Shed some light onto SysV IPC configuration.
This commit is contained in:
Peter Eisentraut
parent
100dd889d6
commit
ef2a6b8b83
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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<!--
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.16 2000/07/17 22:32:44 tgl Exp $
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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.17 2000/07/22 14:49:00 petere Exp $
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-->
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<Chapter Id="runtime">
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@ -267,13 +267,13 @@ FATAL: StreamServerPort: bind() failed: Permission denied
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<para>
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A message like
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<screen>
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IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(5440001, 83918612, 01600) failed: Invalid argument
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IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(key=5440001, size=83918612, 01600) failed: Invalid argument
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FATAL 1: ShmemCreate: cannot create region
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</screen>
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probably means that your kernel's limit on the size of shared
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memory areas is smaller than the buffer area that Postgres is
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trying to create (83918612 bytes in this example). Or it could
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mean that you don't have SysV-style shared memory support
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mean that you don't have System-V-style shared memory support
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configured into your kernel at all. As a temporary workaround,
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you can try starting the postmaster with a smaller-than-normal
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number of buffers (<option>-B</option> switch). You will
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@ -286,17 +286,22 @@ FATAL 1: ShmemCreate: cannot create region
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<para>
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An error like
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<screen>
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IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget(5440026, 16, 0600) failed: No space left on device
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IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget(key=5440026, num=16, 01600) failed: No space left on device
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</screen>
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does <emphasis>not</emphasis> mean that you've run out of disk
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space; it means that your kernel's limit on the number of SysV
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semaphores is smaller than the number
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space; it means that your kernel's limit on the number of System
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V semaphores is smaller than the number
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<productname>Postgres</productname> wants to create. As above,
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you may be able to work around the problem by starting the
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postmaster with a reduced number of backend processes
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(<option>-N</option> switch), but you'll eventually want to
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increase the kernel limit.
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</para>
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<para>
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Details about configuring System V IPC facilities are given in
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<xref linkend="sysvipc">.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="client-connection-problems">
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@ -1073,6 +1078,445 @@ env PGOPTIONS='--geqo=off' psql
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="kernel-resources">
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<title>Managing Kernel Resources</title>
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<para>
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A large <productname>Postgres</> installation can quickly hit
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various operating system resource limits. (On some systems, the
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factory defaults are so low that you don't even need a really
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<quote>large</> installation.) If you have encountered this kind of
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problem then keep reading.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="sysvipc">
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<title>Shared Memory and Semaphores</title>
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<para>
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Shared memory and semaphores are collectively referred to as
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<quote>System V IPC</> (together with message queues, which are
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not relevant for <productname>Postgres</>). Almost all modern
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operating systems provide these features, but not all of them have
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them turned on or sufficiently sized by default, especially
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systems with BSD heritage. (For the QNX port,
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<productname>Postgres</> provides its own replacement
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implementation of these facilities.)
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</para>
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<para>
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The complete lack of these facilities is usually manifested by an
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<errorname>Illegal system call</> error upon postmaster start. In
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that case there's nothing left to do but to reconfigure your
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kernel -- <productname>Postgres</> won't work without them.
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</para>
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<para>
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When <productname>Postgres</> exceeds one of the various hard
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limits of the IPC resources then the postmaster will refuse to
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start up and should leave a marginally instructive error message
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about which problem was encountered and what needs to be done
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about it. The relevant kernel parameters have a relatively
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consistent nomenclature across systems; <xref
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linkend="sysvipc-parameters"> gives an overview. The methods to
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set them, however, vary; suggestions for some platforms are given
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below. Be aware, however, that you will have to reboot your
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machine at best, or possibly recompile the kernel, to change these
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settings.
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</para>
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<table id="sysvipc-parameters">
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<title>System V IPC parameters</>
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Name</>
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<entry>Description</>
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<entry>Reasonable values</>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SHMMAX</></>
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<entry>Maximum size of shared memory segment (bytes)</>
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<entry>512 kB + 8192 * buffers + extra ... infinity</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SHMMIN</></>
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<entry>Minimum size of shared memory segment (bytes)</>
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<entry>1 (at most 144)</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SHMSEG</></>
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<entry>Maximum number of shared memory segments per process</>
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<entry>Must be at least 3, but the default is much higher.</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SHMMNI</></>
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<entry>Maximum number of shared memory segments system-wide</>
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<entry>like <varname>SHMSEG</> + room for other applications</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SEMMNI</></>
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<entry>Maximum number of semaphore identifiers (i.e., sets)</>
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<entry>>= ceil(max_connections % 16)</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SEMMNS</></>
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<entry>Maximum number of semaphores system-wide</>
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<entry>number of allowed connections, rounded up to multiple of 16</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SEMMSL</></>
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<entry>Maximum number of semaphores per set</>
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<entry>>= 16</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SEMMAP</></>
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<entry>Number of entries in semaphore map</>
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<entry>see text</>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><varname>SEMVMX</></>
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<entry>Maximum value of semaphore</>
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<entry>>= 255 (The default is often 32767, don't change unless asked to.)</>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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<para>
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The most important shared memory parameter is <varname>SHMMAX</>,
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the maximum size, in bytes, that a shared memory segment can have.
