Improve documentation for contrib/bloom.
Michael Paquier, David Johnston, Tom Lane Discussion: <CAB7nPqQB8dcFmY1uodmiJOSZdhBFOx-us-uW6rfYrzhpEiBR2g@mail.gmail.com>
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Tom Lane
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</indexterm>
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</indexterm>
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<para>
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<para>
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<literal>bloom</> is a module that implements an index access method. It comes
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<literal>bloom</> provides an index access method based on
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as an example of custom access methods and generic WAL record usage. But it
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<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter">Bloom filters</ulink>.
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is also useful in itself.
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</para>
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</para>
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<sect2>
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<para>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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A Bloom filter is a space-efficient data structure that is used to test
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whether an element is a member of a set. In the case of an index access
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method, it allows fast exclusion of non-matching tuples via signatures
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whose size is determined at index creation.
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</para>
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<para>
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<para>
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The implementation of a
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A signature is a lossy representation of the indexed attribute(s), and as
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<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter">Bloom filter</ulink>
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such is prone to reporting false positives; that is, it may be reported
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allows fast exclusion of non-candidate tuples via signatures.
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that an element is in the set, when it is not. So index search results
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Since a signature is a lossy representation of all indexed attributes,
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must always be rechecked using the actual attribute values from the heap
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search results must be rechecked using heap information.
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entry. Larger signatures reduce the odds of a false positive and thus
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The user can specify signature length in bits (default 80, maximum 4096)
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reduce the number of useless heap visits, but of course also make the index
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and the number of bits generated for each index column (default 2,
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larger and hence slower to scan.
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maximum 4095).
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</para>
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</para>
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<para>
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<para>
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This index is useful if a table has many attributes and queries include
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This type of index is most useful when a table has many attributes and
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arbitrary combinations of them. A traditional <literal>btree</> index is
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queries test arbitrary combinations of them. A traditional btree index is
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faster than a bloom index, but it can require many indexes to support all
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faster than a bloom index, but it can require many btree indexes to support
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possible queries where one needs only a single bloom index. A Bloom index
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all possible queries where one needs only a single bloom index. Note
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supports only equality comparison. Since it's a signature file, and not a
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however that bloom indexes only support equality queries, whereas btree
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tree, it always must be read fully, but sequentially, so that index search
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indexes can also perform inequality and range searches.
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performance is constant and doesn't depend on a query.
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</para>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Parameters</title>
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<title>Parameters</title>
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<para>
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<para>
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<literal>bloom</> indexes accept the following parameters in the
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A <literal>bloom</> index accepts the following parameters in its
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<literal>WITH</>
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<literal>WITH</> clause:
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clause.
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</para>
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<variablelist>
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@ -52,7 +51,8 @@
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<term><literal>length</></term>
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<term><literal>length</></term>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<para>
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Length of signature in bits
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Length of each signature (index entry) in bits. The default
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is <literal>80</> bits and maximum is <literal>4096</>.
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</para>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -62,7 +62,10 @@
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<term><literal>col1 — col32</></term>
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<term><literal>col1 — col32</></term>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<para>
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Number of bits generated for each index column
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Number of bits generated for each index column. Each parameter's name
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refers to the number of the index column that it controls. The default
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is <literal>2</> bits and maximum is <literal>4095</>. Parameters for
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index columns not actually used are ignored.
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</para>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</varlistentry>
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@ -73,7 +76,7 @@
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<title>Examples</title>
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<title>Examples</title>
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<para>
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<para>
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An example of an index definition is given below.
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This is an example of creating a bloom index:
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</para>
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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@ -82,92 +85,135 @@ CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING bloom (i1,i2,i3)
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</programlisting>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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<para>
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Here, we created a bloom index with a signature length of 80 bits,
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The index is created with a signature length of 80 bits, with attributes
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and attributes i1 and i2 mapped to 2 bits, and attribute i3 mapped to 4 bits.
