Upgrade to Pygress 2.2.
This commit is contained in:
Bruce Momjian
parent
c13a64d7fb
commit
e9491eb91c
@ -1,31 +1,48 @@
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Announce : Release of PyGreSQL version 2.0
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Announce: Release of PyGreSQL version 2.2
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===============================================
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PyGreSQL v2.0 has been released.
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It is available at: ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.0.tgz.
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PyGreSQL v2.2 has been released.
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It is available at: ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.2.tgz.
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PostgreSQL is a database system derived from Postgres4.2. It conforms to
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(most of) ANSI SQL and offers many interesting capabilities (C dynamic linking
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for functions or type definition, etc.). This package is copyright by the
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Regents of the University of California, and is freely distributable.
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PostgreSQL is a database system derived from Postgres4.2. It conforms
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to (most of) ANSI SQL and offers many interesting capabilities (C
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dynamic linking for functions or type definition, etc.). This package
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is copyright by the Regents of the University of California, and is
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freely distributable.
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Python is a interpretated programming langage. It is object oriented, simple
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to use (light syntax, simple and straighforward statements), and has many
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extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc. An intelligent web
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browser (HotJava like) is currently under development (november 1995), and
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this should open programmers many doors. Python is copyrighted by Stichting S
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Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is freely distributable.
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Python is an interpreted programming language. It is object oriented,
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simple to use (light syntax, simple and straightforward statements), and
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has many extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc. An
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intelligent web browser (HotJava like) is currently under development
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(November 1995), and this should open programmers many doors. Python is
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copyrighted by Stichting S Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The
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Netherlands, and is freely distributable.
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PyGreSQL is a python module that interfaces to a PostgreSQL database. It
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embeds the PostgreSQL query library to allow easy use of the powerful
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PostgreSQL features from a Python script.
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PyGreSQL 2.0 was developed and tested on a NetBSD 1.3_BETA system. It is
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based on the PyGres95 code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
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I changed the version to 2.0 and updated the code for Python 1.5 and
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PostgreSQL 6.2.1. While I was at it I upgraded the code to use full ANSI
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style prototypes and changed the order of arguments to connect.
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PyGreSQL 2.2 was developed and tested on a NetBSD 1.3_BETA system. It
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is based on the PyGres95 code written by Pascal Andre,
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andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr. I changed the version to 2.0 and updated the
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code for Python 1.5 and PostgreSQL 6.2.1. While I was at it I upgraded
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the code to use full ANSI style prototypes and changed the order of
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arguments to connect. Later versions are fixes and enhancements to that.
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Important changes from PyGreSQL 2.1 to PyGreSQL 2.2:
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- Added user and password support thanks to Ng Pheng Siong <ngps@post1.com>
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- Insert queries return the inserted oid
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- Add new pg wrapper (C module renamed to _pg)
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- Wrapped database connection in a class.
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- Cleaned up some of the tutorial. (More work needed.)
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- Added version and __version__. Thanks to thilo@eevolute.com for
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the suggestion.
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Important changes from PyGreSQL 2.0 to PyGreSQL 2.1:
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- return fields as proper Python objects for field type
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- Cleaned up pgext.py
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- Added dictresult method
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Important changes from Pygres95 1.0b to PyGreSQL 2.0:
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- Updated code for PostgreSQL 6.2.1 and Python 1.5.
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@ -36,7 +53,8 @@ Important changes from Pygres95 1.0b to PyGreSQL 2.0:
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- Added a print function for pgqueryobject
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- Various code changes - mostly stylistic.
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For more information about each package, please have a look to their web pages:
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For more information about each package, please have a look to their
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web pages:
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- Python : http://www.python.org/
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- PostgreSQL : http://www.PostgreSQL.org/
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- PyGreSQL : http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
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@ -2,9 +2,23 @@ PyGreSQL changelog.
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===================
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This software is copyright (c) 1995, Pascal Andre (andre@via.ecp.fr)
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Further copyright 1997 by D'Arcy J.M. Cain (darcy@druid.net)
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Further copyright 1997, 1998 by D'Arcy J.M. Cain (darcy@druid.net)
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See file README for copyright information.
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Version 2.2
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- Added user and password support thanks to Ng Pheng Siong <ngps@post1.com>
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- Insert queries return the inserted oid
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- Add new pg wrapper (C modile renamed to _pg)
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- Wrapped database connection in a class.
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- Cleaned up some of the tutorial. (More work needed.)
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- Added version and __version__. Thanks to thilo@eevolute.com for
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the suggestion.
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Version 2.1
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- return fields as proper Python objects for field type
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- Cleaned up pgext.py
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- Added dictresult method
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Version 2.0 (23/12/1997):
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- updated code for PostgreSQL 6.2.1 and Python 1.5
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- reformatted code and converted to ANSI
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@ -12,20 +26,24 @@ Version 2.0 (23/12/1997):
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- changed order of arguments to connect function
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- Created new type pgqueryobject and moved certain methods to it.
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- Added a print function for pgqueryobject
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Version 1.0b (4/11/1995):
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- keyword support for connect function moved from library file to C code
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and taken away from library.
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- rewrote documentation
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- bug fix in connect function
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- enhancements in large objects interface methods
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Version 1.0a (30/10/1995) (limited release):
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- module adapted to standard Python syntax
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- keyword support for connect function in library file
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- rewrote default parameters interface (internal use of strings)
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- fixed minor bugs in module interface
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- redefinition of error messages
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Version 0.9b (10/10/1995) (first public release):
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- large objects implementation
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- many bug fixes, enhancments, ...
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- many bug fixes, enhancements, ...
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Version 0.1a (7/10/1995):
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- basic libpq functions (SQL access)
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@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
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PyGreSQL - v2.0: PostgreSQL module for Python
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PyGreSQL - v2.2: PostgreSQL module for Python
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==============================================
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0. Copyright notice
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===================
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PyGreSQL, version 2.0
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PyGreSQL, version 2.2
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A Python interface for PostgreSQL database.
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Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain, darcy@druid.net<BR>
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Based heavily on code written by Pascal Andre, andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr.
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@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ PostgreSQL is a database system derived from Postgres4.2. It conforms to
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for functions or type definition, etc.). This package is copyright by the
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Regents of the University of California, and is freely distributable.
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Python is a interpretated programming langage. It is object oriented, simple
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to use (light syntax, simple and straighforward statements), and has many
|
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Python is an interpreted programming language. It is object oriented, simple
|
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to use (light syntax, simple and straightforward statements), and has many
|
||||
extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc. An intelligent web
|
||||
browser (HotJava like) is currently under development (november 1995), and
|
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browser (HotJava like) is currently under development (November 1995), and
|
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this should open programmers many doors. Python is copyrighted by Stichting S
|
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Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is freely distributable.
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@ -71,43 +71,63 @@ style prototypes and changed the order of arguments to connect.
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This file should go in your Python library directory. It
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contains some interesting functions for pg use. All pg
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function are imported in this file.
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pg.py - PyGreSQL DB class.
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tutorial/ - demos directory
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Content: basics.py, syscat.py, advanced.py, func.py and
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pgtools.py. The samples here have been taken from the
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PostgreSQL manual and were used for module testing. They
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demonstrate some PostgreSQL features. Pgtools.py is an
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add-in used for demonstation.
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add-in used for demonstration.
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1.3. Installation
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-----------------
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You first have to get and build Python and PostgreSQL. You have to copy the
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pgmodule.c file to the Python Modules directory and add the following line to
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the Setup file there.
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pg pgmodule.c -I[pg inc] -L[pg lib] -lpq
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or, for a dynamic module:
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pg [pg mod]pgmodule.c ../Objects/access.c -I[pg inc] -L[pg lib] -lpd
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where:
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pg mod - directory where you did put the module files
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pg inc - path of the PostgreSQL include
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pg lib - path of the PostgreSQL libraries
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* You first have to get and build Python and PostgreSQL.
