Fix incorrect handling of lookahead constraints in pg_regprefix().

pg_regprefix was doing nothing with lookahead constraints, which would
be fine if it were the right kind of nothing, but it isn't: we have to
terminate our search for a fixed prefix, not just pretend the LACON arc
isn't there.  Otherwise, if the current state has both a LACON outarc and a
single plain-color outarc, we'd falsely conclude that the color represents
an addition to the fixed prefix, and generate an extracted index condition
that restricts the indexscan too much.  (See added regression test case.)

Terminating the search is conservative: we could traverse the LACON arc
(thus assuming that the constraint can be satisfied at runtime) and then
examine the outarcs of the linked-to state.  But that would be a lot more
work than it seems worth, because writing a LACON followed by a single
plain character is a pretty silly thing to do.

This makes a difference only in rather contrived cases, but it's a bug,
so back-patch to all supported branches.

src/backend/regex/regprefix.c

@@ -162,14 +162,12 @@ findprefix(struct cnfa * cnfa,
 		thiscolor = COLORLESS;
 		for (ca = cnfa->states[st]; ca->co != COLORLESS; ca++)
 		{
-			/* We ignore lookahead constraints */
-			if (ca->co >= cnfa->ncolors)
-				continue;
-			/* We can also ignore BOS/BOL arcs */
+			/* We can ignore BOS/BOL arcs */
 			if (ca->co == cnfa->bos[0] || ca->co == cnfa->bos[1])
 				continue;
-			/* ... but EOS/EOL arcs terminate the search */
-			if (ca->co == cnfa->eos[0] || ca->co == cnfa->eos[1])
+			/* ... but EOS/EOL arcs terminate the search, as do LACONs */
+			if (ca->co == cnfa->eos[0] || ca->co == cnfa->eos[1] ||
+				ca->co >= cnfa->ncolors)
 			{
 				thiscolor = COLORLESS;
 				break;

src/test/regress/expected/regex.out

@@ -153,6 +153,14 @@ explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^(abc)?d';
    Filter: (proname ~ '^(abc)?d'::text)
 (2 rows)
 
+explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^abcd(x|(?=\w\w)q)';
+                               QUERY PLAN                               
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Index Scan using pg_proc_proname_args_nsp_index on pg_proc
+   Index Cond: ((proname >= 'abcd'::name) AND (proname < 'abce'::name))
+   Filter: (proname ~ '^abcd(x|(?=\w\w)q)'::text)
+(3 rows)
+
 -- Test for infinite loop in pullback() (CVE-2007-4772)
 select 'a' ~ '($|^)*';
  ?column? 

src/test/regress/sql/regex.sql

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^abc+d';
 explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^(abc)(def)';
 explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^(abc)$';
 explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^(abc)?d';
+explain (costs off) select * from pg_proc where proname ~ '^abcd(x|(?=\w\w)q)';
 
 -- Test for infinite loop in pullback() (CVE-2007-4772)
 select 'a' ~ '($|^)*';