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If you get an error message from <function>shmget</> along the
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lines of <errorname>Invalid argument</> then it is possible that
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this limit has been exceeded. The size of the required shared
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memory segments varies both with the number of requested buffers
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(<option>-B</> option) and the number of allowed connections
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(<option>-N</> option), although the former is the dominant item.
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(You can therefore, as a temporary solution, lower these settings
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to get rid of the failures.) As a rough approximation you can
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estimate the required segment size as the number of buffers times
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the block size (8192 kB by default) plus ample overhead (at least
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half a megabyte). Any error message you might get will contain the
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size of the failed allocation. (<productname>Postgres</> will
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actually use three shared memory segments, but the size of the
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other two is negligible for this consideration.)
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</para>
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<para>
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Less likely to cause problems is the minimum size for shared
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memory segments (<varname>SHMMIN</>), which must be at least 144
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for <productname>Postgres</> (it's usually just 1), and the
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maximum number of segments system-wide (<varname>SHMMNI</>, as
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mentioned, 3 are needed) or per-process (<varname>SHMSEG</>,
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ditto). Some systems also have a limit on the total amount of
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shared memory in the system; see the platform-specific
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instructions below.
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</para>
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<para>
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<productname>Postgres</> uses one semaphore per allowed connection
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(<option>-N</> option), in sets of 16. The maximum number of
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semaphores in the system is set by <varname>SEMMNS</>, which
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consequently must be at least as high as the connection setting.
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The parameter <varname>SEMMNI</> determines the limit on the
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number of semaphore sets that can exist on the system at one time.
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Hence this parameter must be at least
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<literal>ceil(max_connections % 16)</>. Lowering the number of
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allowed connections is a temporary workaround for failures, which
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are usually confusingly worded <quote><errorname>No space left on
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device</></>, from the function <function>semget()</>.
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</para>
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<para>
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In some cases it might also turn out to be necessary to increase
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<varname>SEMMAP</> to be at least on the order of
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<varname>SEMMNS</>. This parameter defines the size of the
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semaphore resource map, in which each contiguous block of available
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semaphores needs an entry. When a semaphore set is freed it is
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either added to an existing entry that is adjacent to the freed
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block or it is registered under a new map entry. If the map is
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full, the freed semaphores gets lost (until reboot). Fragmentation
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of the semaphore space could therefore over time lead to less
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available semaphores than there should be.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <varname>SEMMSL</> parameter, which determines how many
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semaphores can be in a set, must be at least 16 for
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<productname>Postgres</>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Various settings related to <quote>semaphore undo</>, such as
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<varname>SEMMNU</> and <varname>SEMUME</>, are not of relevance
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with <productname>Postgres</>.
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</para>
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<para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>BSD/OS</>
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<listitem>
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<formalpara>
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<title>Shared Memory</>
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<para>
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By default, only 4 MB of shared memory is supported. Keep in
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mind that shared memory is not pageable; it is locked in RAM.
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To increase the number of buffers supported by the
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postmaster, increase <varname>SHMMAXPGS</> by 1024 for every
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additional 4 MB of shared memory:
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<programlisting>
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/sys/sys/shm.h:69:#define SHMMAXPGS 1024 /* max hardware pages... */
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</programlisting>
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The default setting of 1024 is for a maximum of 4 MB of shared
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memory.
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</para>
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</formalpara>
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<para>
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For those running 4.1 or later, just recompile the kernel and
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reboot. For those running earlier releases, use
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<application>bpatch</> to find the <varname>sysptsize</> value
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for the current kernel. This is computed dynamically at
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bootup.
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<screen>
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$ <userinput>bpatch -r sysptsize</>
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<computeroutput>0x9 = 9</>
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</screen>
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Next, change <varname>SYSPTSIZE</> to a hard-coded value. Use
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the bpatch value, plus add 1 for every additional 4 MB of
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shared memory you desire.