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Some options may be added to this line:
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-DNO_DEF_VAR - no default variables support
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-DNO_DIRECT - no direct access methods
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-DNO_LARGE - no large object support
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* PyGreSQL is implemented as two parts, a C module labeled _pg and a
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Python wrapper called pg.py. This changed between 2.1 and 2.2. This
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should not affect any existing programs but the installation is slightly
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different.
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These options will be described in the next sections.
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* Find the directory where your 'Setup' file lives (usually ??/Modules) and
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copy the 'pgmodule.c' file there.
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* Add the following line to your Setup file
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_pg pgmodule.c -I[pgInc] -L[pgLib] -lpq # -lcrypt # needed on some systems
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where:
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[pgInc] = path of the PostgreSQL include
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[pgLib] = path of the PostgreSQL libraries
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Some options may be added to this line:
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-DNO_DEF_VAR - no default variables support
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-DNO_DIRECT - no direct access methods
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-DNO_LARGE - no large object support
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These options will be described in the next sections.
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* If you want a shared module, make sure that the "*shared*" keyword is
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uncommented and add the above line below it. You then need to install
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your shared modules with "make sharedinstall."
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* Copy pg.py to the lib directory where the rest of your modules are. For
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example, that's /usr/local/lib/Python on my system.
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* Do 'make -f Makefile.pre.in boot' and do 'make && make install'
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* For more details read the documentation at the top of Makefile.pre.in
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* For Linux installation look at README.linux
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1.4. Where to get ... ?
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-----------------------
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The home sites of the differents packages are:
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The home sites of the different packages are:
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- Python: ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/python
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- PosgreSQL: ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/postgresql-6.2.1.tar.gz
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- PyGreSQL: ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/contrib/pygresql-2.0.tgz
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- PosgreSQL: ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/postgresql-6.4.tar.gz
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- PyGreSQL: ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/pygresql-2.2.tgz
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A Linux RPM can be picked up from ftp://www.eevolute.com/pub/python/.
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1.5. Information and support
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----------------------------
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@ -115,6 +135,7 @@ The home sites of the differents packages are:
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If you need information about these packages please check their web sites:
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- Python: http://www.python.org/
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- PostgreSQL: http://www.postgresql.org/
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- PyGres95: http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html
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- PyGreSQL: http://www.druid.net/pygresql/
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@ -125,7 +146,7 @@ For support:
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- PyGres95: contact me (andre@via.ecp.fr) for bug reports, ideas, remarks
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I will try to answer as long as my free time allow me to do
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that.
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- PyGreSQL: contact me (darcy@druid.net) concerning the changes to 2.0.
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- PyGreSQL: contact me (darcy@druid.net) concerning the changes to 2.x.
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2. Programming information
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@ -150,26 +171,28 @@ having to modify environment. The support for default variables can be disabled
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by setting the -DNO_DEF_VAR option in the Python Setup file. Methods relative
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to this are specified by te tag [DV].
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All variables are set to None at module initialisation, specifying that
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All variables are set to None at module initialization, specifying that
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standard environment variables should be used.
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2.1.1. connect - opens a pg connection
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----------------------------------------
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Syntax:
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connect(dbname, host, port, opt, tty)
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connect(dbname, host, port, opt, tty, user, passwd)
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Parameters:
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dbname - name of connected database (string/None)
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host - name of the server host (string/None)
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port - port used by the database server (integer/-1)
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opt - connection options (string/None)
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tty - debug terminal (string/None)
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user - PostgreSQL user (string/None)
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passwd - password for user (string/None)
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Return type:
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pgobject - the object handling the connection
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Exceptions raised:
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TypeError - bad argument type, or too many arguments
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SyntaxError - duplicate argument definition
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pg.error - some error occured during pg connection definition
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pg.error - some error occurred during pg connection definition
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(+ all exceptions relative to object allocation)
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Description:
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This method opens a connection to a specified database on a given
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@ -311,19 +334,20 @@ standard environment variables should be used.
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2.1.7. Module constants
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-----------------------
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Some constants are defined in the module dictionnary. They are intended to be
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Some constants are defined in the module dictionary. They are intended to be
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used as parameters for methods calls. You should refer to PostgreSQL user
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manual for more information about them. These constants are:
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- large objects access modes, used by (pgobject.)locreate and
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(pglarge.)open: (pg.)INV_READ, (pg.)INV_WRITE, (pg.)INV_ARCHIVE
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- positionnal flags, used by (pglarge.)seek: (pg.)SEEK_SET,
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- positional flags, used by (pglarge.)seek: (pg.)SEEK_SET,
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(pg.)SEEK_CUR, (pg.)SEEK_END.
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- version and __version__ constants that give the current version.
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2.2. pgobject description
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---------------------------
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This object handle a connection to a PostgreSQL database. It embends and
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This object handle a connection to a PostgreSQL database. It embeds and
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hides all the parameters that define this connection, thus just leaving really
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significant parameters in function calls.
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Some methods give direct access to the connection socket. They are specified
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@ -347,10 +371,12 @@ methods are specified by the tag [LO].
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ValueError - empty SQL query
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pg.error - error during query processing, or invalid connection
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Description:
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This method simply sends a SQL query to the database. If the command does
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not return a result (ie. is not a some kind of SELECT statement), it
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returns None. Otherwise, it returns a pgqueryobject that can be
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accessed via the getresult method or printed.
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This method simply sends a SQL query to the database. If the query is
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an insert statement, the return value is the OID of the newly
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inserted row. If it is otherwise a query that does not return a result
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(ie. is not a some kind of SELECT statement), it returns None.
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Otherwise, it returns a pgqueryobject that can be accessed via the
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getresult method or printed.
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pgqueryobject methods
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---------------------
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@ -366,9 +392,25 @@ methods are specified by the tag [LO].
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SyntaxError - too many parameters
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pg.error - invalid previous result
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Description:
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This method returns the list of the values returned by the last query.
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This method returns the list of the values returned by the query.
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More information about this result may be get using listfields,
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fieldname and fiednum methods. All list elements are strings.
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fieldname and fiednum methods.
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2.2.1.2. dictresult - like getresult but returns list of dictionaries
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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Syntax: dictresult()
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Parameters: none
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Return type:
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list - result values as a dictionary
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Exceptions raised:
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SyntaxError - too many parameters
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pg.error - invalid previous result
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Description:
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This method returns the list of the values returned by the query
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with each tuple returned as a dictionary with the field names
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used as the dictionary index.
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2.2.3. listfields - lists the fields names of the previous query result
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -428,7 +470,7 @@ methods are specified by the tag [LO].
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pg.error - invalid connection
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Description:
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This methods try to get a notify from the server (from the SQL statement
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NOTIFY). If the server returns no notify, the methods retuns None.
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NOTIFY). If the server returns no notify, the methods returns None.
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Otherwise, it returns a tuple (couple) (relname, pid), where relname is the
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name of the notify and pid the process id of the connection that triggered
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the notify.
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@ -561,7 +603,7 @@ connection and its status. These attributes are:
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--------------------------
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This object handles all the request concerning a postgres large object. It
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embends and hides all the 'recurrent' variables (object oid and connection),
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embeds and hides all the 'recurrent' variables (object oid and connection),
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exactly in the same way pgobjects do, thus only keeping significant
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parameters in function calls. It keeps a reference to the pgobject used for
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its creation, sending requests though with its parameters. Any modification but
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@ -636,7 +678,7 @@ error message.