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i1 and i2 mapped to 2 bits, and attribute i3 mapped to 4 bits. We could
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have omitted the <literal>length</>, <literal>col1</>,
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and <literal>col2</> specifications since those have the default values.
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</para>
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</para>
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<para>
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<para>
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Here is a fuller example of index definition and usage:
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Here is a more complete example of bloom index definition and usage, as
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well as a comparison with equivalent btree indexes. The bloom index is
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considerably smaller than the btree index, and can perform better.
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</para>
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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CREATE TABLE tbloom AS
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=# CREATE TABLE tbloom AS
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SELECT
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SELECT
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random()::int as i1,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i1,
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random()::int as i2,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i2,
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random()::int as i3,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i3,
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random()::int as i4,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i4,
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random()::int as i5,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i5,
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random()::int as i6,
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(random() * 1000000)::int as i6
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random()::int as i7,
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FROM
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random()::int as i8,
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generate_series(1,10000000);
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random()::int as i9,
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SELECT 10000000
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random()::int as i10,
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=# CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING bloom (i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
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random()::int as i11,
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CREATE INDEX
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random()::int as i12,
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=# SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('bloomidx'));
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random()::int as i13
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pg_size_pretty
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FROM
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----------------
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generate_series(1,1000);
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153 MB
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CREATE INDEX bloomidx ON tbloom USING
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(1 row)
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bloom (i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9, i10, i11, i12);
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=# CREATE index btreeidx ON tbloom (i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
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SELECT pg_relation_size('bloomidx');
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CREATE INDEX
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CREATE index btree_idx ON tbloom(i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,i9,i10,i11,i12);
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=# SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size('btreeidx'));
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SELECT pg_relation_size('btree_idx');
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pg_size_pretty
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----------------
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387 MB
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(1 row)
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</programlisting>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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A sequential scan over this large table takes a long time:
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 898732 AND i5 = 123451;
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QUERY PLAN
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QUERY PLAN
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Bitmap Heap Scan on tbloom (cost=1.50..5.52 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.057..0.057 rows=0 loops=1)
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Seq Scan on tbloom (cost=0.00..213694.08 rows=1 width=24) (actual time=1445.438..1445.438 rows=0 loops=1)
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Recheck Cond: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
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Filter: ((i2 = 898732) AND (i5 = 123451))
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-> Bitmap Index Scan on bloomidx (cost=0.00..1.50 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.041..0.041 rows=9 loops=1)
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Rows Removed by Filter: 10000000
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Index Cond: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
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Planning time: 0.177 ms
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Total runtime: 0.081 ms
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Execution time: 1445.473 ms
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(5 rows)
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(5 rows)
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</programlisting>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Seqscan is slow.
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</para>
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</para>
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<para>
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So the planner will usually select an index scan if possible.
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With a btree index, we get results like this:
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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=# SET enable_bitmapscan = off;
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 898732 AND i5 = 123451;
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=# SET enable_indexscan = off;
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QUERY PLAN
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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QUERY PLAN
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Index Only Scan using btreeidx on tbloom (cost=0.56..298311.96 rows=1 width=24) (actual time=445.709..445.709 rows=0 loops=1)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Index Cond: ((i2 = 898732) AND (i5 = 123451))
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Seq Scan on tbloom (cost=0.00..25.00 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.162..0.162 rows=0 loops=1)
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Heap Fetches: 0
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Filter: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
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Planning time: 0.193 ms
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Total runtime: 0.181 ms
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Execution time: 445.770 ms
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(3 rows)
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(5 rows)
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</programlisting>
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</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
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<para>
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A btree index will be not used for this query.