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<programlisting>
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/sys/i386/i386/i386_param.c:28:#define SYSPTSIZE 0 /* dynamically... */
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</programlisting>
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<varname>sysptsize</> can not be changed by sysctl on the fly.
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</para>
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<formalpara>
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<title>Semaphores</>
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<para>
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You may need to increase the number of semaphores. By
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default, <productname>Postgres</> allocates 32 semaphores,
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one for each backend connection. This is just over half the
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default system total of 60.
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</para>
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</formalpara>
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<para>
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The defaults are in <filename>/sys/sys/sem.h</>:
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<programlisting>
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/* Configuration parameters */
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#ifndef SEMMNI
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#define SEMMNI 10 /* # of semaphore identifiers */
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#endif
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#ifndef SEMMNS
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#define SEMMNS 60 /* # of semaphores in system */
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#endif
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#ifndef SEMUME
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#define SEMUME 10 /* max # of undo entries per process */
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#endif
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#ifndef SEMMNU
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#define SEMMNU 30 /* # of undo structures in system */
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#endif
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</programlisting>
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Set the values you want in your kernel config file, e.g.:
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<programlisting>
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options "SEMMNI=40"
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options "SEMMNS=240"
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options "SEMUME=40"
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options "SEMMNU=120"
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</programlisting>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>FreeBSD</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The options <varname>SYSVSHM</> and <varname>SYSVSEM</> need
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to be enabled when the kernel is compiled. (They are by
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default.) The maximum size of shared memory is determined by
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the option <varname>SHMMAXPGS</> (in pages). The following
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shows an example on how to set the various parameters:
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<programlisting>
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options SYSVSHM
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options SHMMAXPGS=4096
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options SHMSEG=256
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options SYSVSEM
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options SEMMNI=256
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options SEMMNS=512
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options SEMMNU=256
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options SEMMAP=256
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</programlisting>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>HPUX</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The default settings tend to suffice for normal installations.
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On <productname>HPUX</> 10, the factory default for
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<varname>SEMMNS</> is 128, which might be too low for larger
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database sites.
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</para>
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<para>
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IPC parameters can be set in the <application>System
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Administration Manager</> (<acronym>SAM</>) under
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<menuchoice><guimenu>Kernel
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Configuration</><guimenuitem>Configurable Parameters</></>.
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Hit <guibutton>Create A New Kernel</> when you're done.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Linux</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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System V IPC is enabled by default and sufficiently sized for
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most uses. The relevant parameters are in
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<filename>/usr/src/linux/include/asm-<replaceable>xxx</>/shmparam.h</>
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and <filename>/usr/src/linux/include/linux/sem.h</>. Be sure
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to do <command>make dep</> before rebuilding the kernel.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>SCO OpenServer</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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In the default configuration, only 512 kB of shared memory per
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segment is allowed, which is about enough for <option>-B 24 -N
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12</>. To increase the setting, first change the directory to
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<filename>/etc/conf/cf.d</>. To display the current value of
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<varname>SHMMAX</>, in bytes, run
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<programlisting>
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./configure -y SHMMAX
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</programlisting>
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To set a new value for <varname>SHMMAX</>, run:
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<programlisting>
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./configure SHMMAX=<replaceable>value</>
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</programlisting>
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where <replaceable>value</> is the new value you want to use
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(in bytes). After setting <varname>SHMMAX</>, rebuild the kernel
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<programlisting>
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./link_unix
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</programlisting>
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and reboot.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Solaris</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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At least in version 2.6, the maximum size of a shared memory
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segment is set too low for <productname>Postgres</>. The
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relevant settings can be changed in <filename>/etc/system</>,
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for example:
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<programlisting>
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set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=0x2000000
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set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1
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set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=256
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set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=256
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set semsys:seminfo_semmap=256
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set semsys:seminfo_semmni=512
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set semsys:seminfo_semmns=512
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set semsys:seminfo_semmsl=32
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</programlisting>
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You need to reboot to make the changes effective.