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Syntax: seek(offset, whence)
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Parameters:
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offset - position offset
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whence - positionnal parameter
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whence - positional parameter
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Return type:
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integer - new position in object
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Exception raised:
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@ -664,7 +706,7 @@ error message.
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Return type:
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None
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Exception raised:
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pg.error - invalid connection or incaid object
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pg.error - invalid connection or invalid object
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SyntaxError - too many parameters
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IOError - object is not closed, or unlink error
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Description:
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@ -717,3 +759,169 @@ duplicated. You should provide some locking to be able if you want to check
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this.
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The oid attribute is very interesting because it allow you reuse the oid
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later, creating the pglarge object with a pgobject getlo() method call.
|
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3. The pg wrapper
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================
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|
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The previous functions are wrapped in a module called pg. The module
|
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has a class called DB. The above functions are also included in the
|
||||
name space so it isn't necessary to import both modules. The preferred
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way to use this module is as follows.
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|
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from pg import DB
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db = DB(...) # See description of the initialization method below.
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||||
The following describes the methods and variables of this class.
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3.1. Initialization
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-------------------
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The DB class is initialized with the same arguments as the connect
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method described in section 2. It also initializes a few internal
|
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variables. The statement 'db = DB()' will open the local database
|
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with the name of the user just like connect() does.
|
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|
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3.2. pkey
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||||
---------
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Syntax:
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pkey(table)
|
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Parameters:
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||||
table - name of table
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
Name of field which is the primary key of the table.
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
This method returns the primary key of a table. Note that this raises
|
||||
an exception if the table doesn't have a primary key. Further, in the
|
||||
current implementation of PostgreSQL the 'PRIMARY KEY' syntax doesn't
|
||||
actually fill in the necessary tables to determine primary keys. You
|
||||
can do this yourself with the following query. Replace $0 with the
|
||||
table name and $1 with the attribute that is the primary key.
|
||||
|
||||
UPDATE pg_index SET indisprimary = 't'
|
||||
WHERE pg_index.oid in (SELECT pg_index.oid
|
||||
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_index
|
||||
WHERE pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid AND
|
||||
pg_class.oid = pg_index.indrelid AND
|
||||
pg_index.indkey[0] = pg_attribute.attnum AND
|
||||
pg_class.relname = '$0' AND
|
||||
pg_attribute.attname = '$1');
|
||||
|
||||
3.3. get_attnames
|
||||
-----------------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
get_attnames(table)
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
List of attribute names
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
Given the name of a table, digs out the list of attribute names.
|
||||
|
||||
3.4. get
|
||||
--------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
get(table, arg, [keyname])
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
arg - either a dictionary or the value to be looked up
|
||||
keyname - name of field to use as key (optional)
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
A dictionary mapping attribute names to row values.
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
This method is the basic mechanism to get a single row. It assumes
|
||||
that the key specifies a unique row. If keyname is not specified
|
||||
then the primary key for the table is used. If arg is a dictionary
|
||||
then the value for the key is taken from it and it is modified to
|
||||
include the new values, replacing existing values where necessary.
|
||||
The oid is also put into the dictionary but in order to allow the
|
||||
caller to work with multiple tables, the attribute name is munged
|
||||
to make it unique. It consists of the string "oid_" followed by
|
||||
the name of the table.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.5. insert
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
insert(table, a)
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
a - a dictionary of values
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
The OID of the newly inserted row.
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
This method inserts values into the table specified filling in the
|
||||
values from the dictionary.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.6. update
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
update(table, a)
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
a - a dictionary of values
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
A dictionary with the new row
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
Similar to insert but updates an existing row. The update is based
|
||||
on the OID value as munged by get. The array returned is the
|
||||
one sent modified to reflect any changes caused by the update due
|
||||
to triggers, rules, defaults, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
3.7. clear
|
||||
----------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
clear(table, [a])
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
a - a dictionary of values
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
A dictionary with an empty row
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
This method clears all the attributes to values determined by the types.
|
||||
Numeric types are set to 0, dates are set to 'TODAY' and everything
|
||||
else is set to the empty string. If the array argument is present,
|
||||
it is used as the array and any entries matching attribute names
|
||||
are cleared with everything else left unchanged.
|
||||
|
||||
3.8. delete
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
Syntax:
|
||||
delete(table, a)
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
table - name of table
|
||||
a - a dictionary of values
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
None
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
This method deletes the row from a table. It deletes based on the OID
|
||||
as munged as described above.
|
||||
|
||||
3.9. Convenience methods
|
||||
------------------------
|
||||
In order to allow all access to a connection to be done through the DB
|
||||
class, the following methods wrap the basic functions.
|
||||
|
||||
query
|
||||
reset
|
||||
getnotify
|
||||
inserttable
|
||||
|
||||
The following depend on being activated in the underlying C code
|
||||
|
||||
putline
|
||||
getline
|
||||
endcopy
|
||||
locreate
|
||||
getlo
|
||||
loimport
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. Future directions
|
||||
====================
|
||||
|
||||
The large object and direct access functions need much more attention.
|
||||
|
||||
I want to add a DB-SIG API wrapper around the underlying module.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
171
src/interfaces/python/advanced.py
Executable file
171
src/interfaces/python/advanced.py
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
|
||||
#! /usr/local/bin/python
|
||||
# advanced.py - demo of advanced features of PostGres. Some may not be ANSI.
|
||||
# inspired from the Postgres tutorial
|
||||
# adapted to Python 1995 by Pascal Andre
|
||||
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
print "MODULE ADVANCED.PY : ADVANCED POSTGRES SQL COMMANDS TUTORIAL"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "This module is designed for being imported from python prompt"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "In order to run the samples included here, first create a connection"
|
||||
print "using : cnx = advanced.connect(...)"
|
||||
print "then start the demo with: advanced.demo(cnx)"
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
|
||||
from pgtools import *
|
||||
from pgext import *
|
||||
|
||||
# inheritance features
|
||||
def inherit_demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Inheritance:"
|
||||
print "-- a table can inherit from zero or more tables. A query"
|
||||
print "-- can reference either all rows of a table or all rows "
|
||||
print "-- of a table plus all of its descendants."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- For example, the capitals table inherits from cities table."