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Bloom is better than btree in handling this type of search:
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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=# DROP INDEX bloomidx;
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 898732 AND i5 = 123451;
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=# CREATE INDEX btree_idx ON tbloom(i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9, i10, i11, i12);
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QUERY PLAN
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 20 AND i10 = 15;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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QUERY PLAN
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Bitmap Heap Scan on tbloom (cost=178435.39..178439.41 rows=1 width=24) (actual time=76.698..76.698 rows=0 loops=1)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Recheck Cond: ((i2 = 898732) AND (i5 = 123451))
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Seq Scan on tbloom (cost=0.00..25.00 rows=1 width=52) (actual time=0.210..0.210 rows=0 loops=1)
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Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 2439
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Filter: ((i2 = 20) AND (i10 = 15))
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Heap Blocks: exact=2408
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Total runtime: 0.250 ms
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-> Bitmap Index Scan on bloomidx (cost=0.00..178435.39 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=72.455..72.455 rows=2439 loops=1)
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(3 rows)
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Index Cond: ((i2 = 898732) AND (i5 = 123451))
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Planning time: 0.475 ms
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Execution time: 76.778 ms
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(8 rows)
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</programlisting>
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</programlisting>
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Note the relatively large number of false positives: 2439 rows were
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selected to be visited in the heap, but none actually matched the
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query. We could reduce that by specifying a larger signature length.
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In this example, creating the index with <literal>length=200</>
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reduced the number of false positives to 55; but it doubled the index size
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(to 306 MB) and ended up being slower for this query (125 ms overall).
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</para>
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<para>
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Now, the main problem with the btree search is that btree is inefficient
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when the search conditions do not constrain the leading index column(s).
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A better strategy for btree is to create a separate index on each column.
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Then the planner will choose something like this:
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<programlisting>
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=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tbloom WHERE i2 = 898732 AND i5 = 123451;
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QUERY PLAN
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Bitmap Heap Scan on tbloom (cost=9.29..13.30 rows=1 width=24) (actual time=0.148..0.148 rows=0 loops=1)
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Recheck Cond: ((i5 = 123451) AND (i2 = 898732))
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-> BitmapAnd (cost=9.29..9.29 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=0.145..0.145 rows=0 loops=1)
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-> Bitmap Index Scan on tbloom_i5_idx (cost=0.00..4.52 rows=11 width=0) (actual time=0.089..0.089 rows=10 loops=1)
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Index Cond: (i5 = 123451)
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-> Bitmap Index Scan on tbloom_i2_idx (cost=0.00..4.52 rows=11 width=0) (actual time=0.048..0.048 rows=8 loops=1)
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Index Cond: (i2 = 898732)
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Planning time: 2.049 ms
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Execution time: 0.280 ms
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(9 rows)
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</programlisting>
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Although this query runs much faster than with either of the single
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indexes, we pay a large penalty in index size. Each of the single-column
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btree indexes occupies 214 MB, so the total space needed is over 1.2GB,
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more than 8 times the space used by the bloom index.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Opclass interface</title>
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<title>Operator Class Interface</title>
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<para>
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<para>
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The Bloom opclass interface is simple. It requires 1 supporting function:
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An operator class for bloom indexes requires only a hash function for the
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a hash function for the indexing datatype. It provides 1 search operator:
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indexed datatype and an equality operator for searching. This example
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the equality operator. The example below shows <literal>opclass</>
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shows the opclass definition for the <type>text</> data type:
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definition for <literal>text</> datatype.
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</para>
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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@ -179,22 +225,21 @@ DEFAULT FOR TYPE text USING bloom AS
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</sect2>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Limitation</title>
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<title>Limitations</title>
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<para>
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<para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<para>
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For now, only opclasses for <literal>int4</>, <literal>text</> come
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Only operator classes for <type>int4</> and <type>text</> are
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with the module. However, users may define more of them.
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included with the module.
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</para>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<para>
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Only the <literal>=</literal> operator is supported for search at the
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Only the <literal>=</literal> operator is supported for search. But
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moment. But it's possible to add support for arrays with contains and
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it is possible to add support for arrays with union and intersection
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intersection operations in the future.
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operations in the future.
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</para>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</itemizedlist>
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