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</para>
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<para>
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See also <ulink
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url="http://www.sunworld.com/swol-09-1997/swol-09-insidesolaris.html">http://www.sunworld.com/swol-09-1997/swol-09-insidesolaris.html</>
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for information on shared memory under
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<productname>Solaris</>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>UnixWare</>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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On <productname>UnixWare</> 7, the maximum size for shared
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memory segments is 512 kB in the default configuration. This
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is enough for about <option>-B 24 -N 12</>. To display the
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current value of <varname>SHMMAX</>, run
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<programlisting>
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/etc/conf/bin/idtune -g SHMMAX
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</programlisting>
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which displays the current, default, minimum, and maximum
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values, in bytes. To set a new value for <varname>SHMMAX</>,
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run:
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<programlisting>
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/etc/conf/bin/idtune SHMMAX <replaceable>value</>
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</programlisting>
|
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where <replaceable>value</> is the new value you want to use
|
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(in bytes). After setting <varname>SHMMAX</>, rebuild the
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kernel
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<programlisting>
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/etc/conf/bin/idbuild -B
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</programlisting>
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||||
and reboot.
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</para>
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</listitem>
|
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</varlistentry>
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|
||||
</variablelist>
|
||||
|
||||
<note>
|
||||
<para>
|
||||
If your platform is not listed here, please consider
|
||||
contributing some information.
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</note>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</sect2>
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
Other fun things to write about one day:
|
||||
* number of processes per user and system-wide (soft/hard limit)
|
||||
* open files/inodes per user and system-wide (soft/hard limit)
|
||||
(Think about this both ways: Increasing it to allow Postgres to
|
||||
open more files, and decreasing it to prevent Postgres from taking
|
||||
up all file descriptors.)
|
||||
* stack and data segment size, plain-old memory limit
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
||||
</sect1>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<sect1 id="locale">
|
||||
<title>Locale Support</title>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1142,8 +1586,9 @@ postmaster -B 1024 -S -D/usr/local/pgsql/data/ -o '-Fe'
|
||||
and if locale is broken <command>perl -v</> will complain
|
||||
something like:
|
||||
<screen>
|
||||
8:17[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>setenv LC_CTYPE not_exist
|
||||
8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
|
||||
<prompt>$</> <userinput>export LC_CTYPE='not_exist'</>
|
||||
<prompt>$</> <userinput>perl -v</>
|
||||
<computeroutput>
|
||||
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
|
||||
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
|
||||
LC_ALL = (unset),
|
||||
@ -1151,6 +1596,7 @@ LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
|
||||
LANG = (unset)
|
||||
are supported and installed on your system.
|
||||
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
|
||||
</computeroutput>
|
||||
</screen>
|
||||
</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
|
||||
*
|
||||
*
|
||||
* IDENTIFICATION
|
||||
* $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipc.c,v 1.48 2000/05/31 00:28:29 petere Exp $
|
||||
* $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/storage/ipc/ipc.c,v 1.49 2000/07/22 14:49:01 petere Exp $
|
||||
*
|
||||
* NOTES
|
||||
*
|
||||
@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ bool proc_exit_inprogress = false;
|
||||
static int UsePrivateMemory = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
static void IpcMemoryDetach(int status, char *shmaddr);
|
||||
static void IpcConfigTip(void);
|
||||
|
||||
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
* exit() handling stuff
|
||||
@ -241,7 +240,9 @@ IPCPrivateSemaphoreKill(int status,
|
||||
union semun semun;
|
||||
semun.val = 0; /* unused */
|
||||
|
||||
semctl(semId, 0, IPC_RMID, semun);
|
||||
if (semctl(semId, 0, IPC_RMID, semun) == -1)
|
||||
elog(NOTICE, "IPCPrivateSemaphoreKill: semctl(%d, 0, IPC_RMID, ...) failed: %s",
|
||||
semId, strerror(errno));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -261,8 +262,8 @@ IPCPrivateMemoryKill(int status,