|
||||
print "-- (It inherits all data fields from cities.)"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE cities ("
|
||||
print " name text,"
|
||||
print " population float8,"
|
||||
print " altitude int"
|
||||
print ")"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE capitals ("
|
||||
print " state varchar(2)"
|
||||
print ") INHERITS (cities)"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE cities (" \
|
||||
"name text," \
|
||||
"population float8," \
|
||||
"altitude int)")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE capitals (" \
|
||||
"state varchar(2)) INHERITS (cities)")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- now, let's populate the tables"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('San Francisco', 7.24E+5, 63)"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('Las Vegas', 2.583E+5, 2174)"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('Mariposa', 1200, 1953)"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO capitals VALUES ('Sacramento', 3.694E+5, 30, 'CA')"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO capitals VALUES ('Madison', 1.913E+5, 845, 'WI')"
|
||||
print
|
||||
pgcnx.query(
|
||||
"INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('San Francisco', 7.24E+5, 63)")
|
||||
pgcnx.query(
|
||||
"INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('Las Vegas', 2.583E+5, 2174)")
|
||||
pgcnx.query(
|
||||
"INSERT INTO cities VALUES ('Mariposa', 1200, 1953)")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO capitals" \
|
||||
" VALUES ('Sacramento', 3.694E+5, 30, 'CA')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO capitals" \
|
||||
" VALUES ('Madison', 1.913E+5, 845, 'WI')")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * FROM cities"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM cities")
|
||||
print "SELECT * FROM capitals"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM capitals")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- like before, a regular query references rows of the base"
|
||||
print "-- table only"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT name, altitude"
|
||||
print "FROM cities"
|
||||
print "WHERE altitude > 500;"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT name, altitude " \
|
||||
"FROM cities " \
|
||||
"WHERE altitude > 500")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- on the other hand, you can find all cities, including "
|
||||
print "-- capitals, that are located at an altitude of 500 'ft "
|
||||
print "-- or higher by:"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT c.name, c.altitude"
|
||||
print "FROM cities* c"
|
||||
print "WHERE c.altitude > 500"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT c.name, c.altitude " \
|
||||
"FROM cities* c " \
|
||||
"WHERE c.altitude > 500")
|
||||
|
||||
# arrays attributes
|
||||
def array_demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "----------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Arrays:"
|
||||
print "-- attributes can be arrays of base types or user-defined "
|
||||
print "-- types"
|
||||
print "----------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE sal_emp ("
|
||||
print " name text,"
|
||||
print " pay_by_quarter int4[],"
|
||||
print " schedule text[][]"
|
||||
print ")"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE sal_emp (" \
|
||||
"name text," \
|
||||
"pay_by_quarter int4[]," \
|
||||
"schedule text[][])")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- insert instances with array attributes. "
|
||||
print " Note the use of braces"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO sal_emp VALUES ("
|
||||
print " 'Bill',"
|
||||
print " '{10000,10000,10000,10000}',"
|
||||
print " '{{\"meeting\", \"lunch\"}, {}}')"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO sal_emp VALUES ("
|
||||
print " 'Carol',"
|
||||
print " '{20000,25000,25000,25000}',"
|
||||
print " '{{\"talk\", \"consult\"}, {\"meeting\"}}')"
|
||||
print
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO sal_emp VALUES (" \
|
||||
"'Bill', '{10000,10000,10000,10000}'," \
|
||||
"'{{\"meeting\", \"lunch\"}, {}}')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO sal_emp VALUES (" \
|
||||
"'Carol', '{20000,25000,25000,25000}'," \
|
||||
"'{{\"talk\", \"consult\"}, {\"meeting\"}}')")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "----------------------"
|
||||
print "-- queries on array attributes"
|
||||
print "----------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT name FROM sal_emp WHERE"
|
||||
print " sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[1] <> sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[2]"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT name FROM sal_emp WHERE " \
|
||||
"sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[1] <> sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[2]")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- retrieve third quarter pay of all employees"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[3] FROM sal_emp"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT sal_emp.pay_by_quarter[3] FROM sal_emp")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- select subarrays"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT sal_emp.schedule[1:2][1:1] FROM sal_emp WHERE "
|
||||
print " sal_emp.name = 'Bill'"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT sal_emp.schedule[1:2][1:1] FROM sal_emp WHERE " \
|
||||
"sal_emp.name = 'Bill'")
|
||||
|
||||
# base cleanup
|
||||
def demo_cleanup(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-- clean up (you must remove the children first)"
|
||||
print "DROP TABLE sal_emp"
|
||||
print "DROP TABLE capitals"
|
||||
print "DROP TABLE cities;"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE sal_emp")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE capitals")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE cities")
|
||||
|
||||
# main demo function
|
||||
def demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
inherit_demo(pgcnx)
|
||||
array_demo(pgcnx)
|
||||
demo_cleanup(pgcnx)
|
||||
284
src/interfaces/python/basics.py
Executable file
284
src/interfaces/python/basics.py
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
|
||||
#! /usr/local/bin/python
|
||||
# basics.py - basic SQL commands tutorial
|
||||
# inspired from the Postgres95 tutorial
|
||||
# adapted to Python 1995 by Pascal ANDRE
|
||||
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
print "MODULE BASICS.PY : BASIC SQL COMMANDS TUTORIAL"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "This module is designed for being imported from python prompt"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "In order to run the samples included here, first create a connection"
|
||||
print "using : cnx = basics.connect(...)"
|
||||
print "then start the demo with: basics.demo(cnx)"
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
|
||||
from pgext import *
|
||||
from pgtools import *
|
||||
|
||||
# table creation commands
|
||||
def create_table(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Creating a table:"
|
||||
print "-- a CREATE TABLE is used to create base tables. POSTGRES"
|
||||
print "-- SQL has its own set of built-in types. (Note that"
|
||||
print "-- keywords are case-insensitive but identifiers are "
|
||||
print "-- case-sensitive.)"
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Sending query :"
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE weather ("
|
||||
print " city varchar(80),"
|
||||
print " temp_lo int,"
|
||||
print " temp_hi int,"
|
||||
print " prcp float8,"
|
||||
print " date date"
|
||||
print ")"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE weather (city varchar(80), temp_lo int," \
|
||||
"temp_hi int, prcp float8, date date)")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Sending query :"
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE cities ("
|
||||
print " name varchar(80),"
|
||||
print " location point"
|
||||
print ")"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE cities (" \
|
||||
"name varchar(80)," \
|
||||
"location point)")
|
||||
|
||||
# data insertion commands
|
||||
def insert_data(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Inserting data:"
|
||||
print "-- an INSERT statement is used to insert a new row into"
|
||||
print "-- a table. There are several ways you can specify what"
|
||||
print "-- columns the data should go to."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- 1. the simplest case is when the list of value correspond to"
|
||||
print "-- the order of the columns specified in CREATE TABLE."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Sending query :"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO weather "
|
||||
print " VALUES ('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994')"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO weather " \
|
||||
"VALUES ('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '11/27/1994')")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Sending query :"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO cities "
|
||||
print " VALUES ('San Francisco', '(-194.0, 53.0)')"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO cities " \
|
||||
"VALUES ('San Francisco', '(-194.0, 53.0)')")
|
||||
print
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print "-- 2. you can also specify what column the values correspond "
|
||||
print " to. (The columns can be specified in any order. You may "
|
||||
print " also omit any number of columns. eg. unknown precipitation"
|
||||
print " below)"
|
||||
print "Sending query :"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO weather (city, temp_lo, temp_hi, prcp, date)"
|
||||
print " VALUES ('San Francisco', 43, 57, 0.0, '11/29/1994')"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO weather (date, city, temp_hi, temp_lo)" \
|
||||
"VALUES ('11/29/1994', 'Hayward', 54, 37)")
|
||||
|
||||
# direct selection commands
|
||||
def select_data1(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Retrieving data:"
|
||||
print "-- a SELECT statement is used for retrieving data. The "
|
||||
print "-- basic syntax is:"
|
||||
print "-- SELECT columns FROM tables WHERE predicates"
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- a simple one would be the query:"
|
||||
print "SELECT * FROM weather"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "The result is :"
|
||||
q = pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM weather")
|
||||
print q
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- you may also specify expressions in the target list (the "
|
||||
print "-- 'AS column' specifies the column name of the result. It is "
|
||||
print "-- optional.)"
|
||||
print "The query :"
|
||||
print " SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 AS temp_avg, date "
|
||||
print " FROM weather"
|
||||
print "Gives :"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 " \
|
||||
"AS temp_avg, date FROM weather")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- if you want to retrieve rows that satisfy certain condition"
|
||||
print "-- (ie. a restriction), specify the condition in WHERE. The "
|
||||
print "-- following retrieves the weather of San Francisco on rainy "
|
||||
print "-- days."
|
||||
print "SELECT *"
|
||||
print "FROM weather"
|
||||
print "WHERE city = 'San Francisco' "
|
||||
print " and prcp > 0.0"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM weather WHERE city = 'San Francisco'" \
|
||||
" AND prcp > 0.0")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- here is a more complicated one. Duplicates are removed when "
|
||||
print "-- DISTINCT is specified. ORDER BY specifies the column to sort"
|
||||
print "-- on. (Just to make sure the following won't confuse you, "
|
||||
print "-- DISTINCT and ORDER BY can be used separately.)"
