specific foreign tables are insertable/updatable/deletable.
The default assumption continues to be that they're updatable if the
relevant executor callback function is supplied by the FDW, but finer
granularity is now possible. As a test case, add an "updatable" option to
contrib/postgres_fdw.
This patch also fixes the information_schema views, which previously did
not think that foreign tables were ever updatable, and fixes
view_is_auto_updatable() so that a view on a foreign table can be
auto-updatable.
initdb forced due to changes in information_schema views and the functions
they rely on. This is a bit unfortunate to do post-beta1, but if we don't
change this now then we'll have another API break for FDWs when we do
change it.
Dean Rasheed, somewhat editorialized on by Tom Lane
Autovacuum occurring while the test runs could allow some of the inserts to
go into recycled space, thus changing the output ordering of later queries.
While we could complicate those queries to force sorting of their output
rows, it doesn't seem like that would make the test better in any
meaningful way, and conceivably it could hide unexpected diffs. Instead,
tweak the affected queries so that the inserted rows aren't updated by the
following UPDATE. Per buildfarm.
The behavior is that the required sequence is created locally, which is
appropriate because the default expression will be evaluated locally.
Per gripe from Brad Nicholson that this case was refused with a confusing
error message. We could have improved the error message but it seems
better to just allow the case.
Also, remove ALTER TABLE's arbitrary prohibition against being applied to
foreign tables, which was pretty inconsistent considering we allow it for
views, sequences, and other relation types that aren't even called tables.
This is needed to avoid breaking pg_dump, which sometimes emits column
defaults using separate ALTER TABLE commands. (I think this can happen
even when the default is not associated with a sequence, so that was a
pre-existing bug once we allowed column defaults for foreign tables.)
This should provide some marginal overall savings, since it surely takes
many more cycles for the remote server to deal with the NULL columns than
it takes for postgres_fdw not to emit them. But really the reason is to
keep the emitted queries from looking quite so silly ...
I wasn't going to ship this without having at least some example of how
to do that. This version isn't terribly bright; in particular it won't
consider any combinations of multiple join clauses. Given the cost of
executing a remote EXPLAIN, I'm not sure we want to be very aggressive
about doing that, anyway.
In support of this, refactor generate_implied_equalities_for_indexcol
so that it can be used to extract equivalence clauses that aren't
necessarily tied to an index.
Treat expressions as being remotely executable only if all collations used
in them are determined by Vars of the foreign table. This means that, if
the foreign server gets different answers than we do, it's the user's fault
for not having marked the foreign table columns with collations equivalent
to the remote table's. This rule allows most simple expressions such as
"var < 'constant'" to be sent to the remote side, because the constant
isn't determining the collation (the Var's collation would win). There's
still room for improvement, but it's hard to see how to do it without a
lot more knowledge and/or assumptions about what the remote side will do.
Adopt the position that only locally-defined defaults matter. Any defaults
defined in the remote database do not affect insertions performed through
a foreign table (unless they are for columns not known to the foreign
table). While it'd arguably be more useful to permit remote defaults to be
used, making that work in a consistent fashion requires far more work than
seems possible for 9.3.
A test intended to provoke an error on the remote side was coded in such
a way that multiple rows should be updated, so the output would vary
depending on which one was processed first. Per buildfarm.
For datatypes whose output formatting depends on one or more GUC settings,
we have to worry about whether the other server will interpret the value
the same way it was meant. pg_dump has been aware of this hazard for a
long time, but postgres_fdw needs to deal with it too. To fix data
retrieval from the remote server, set the necessary remote GUC settings at
connection startup. (We were already assuming that settings made then
would persist throughout the remote session.) To fix data transmission to
the remote server, temporarily force the relevant GUCs to the right values
when we're about to convert any data values to text for transmission.
This is all pretty grotty, and not very cheap either. It's tempting to
think of defining one uber-GUC that would override any settings that might
render printed data values unportable. But of course, older remote servers
wouldn't know any such thing and would still need this logic.
While at it, revert commit f7951eef89be78c50ea2241f593d76dfefe176c9, since
this provides a real fix. (The timestamptz given in the error message
returned from the "remote" server will now reliably be shown in UTC.)
We probably need to tell the remote server to use specific timezone and
datestyle settings, and maybe other things. But for now let's just hack
the postgres_fdw regression test to not provoke failures when run in
non-EST5EDT environments. Per buildfarm.
This patch adds the core-system infrastructure needed to support updates
on foreign tables, and extends contrib/postgres_fdw to allow updates
against remote Postgres servers. There's still a great deal of room for
improvement in optimization of remote updates, but at least there's basic
functionality there now.
KaiGai Kohei, reviewed by Alexander Korotkov and Laurenz Albe, and rather
heavily revised by Tom Lane.
There's still a lot of room for improvement, but it basically works,
and we need this to be present before we can do anything much with the
writable-foreign-tables patch. So let's commit it and get on with testing.
Shigeru Hanada, reviewed by KaiGai Kohei and Tom Lane