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (shmctl(shmId, IPC_RMID, (struct shmid_ds *) NULL) < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
elog(NOTICE, "IPCPrivateMemoryKill: shmctl(%d, %d, 0) failed: %m",
|
||||
shmId, IPC_RMID);
|
||||
elog(NOTICE, "IPCPrivateMemoryKill: shmctl(id=%d, IPC_RMID, NULL) failed: %m",
|
||||
shmId);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -307,10 +308,19 @@ IpcSemaphoreCreate(IpcSemaphoreKey semKey,
|
||||
|
||||
if (semId < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget(%d, %d, 0%o) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget(key=%d, num=%d, 0%o) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
semKey, semNum, (unsigned)(permission|IPC_CREAT),
|
||||
strerror(errno));
|
||||
IpcConfigTip();
|
||||
|
||||
if (errno == ENOSPC)
|
||||
fprintf(stderr,
|
||||
"\nThis error does *not* mean that you have run out of disk space.\n\n"
|
||||
"It occurs either because system limit for the maximum number of\n"
|
||||
"semaphore sets (SEMMNI), or the system wide maximum number of\n"
|
||||
"semaphores (SEMMNS), would be exceeded. You need to raise the\n"
|
||||
"respective kernel parameter. Look into the PostgreSQL documentation\n"
|
||||
"for details.\n\n");
|
||||
|
||||
return (-1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (i = 0; i < semNum; i++)
|
||||
@ -319,10 +329,16 @@ IpcSemaphoreCreate(IpcSemaphoreKey semKey,
|
||||
errStatus = semctl(semId, 0, SETALL, semun);
|
||||
if (errStatus == -1)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcSemaphoreCreate: semctl(id=%d) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcSemaphoreCreate: semctl(id=%d, 0, SETALL, ...) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
semId, strerror(errno));
|
||||
|
||||
if (errno == ERANGE)
|
||||
fprintf(stderr,
|
||||
"You possibly need to raise your kernel's SEMVMX value to be at least\n"
|
||||
"%d. Look into the PostgreSQL documentation for details.\n",
|
||||
semStartValue);
|
||||
|
||||
semctl(semId, 0, IPC_RMID, semun);
|
||||
IpcConfigTip();
|
||||
return (-1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -516,9 +532,35 @@ IpcMemoryCreate(IpcMemoryKey memKey, uint32 size, int permission)
|
||||
|
||||
if (shmid < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(%d, %d, 0%o) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
memKey, size, (unsigned)(IPC_CREAT|permission), strerror(errno));
|
||||
IpcConfigTip();
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(key=%d, size=%d, 0%o) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
(int)memKey, size, (unsigned)(IPC_CREAT|permission),
|
||||
strerror(errno));
|
||||
|
||||
if (errno == EINVAL)
|
||||
fprintf(stderr,
|
||||
"\nThis error can be caused by one of three things:\n\n"
|
||||
"1. The maximum size for shared memory segments on your system was\n"
|
||||
" exceeded. You need to raise the SHMMAX parameter in your kernel\n"
|
||||
" to be at least %d bytes.\n\n"
|
||||
"2. The requested shared memory segment was too small for your system.\n"
|
||||
" You need to lower the SHMMIN parameter in your kernel.\n\n"
|
||||
"3. The requested shared memory segment already exists but is of the\n"
|
||||
" wrong size. This is most likely the case if an old version of\n"
|
||||
" PostgreSQL crashed and didn't clean up. The `ipcclean' utility\n"
|
||||
" can be used to remedy this.\n\n"
|
||||
"The PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide contains more information about\n"
|
||||
"shared memory configuration.\n\n",
|
||||
size);
|
||||
|
||||
else if (errno == ENOSPC)
|
||||
fprintf(stderr,
|
||||
"\nThis error does *not* mean that you have run out of disk space.\n\n"
|
||||
"It occurs either if all available shared memory ids have been taken,\n"
|
||||
"in which case you need to raise the SHMMNI parameter in your kernel,\n"
|
||||
"or because the system's overall limit for shared memory has been\n"
|
||||
"reached. The PostgreSQL Administrator's Guide contains more\n"
|
||||
"information about shared memory configuration.\n\n");
|
||||
|
||||
return IpcMemCreationFailed;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -541,7 +583,7 @@ IpcMemoryIdGet(IpcMemoryKey memKey, uint32 size)
|
||||
|
||||
if (shmid < 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcMemoryIdGet: shmget(%d, %d, 0) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "IpcMemoryIdGet: shmget(key=%d, size=%d, 0) failed: %s\n",
|
||||
memKey, size, strerror(errno));
|
||||
return IpcMemIdGetFailed;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@ -558,7 +600,7 @@ static void
|
||||
IpcMemoryDetach(int status, char *shmaddr)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (shmdt(shmaddr) < 0)
|
||||
elog(NOTICE, "IpcMemoryDetach: shmdt(0x%p): %m", shmaddr);
|
||||
elog(NOTICE, "IpcMemoryDetach: shmdt(0x%p) failed: %m", shmaddr);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/****************************************************************************/
|
||||
@ -694,13 +736,3 @@ LockIsFree(int lockid)
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
#endif /* HAS_TEST_AND_SET */
|
||||
|
||||
static void
|
||||
IpcConfigTip(void)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "This type of error is usually caused by an improper\n");
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "shared memory or System V IPC semaphore configuration.\n");
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "For more information, see the FAQ and platform-specific\n");
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "FAQ's in the source directory pgsql/doc or on our\n");
|
||||
fprintf(stderr, "web site at http://www.postgresql.org.\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user