|
||||
print "SELECT DISTINCT city"
|
||||
print "FROM weather"
|
||||
print "ORDER BY city;"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT DISTINCT city FROM weather ORDER BY city")
|
||||
|
||||
# selection to a temporary table
|
||||
def select_data2(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Retrieving data into other classes:"
|
||||
print "-- a SELECT ... INTO statement can be used to retrieve "
|
||||
print "-- data into another class."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "The query :"
|
||||
print "SELECT * INTO TABLE temp "
|
||||
print "FROM weather"
|
||||
print "WHERE city = 'San Francisco' "
|
||||
print " and prcp > 0.0"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("SELECT * INTO TABLE temp FROM weather " \
|
||||
"WHERE city = 'San Francisco' and prcp > 0.0")
|
||||
print "Fills the table temp, that can be listed with :"
|
||||
print "SELECT * from temp"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from temp")
|
||||
|
||||
# aggregate creation commands
|
||||
def create_aggregate(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Aggregates"
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Let's consider the query :"
|
||||
print "SELECT max(temp_lo)"
|
||||
print "FROM weather;"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- Aggregate with GROUP BY"
|
||||
print "SELECT city, max(temp_lo)"
|
||||
print "FROM weather "
|
||||
print "GROUP BY city;"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query( "SELECT city, max(temp_lo)" \
|
||||
"FROM weather GROUP BY city")
|
||||
|
||||
# table join commands
|
||||
def join_table(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Joining tables:"
|
||||
print "-- queries can access multiple tables at once or access"
|
||||
print "-- the same table in such a way that multiple instances"
|
||||
print "-- of the table are being processed at the same time."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- suppose we want to find all the records that are in the "
|
||||
print "-- temperature range of other records. W1 and W2 are aliases "
|
||||
print "--for weather."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi, "
|
||||
print " W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi"
|
||||
print "FROM weather W1, weather W2"
|
||||
print "WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo "
|
||||
print " and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo, W1.temp_hi, " \
|
||||
"W2.city, W2.temp_lo, W2.temp_hi FROM weather W1, weather W2 "\
|
||||
"WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo and W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- let's join two tables. The following joins the weather table"
|
||||
print "-- and the cities table."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT city, location, prcp, date"
|
||||
print "FROM weather, cities"
|
||||
print "WHERE name = city"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT city, location, prcp, date FROM weather, cities"\
|
||||
" WHERE name = city")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- since the column names are all different, we don't have to "
|
||||
print "-- specify the table name. If you want to be clear, you can do "
|
||||
print "-- the following. They give identical results, of course."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT w.city, c.location, w.prcp, w.date"
|
||||
print "FROM weather w, cities c"
|
||||
print "WHERE c.name = w.city;"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT w.city, c.location, w.prcp, w.date " \
|
||||
"FROM weather w, cities c WHERE c.name = w.city")
|
||||
|
||||
# data updating commands
|
||||
def update_data(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Updating data:"
|
||||
print "-- an UPDATE statement is used for updating data. "
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- suppose you discover the temperature readings are all off by"
|
||||
print "-- 2 degrees as of Nov 28, you may update the data as follow:"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "UPDATE weather"
|
||||
print " SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2, temp_lo = temp_lo - 2"
|
||||
print " WHERE date > '11/28/1994'"
|
||||
print
|
||||
pgcnx.query("UPDATE weather " \
|
||||
"SET temp_hi = temp_hi - 2, temp_lo = temp_lo - 2" \
|
||||
"WHERE date > '11/28/1994'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * from weather"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
|
||||
|
||||
# data deletion commands
|
||||
def delete_data(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Deleting data:"
|
||||
print "-- a DELETE statement is used for deleting rows from a "
|
||||
print "-- table."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- suppose you are no longer interested in the weather of "
|
||||
print "-- Hayward, you can do the following to delete those rows from"
|
||||
print "-- the table"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "DELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DELETE FROM weather WHERE city = 'Hayward'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * from weather"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- you can also delete all the rows in a table by doing the "
|
||||
print "-- following. (This is different from DROP TABLE which removes "
|
||||
print "-- the table in addition to the removing the rows.)"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "DELETE FROM weather"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DELETE FROM weather")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * from weather"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * from weather")
|
||||
|
||||
# table removal commands
|
||||
def remove_table(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Removing the tables:"
|
||||
print "-- DROP TABLE is used to remove tables. After you have"
|
||||
print "-- done this, you can no longer use those tables."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "DROP TABLE weather, cities, temp"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE weather, cities, temp")
|
||||
|
||||
# main demo function
|
||||
def demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
create_table(pgcnx)
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
insert_data(pgcnx)
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
select_data1(pgcnx)
|
||||
select_data2(pgcnx)
|
||||
create_aggregate(pgcnx)
|
||||
join_table(pgcnx)
|
||||
update_data(pgcnx)
|
||||
delete_data(pgcnx)
|
||||
remove_table(pgcnx)
|
||||
193
src/interfaces/python/func.py
Executable file
193
src/interfaces/python/func.py
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
|
||||
# func.py - demonstrate the use of SQL functions
|
||||
# inspired from the PostgreSQL tutorial
|
||||
# adapted to Python 1995 by Pascal ANDRE
|
||||
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
print "MODULE FUNC.PY : SQL FUNCTION DEFINITION TUTORIAL"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "This module is designed for being imported from python prompt"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "In order to run the samples included here, first create a connection"
|
||||
print "using : cnx = func.connect(...)"
|
||||
print "then start the demo with: func.demo(cnx)"
|
||||
print "__________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
|
||||
from pgtools import *
|
||||
from pgext import *
|
||||
|
||||
# basic functions declaration
|
||||
def base_func(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Creating SQL Functions on Base Types"
|
||||
print "-- a CREATE FUNCTION statement lets you create a new "
|
||||
print "-- function that can be used in expressions (in SELECT, "
|
||||
print "-- INSERT, etc.). We will start with functions that "
|
||||
print "-- return values of base types."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "--"
|
||||
print "-- let's create a simple SQL function that takes no arguments"
|
||||
print "-- and returns 1"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4"
|
||||
print " AS 'SELECT 1 as ONE' LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4 " \
|
||||
"AS 'SELECT 1 as ONE' LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "--"
|
||||
print "-- functions can be used in any expressions (eg. in the target"
|
||||
print "-- list or qualifications)"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT one() AS answer"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT one() AS answer")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "--"
|
||||
print "-- here's how you create a function that takes arguments. The"
|
||||
print "-- following function returns the sum of its two arguments:"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION add_em(int4, int4) RETURNS int4"
|
||||
print " AS 'SELECT $1 + $2' LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION add_em(int4, int4) RETURNS int4 " \
|
||||
"AS 'SELECT $1 + $2' LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT add_em(1, 2) AS answer"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT add_em(1, 2) AS answer")
|
||||
|
||||
# functions on composite types
|
||||
def comp_func(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Creating SQL Functions on Composite Types"
|
||||
print "-- it is also possible to create functions that return"
|
||||
print "-- values of composite types."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- before we create more sophisticated functions, let's "
|
||||
print "-- populate an EMP table"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE TABLE EMP ("
|
||||
print " name text,"
|
||||
print " salary int4,"
|
||||
print " age int4,"
|
||||
print " dept varchar(16)"
|
||||
print ")"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE TABLE EMP (" \
|
||||
"name text," \
|
||||
"salary int4," \
|
||||
"age int4," \
|
||||
"dept varchar(16))")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Sam', 1200, 16, 'toy')"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Claire', 5000, 32, 'shoe')"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Andy', -1000, 2, 'candy')"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Bill', 4200, 36, 'shoe')"
|
||||
print "INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Ginger', 4800, 30, 'candy')"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Sam', 1200, 16, 'toy')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Claire', 5000, 32, 'shoe')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Andy', -1000, 2, 'candy')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Bill', 4200, 36, 'shoe')")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("INSERT INTO EMP VALUES ('Ginger', 4800, 30, 'candy')")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- the argument of a function can also be a tuple. For "
|
||||
print "-- instance, double_salary takes a tuple of the EMP table"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION double_salary(EMP) RETURNS int4"
|
||||
print " AS 'SELECT $1.salary * 2 AS salary' LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION double_salary(EMP) RETURNS int4 " \
|
||||
"AS 'SELECT $1.salary * 2 AS salary' LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT name, double_salary(EMP) AS dream"
|
||||
print "FROM EMP"
|
||||
print "WHERE EMP.dept = 'toy'"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT name, double_salary(EMP) AS dream " \
|
||||
"FROM EMP WHERE EMP.dept = 'toy'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- the return value of a function can also be a tuple. However,"
|
||||
print "-- make sure that the expressions in the target list is in the "
|
||||
print "-- same order as the columns of EMP."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION new_emp() RETURNS EMP"
|
||||
print " AS 'SELECT \'None\'::text AS name,"
|
||||
print " 1000 AS salary,"
|
||||
print " 25 AS age,"
|
||||
print " \'none\'::varchar(16) AS dept'"
|
||||
print " LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION new_emp() RETURNS EMP " \
|
||||
"AS 'SELECT \\\'None\\\'::text AS name, " \
|
||||
"1000 AS salary, " \
|
||||
"25 AS age, " \
|
||||
"\\\'none\\\'::varchar(16) AS dept' " \
|
||||
"LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- you can then project a column out of resulting the tuple by"
|
||||
print "-- using the \"function notation\" for projection columns. "
|
||||
print "-- (ie. bar(foo) is equivalent to foo.bar) Note that we don't"
|
||||
print "-- support new_emp().name at this moment."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT name(new_emp()) AS nobody"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT name(new_emp()) AS nobody")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- let's try one more function that returns tuples"
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION high_pay() RETURNS setof EMP"
|
||||
print " AS 'SELECT * FROM EMP where salary > 1500'"
|
||||
print " LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION high_pay() RETURNS setof EMP " \
|
||||
"AS 'SELECT * FROM EMP where salary > 1500' " \
|
||||
"LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT name(high_pay()) AS overpaid"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT name(high_pay()) AS overpaid")
|
||||
|
||||
# function with multiple SQL commands
|
||||
def mult_func(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print "-- Creating SQL Functions with multiple SQL statements"
|
||||
print "-- you can also create functions that do more than just a"
|
||||
print "-- SELECT."
|
||||
print "-----------------------------"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "-- you may have noticed that Andy has a negative salary. We'll"
|
||||
print "-- create a function that removes employees with negative "
|
||||
print "-- salaries."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * FROM EMP"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM EMP")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "CREATE FUNCTION clean_EMP () RETURNS int4"
|
||||
print " AS 'DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMP.salary <= 0"
|
||||
print " SELECT 1 AS ignore_this'"
|
||||
print " LANGUAGE 'sql'"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("CREATE FUNCTION clean_EMP () RETURNS int4 AS 'DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMP.salary <= 0; SELECT 1 AS ignore_this' LANGUAGE 'sql'")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT clean_EMP()"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT clean_EMP()")
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "SELECT * FROM EMP"
|
||||
print pgcnx.query("SELECT * FROM EMP")
|
||||
|
||||
# base cleanup
|
||||
def demo_cleanup(pgcnx):
|
||||
print "-- remove functions that were created in this file"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "DROP FUNCTION clean_EMP()"
|
||||
print "DROP FUNCTION high_pay()"
|
||||
print "DROP FUNCTION new_emp()"
|
||||
print "DROP FUNCTION add_em(int4, int4)"
|
||||
print "DROP FUNCTION one()"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "DROP TABLE EMP"
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP FUNCTION clean_EMP()")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP FUNCTION high_pay()")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP FUNCTION new_emp()")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP FUNCTION add_em(int4, int4)")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP FUNCTION one()")
|
||||
pgcnx.query("DROP TABLE EMP")
|
||||
|
||||
# main demo function
|
||||
def demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
base_func(pgcnx)
|
||||
comp_func(pgcnx)
|
||||
mult_func(pgcnx)
|
||||
demo_cleanup(pgcnx)
|
||||
11
src/interfaces/python/mkdefines
Executable file
11
src/interfaces/python/mkdefines
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
#! /usr/local/bin/python
|
||||
|
||||
import string
|
||||
|
||||
# change this if you have it somewhere else
|
||||
for l in open("/usr/local/pgsql/src/include/catalog/pg_type.h").readlines():
|
||||
tokens = string.split(l)
|
||||
if len(tokens) == 0 or tokens[0] != "#define": continue
|
||||
|
||||
if tokens[1] in ('CASHOID', 'INT2OID', 'INT4OID', 'OIDOID', 'FLOAT4OID', 'FLOAT8OID'):
|
||||
print l,
|
||||
223
src/interfaces/python/pg.py
Normal file
223
src/interfaces/python/pg.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
|
||||
# pgutil.py
|
||||
# Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
|
||||
|
||||
# This library implements some basic database management stuff
|
||||
# It includes the pg module and builds on it
|
||||
|
||||
from _pg import *
|
||||
import string, re, sys
|
||||
|
||||
# utility function
|
||||
# We expect int, seq, decimal, text or date (more later)
|
||||
def _quote(d, t):
|
||||
if t in ['int', 'decimal', 'seq']:
|
||||
if d == "": return 0
|
||||
return "%s" % d
|
||||
|
||||
if t == 'bool':
|
||||
if string.upper(d) in ['T', 'TRUE', 'Y', 'YES', 1, '1', 'ON']:
|
||||
return "'t'"
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return "'f'"
|
||||
|
||||
if d == "": return "null"
|
||||
return "'%s'" % string.strip(re.sub('\'', '\'\'', "%s" % d))
|
||||
|
||||
class DB:
|
||||
"""This class wraps the pg connection type"""
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self, *args):
|
||||
self.db = apply(connect, args)
|
||||
self.attnames = {}
|
||||
self.pkeys = {}
|
||||
self.debug = None # For debugging scripts, set to output format
|
||||
# that takes a single string arg. For example
|
||||
# in a CGI set to "%s<BR>"
|
||||
|
||||
# Get all the primary keys at once
|
||||
for rel, att in self.db.query("""SELECT
|
||||
pg_class.relname, pg_attribute.attname
|
||||
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_index
|
||||
WHERE pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid AND
|
||||
pg_class.oid = pg_index.indrelid AND
|
||||
pg_index.indkey[0] = pg_attribute.attnum AND
|
||||
pg_index.indisprimary = 't'""").getresult():
|
||||
self.pkeys[rel] = att
|
||||
|
||||
def pkey(self, cl):
|
||||
# will raise an exception if primary key doesn't exist
|
||||
return self.pkeys[cl]
|
||||
|
||||
def get_attnames(self, cl):
|
||||
# May as well cache them
|
||||
if self.attnames.has_key(cl):
|
||||
return self.attnames[cl]
|
||||
|
||||
query = """SELECT pg_attribute.attname, pg_type.typname
|
||||
FROM pg_class, pg_attribute, pg_type
|
||||
WHERE pg_class.relname = '%s' AND
|
||||
pg_attribute.attnum > 0 AND
|
||||
pg_attribute.attrelid = pg_class.oid AND
|
||||
pg_attribute.atttypid = pg_type.oid"""
|
||||
|
||||
l = {}
|
||||
for attname, typname in self.db.query(query % cl).getresult():
|
||||
if re.match("^int", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'int'
|
||||
elif re.match("^oid", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'int'
|
||||
elif re.match("^text", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'text'
|
||||
elif re.match("^char", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'text'
|
||||
elif re.match("^name", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'text'
|
||||
elif re.match("^abstime", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'date'
|
||||
elif re.match("^date", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'date'
|
||||
elif re.match("^bool", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'bool'
|
||||
elif re.match("^float", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'decimal'
|
||||
elif re.match("^money", typname):
|
||||
l[attname] = 'money'
|
||||
else:
|
||||
l[attname] = 'text'
|
||||
|
||||
self.attnames[cl] = l
|
||||
return self.attnames[cl]
|
||||
|
||||
# return a tuple from a database
|
||||
def get(self, cl, arg, keyname = None):
|
||||
if keyname == None: # use the primary key by default
|
||||
keyname = self.pkeys[cl]
|
||||
|
||||
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
|
||||
|
||||
if type(arg) == type({}):
|
||||
# To allow users to work with multiple tables we munge the
|
||||
# name when the key is "oid"
|
||||
if keyname == 'oid': k = arg['oid_%s' % cl]
|
||||
else: k = arg[keyname]
|
||||
else:
|
||||
k = arg
|
||||
arg = {}
|
||||
|
||||
# We want the oid for later updates if that isn't the key
|
||||
if keyname == 'oid':
|
||||
q = "SELECT * FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, k)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
q = "SELECT oid AS oid_%s, %s FROM %s WHERE %s = %s" % \
|
||||
(cl, string.join(fnames.keys(), ','),\
|
||||
cl, keyname, _quote(k, fnames[keyname]))
|
||||
|
||||
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
|
||||
res = self.db.query(q).dictresult()
|
||||
if res == []:
|
||||
raise error, \
|
||||
"No such record in %s where %s is %s" % \
|
||||
(cl, keyname, _quote(k, fnames[keyname]))
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
for k in res[0].keys():
|
||||
arg[k] = res[0][k]
|
||||
|
||||
return arg
|
||||
|
||||
# Inserts a new tuple into a table
|
||||
def insert(self, cl, a):
|
||||
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
|
||||
l = []
|
||||
n = []
|
||||
for f in fnames.keys():
|
||||
if a.has_key(f):
|
||||
if a[f] == "": l.append("null")
|
||||
else: l.append(_quote(a[f], fnames[f]))
|
||||
n.append(f)
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
q = "INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)" % \
|
||||
(cl, string.join(n, ','), string.join(l, ','))
|
||||
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
|
||||
a['oid_%s' % cl] = self.db.query(q)
|
||||
except:
|
||||
raise error, "Error inserting into %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
|
||||
|
||||
# reload the dictionary to catch things modified by engine
|
||||
return self.get(cl, a, 'oid')
|
||||
|
||||
# update always works on the oid which get returns
|
||||
def update(self, cl, a):
|
||||
q = "SELECT oid FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, a['oid_%s' % cl])
|
||||
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
|
||||
res = self.db.query(q).getresult()
|
||||
if len(res) < 1:
|
||||
raise error, "No record in %s where oid = %s (%s)" % \
|
||||
(cl, a['oid_%s' % cl], sys.exc_value)
|
||||
|
||||
v = []
|
||||
k = 0
|
||||
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
|
||||
|
||||
for ff in fnames.keys():
|
||||
if a.has_key(ff) and a[ff] != res[0][k]:
|
||||
v.append("%s = %s" % (ff, _quote(a[ff], fnames[ff])))
|
||||
|
||||
if v == []:
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
q = "UPDATE %s SET %s WHERE oid = %s" % \
|
||||
(cl, string.join(v, ','), a['oid_%s' % cl])
|
||||
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
|
||||
self.db.query(q)
|
||||
except:
|
||||
raise error, "Can't update %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
|
||||
|
||||
# reload the dictionary to catch things modified by engine
|
||||
return self.get(cl, a, 'oid')
|
||||
|
||||
# At some point we will need a way to get defaults from a table
|
||||
def clear(self, cl, a = {}):
|
||||
fnames = self.get_attnames(cl)
|
||||
for ff in fnames.keys():
|
||||
if fnames[ff] in ['int', 'decimal', 'seq', 'money']:
|
||||
a[ff] = 0
|
||||
elif fnames[ff] == 'date':
|
||||
a[ff] = 'TODAY'
|
||||
else:
|
||||
a[ff] = ""
|
||||
|
||||
a['oid'] = 0
|
||||
return a
|
||||
|
||||
# Like update, delete works on the oid
|
||||
# one day we will be testing that the record to be deleted
|
||||
# isn't referenced somewhere (or else PostgreSQL will)
|
||||
def delete(self, cl, a):
|
||||
try:
|
||||
q = "DELETE FROM %s WHERE oid = %s" % (cl, a['oid_%s' % cl])
|
||||
if self.debug != None: print self.debug % q
|
||||
self.db.query(q)
|
||||
except:
|
||||
return "Can't delete %s: %s" % (cl, sys.exc_value)
|
||||
|
||||
return None
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# The rest of these methods are for convenience. Note that X.method()
|
||||
# and X.db.method() are equivalent
|
||||
def query(self, query): return self.db.query(query)
|
||||
def reset(self): self.db.reset()
|
||||
def getnotify(self): self.db.getnotify()
|
||||
def inserttable(self): self.db.inserttable()
|
||||
|
||||
# The following depend on being activated in the underlying C code
|
||||
def putline(self): self.db.putline()
|
||||
def getline(self): self.db.getline()
|
||||
def endcopy(self): self.db.endcopy()
|
||||
def locreate(self): self.db.locreate()
|
||||
def getlo(self): self.db.getlo()
|
||||
def loimport(self): self.db.loimport()
|
||||
|
||||
@ -10,34 +10,30 @@ def doconnect(dbname = None, host = None, port = None, opt = None, tty = None):
|
||||
|
||||
# list all databases on the server
|
||||
def ListDB(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select datname from pg_database")
|
||||
list = []
|
||||
for node in result:
|
||||
list.append(result[i][0])
|
||||
for node in pgcnx.query("SELECT datname FROM pg_database").getresult():
|
||||
list.append(node[0])
|
||||
return list
|
||||
|
||||
# list all tables (classes) in the selected database
|
||||
def ListTables(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select relname from pg_class " \
|
||||
"where relkind = 'r' " \
|
||||
" and relname !~ '^Inv' " \
|
||||
" and relname !~ '^pg_'")
|
||||
list = []
|
||||
for node in result:
|
||||
for node in pgcnx.query("""SELECT relname FROM pg_class
|
||||
WHERE relkind = 'r' AND
|
||||
relname !~ '^Inv' AND
|
||||
relname !~ '^pg_'""").getresult():
|
||||
list.append(node[0])
|
||||
return list
|
||||
|
||||
# list table fields (attribute) in given table
|
||||
def ListAllFields(pgcnx, table):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select c.relname, a.attname, t.typname " \
|
||||
"from pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t " \
|
||||
"where c.relname = '%s' " \
|
||||
" and a.attnum > 0" \
|
||||
" and a.attrelid = c.oid" \
|
||||
" and a.atttypid = t.oid " \
|
||||
"order by relname, attname" % table)
|
||||
# personnal preference ... so I leave the original query
|
||||
list = []
|
||||
for node in result:
|
||||
for node in pgcnx.query("""SELECT c.relname, a.attname, t.typname
|
||||
FROM pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t
|
||||
WHERE c.relname = '%s' AND
|
||||
a.attnum > 0 AND
|
||||
a.attrelid = c.oid AND
|
||||
a.atttypid = t.oid
|
||||
ORDER BY relname, attname""" % table).getresult():
|
||||
list.append(node[1], node[2])
|
||||
return list
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
48
src/interfaces/python/pgtools.py
Executable file
48
src/interfaces/python/pgtools.py
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
#! /usr/local/bin/python
|
||||
# pgtools.py - valuable functions for PostGreSQL tutorial
|
||||
# written 1995 by Pascal ANDRE
|
||||
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
||||
# number of rows
|
||||
scr_size = 24
|
||||
|
||||
# waits for a key
|
||||
def wait_key():
|
||||
print "Press <enter>"
|
||||
sys.stdin.read(1)
|
||||
|
||||
# displays a table for a select query result
|
||||
def display(fields, result):
|
||||
print result
|
||||
# gets cols width
|
||||
fmt = []
|
||||
sep = '+'
|
||||
head = '|'
|
||||
for i in range(0, len(fields)):
|
||||
max = len(fields[i])
|
||||
for j in range(0, len(result)):
|
||||
if i < len(result[j]):
|
||||
if len(result[j][i]) > max:
|
||||
max = len(result[j][i])
|
||||
fmt.append(" %%%ds |" % max)
|
||||
for j in range(0, max):
|
||||
sep = sep + '-'
|
||||
sep = sep + '--+'
|
||||
for i in range(0, len(fields)):
|
||||
head = head + fmt[i] % fields[i]
|
||||
print sep + '\n' + head + '\n' + sep
|
||||
pos = 6
|
||||
for i in range(0, len(result)):
|
||||
str = '|'
|
||||
for j in range(0, len(result[i])):
|
||||
str = str + fmt[j] % result[i][j]
|
||||
print str
|
||||
pos = pos + 1
|
||||
if pos == scr_size:
|
||||
print sep
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
print sep + '\n' + head + '\n' + sep
|
||||
pos = 6
|
||||
print sep
|
||||
wait_key()
|
||||
133
src/interfaces/python/syscat.py
Executable file
133
src/interfaces/python/syscat.py
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
# syscat.py - parses some system catalogs
|
||||
# inspired from the PostgreSQL tutorial
|
||||
# adapted to Python 1995 by Pascal ANDRE
|
||||
|
||||
print "____________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "MODULE SYSCAT.PY : PARSES SOME POSTGRESQL SYSTEM CATALOGS"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "This module is designed for being imported from python prompt"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "In order to run the samples included here, first create a connection"
|
||||
print "using : cnx = syscat.connect(...)"
|
||||
print "then start the demo with: syscat.demo(cnx)"
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "Some results may be empty, depending on your base status."
|
||||
print
|
||||
print "____________________________________________________________________"
|
||||
print
|
||||
|
||||
from pgext import *
|
||||
from pgtools import *
|
||||
|
||||
# lists all simple indices
|
||||
def list_simple_ind(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select bc.relname " \
|
||||
"as class_name, ic.relname as index_name, a.attname " \
|
||||
"from pg_class bc, pg_class ic, pg_index i, pg_attribute a " \
|
||||
"where i.indrelid = bc.oid and i.indexrelid = bc.oid " \
|
||||
" and i.indkey[0] = a.attnum and a.attrelid = bc.oid " \
|
||||
" and i.indproc = '0'::oid " \
|
||||
"order by class_name, index_name, attname")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# list all user defined attributes and their type in user-defined classes
|
||||
def list_all_attr(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select c.relname, a.attname, t.typname " \
|
||||
"from pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_type t " \
|
||||
"where c.relkind = 'r' and c.relname !~ '^pg_' " \
|
||||
" and c.relname !~ '^Inv' and a.attnum > 0 " \
|
||||
" and a.attrelid = c.oid and a.atttypid = t.oid " \
|
||||
"order by relname, attname")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# list all user defined base type
|
||||
def list_user_base_type(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select u.usename, t.typname " \
|
||||
"from pg_type t, pg_user u " \
|
||||
"where u.usesysid = int2in(int4out(t.typowner)) " \
|
||||
" and t.typrelid = '0'::oid and t.typelem = '0'::oid " \
|
||||
" and u.usename <> 'postgres' order by usename, typname")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# list all right-unary operators
|
||||
def list_right_unary_operator(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select o.oprname as right_unary, " \
|
||||
" lt.typname as operand, result.typname as return_type " \
|
||||
"from pg_operator o, pg_type lt, pg_type result " \
|
||||
"where o.oprkind='r' and o.oprleft = lt.oid " \
|
||||
" and o.oprresult = result.oid order by operand")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# list all left-unary operators
|
||||
def list_left_unary_operator(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select o.oprname as left_unary, " \
|
||||
" rt.typname as operand, result.typname as return_type " \
|
||||
"from pg_operator o, pg_type rt, pg_type result " \
|
||||
"where o.oprkind='l' and o.oprright = rt.oid " \
|
||||
" and o.oprresult = result.oid order by operand")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# list all binary operators
|
||||
def list_binary_operator(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select o.oprname as binary_op, " \
|
||||
" rt.typname as right_opr, lt.typname as left_opr, " \
|
||||
" result.typname as return_type " \
|
||||
"from pg_operator o, pg_type rt, pg_type lt, pg_type result " \
|
||||
"where o.oprkind = 'b' and o.oprright = rt.oid " \
|
||||
" and o.oprleft = lt.oid and o.oprresult = result.oid")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# returns the name, args and return type from all function of lang l
|
||||
def list_lang_func(pgcnx, l):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select p.proname, p.pronargs, t.typname " \
|
||||
"from pg_proc p, pg_language l, pg_type t " \
|
||||
"where p.prolang = l.oid and p.prorettype = t.oid " \
|
||||
" and l.lanname = '%s' order by proname" % l)
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# lists all the aggregate functions and the type to which they can be applied
|
||||
def list_agg_func(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select a.aggname, t.typname " \
|
||||
"from pg_aggregate a, pg_type t " \
|
||||
"where a.aggbasetype = t.oid order by aggname, typname")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# lists all the operator classes that can be used with each access method as
|
||||
# well as the operators that can be used with the respective operator classes
|
||||
def list_op_class(pgcnx):
|
||||
result = pgcnx.query("select am.amname, opc.opcname, opr.oprname " \
|
||||
"from pg_am am, pg_amop amop, pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr " \
|
||||
"where amop.amopid = am.oid and amop.amopclaid = opc.oid " \
|
||||
" and amop.amopopr = opr.oid order by amname, opcname, oprname")
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
# demo function - runs all examples
|
||||
def demo(pgcnx):
|
||||
#import sys, os
|
||||
#save_stdout = sys.stdout
|
||||
#sys.stdout = os.popen("more", "w")
|
||||
print "Listing simple indices ..."
|
||||
print list_simple_ind(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing all attributes ..."
|
||||
print list_all_attr(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing all user-defined base types ..."
|
||||
print list_user_base_type(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing all left-unary operators defined ..."
|
||||
print list_left_unary_operator(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing all right-unary operators defined ..."
|
||||
print list_right_unary_operator(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing all binary operators ..."
|
||||
print list_binary_operator(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing C external function linked ..."
|
||||
print list_lang_func(pgcnx, 'C')
|
||||
print "Listing C internal functions ..."
|
||||
print list_lang_func(pgcnx, 'internal')
|
||||
print "Listing SQL functions defined ..."
|
||||
print list_lang_func(pgcnx, 'sql')
|
||||
print "Listing 'aggregate functions' ..."
|
||||
print list_agg_func(pgcnx)
|
||||
print "Listing 'operator classes' ..."
|
||||
print list_op_class(pgcnx)
|
||||
#del sys.stdout
|
||||
#sys.stdout = save_stdout
|
||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user