Fix typos and duplicate words

This fixes various typos, duplicated words, and tiny bits of whitespace
mainly in code comments but also in docs.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson <daniel@yesql.se>
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi>
Author: Alexander Lakhin <exclusion@gmail.com>
Author: David Rowley <dgrowleyml@gmail.com>
Author: Nazir Bilal Yavuz <byavuz81@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3F577953-A29E-4722-98AD-2DA9EFF2CBB8@yesql.se

contrib/amcheck/expected/check_btree.out

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ CREATE TABLE bttest_a(id int8);
 CREATE TABLE bttest_b(id int8);
 CREATE TABLE bttest_multi(id int8, data int8);
 CREATE TABLE delete_test_table (a bigint, b bigint, c bigint, d bigint);
--- Stabalize tests
+-- Stabilize tests
 ALTER TABLE bttest_a SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 ALTER TABLE bttest_b SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 ALTER TABLE bttest_multi SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);

contrib/amcheck/sql/check_btree.sql

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ CREATE TABLE bttest_b(id int8);
 CREATE TABLE bttest_multi(id int8, data int8);
 CREATE TABLE delete_test_table (a bigint, b bigint, c bigint, d bigint);
 
--- Stabalize tests
+-- Stabilize tests
 ALTER TABLE bttest_a SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 ALTER TABLE bttest_b SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);
 ALTER TABLE bttest_multi SET (autovacuum_enabled = false);

contrib/amcheck/verify_nbtree.c

@@ -3036,7 +3036,7 @@ bt_normalize_tuple(BtreeCheckState *state, IndexTuple itup)
 	 * In the heap, tuples may contain short varlena datums with both 1B
 	 * header and 4B headers.  But the corresponding index tuple should always
 	 * have such varlena's with 1B headers.  So, if there is a short varlena
-	 * with 4B header, we need to convert it for for fingerprinting.
+	 * with 4B header, we need to convert it for fingerprinting.
 	 *
 	 * Note that we rely on deterministic index_form_tuple() TOAST compression
 	 * of normalized input.

doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml

@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ HINT:  Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.
     <para>
      Similar to the XID case, if autovacuum fails to clear old MXIDs from a table, the
      system will begin to emit warning messages when the database's oldest MXIDs reach forty
-     million transactions from the wraparound point.  And, just as an the XID case, if these
+     million transactions from the wraparound point.  And, just as in the XID case, if these
      warnings are ignored, the system will refuse to generate new MXIDs once there are fewer
      than three million left until wraparound.
     </para>

doc/src/sgml/meson.build

@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ if docs_dep.found()
   alias_target('man', man)
   alias_target('install-man', install_doc_man)
 
-  # built and installed as part of the the docs target
+  # built and installed as part of the docs target
   installdocs += install_doc_man
   docs += man
 endif

src/backend/access/gin/ginbtree.c

@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ ginFinishSplit(GinBtree btree, GinBtreeStack *stack, bool freestack,
 /*
  * An entry point to ginFinishSplit() that is used when we stumble upon an
  * existing incompletely split page in the tree, as opposed to completing a
- * split that we just made outselves. The difference is that stack->buffer may
+ * split that we just made ourselves. The difference is that stack->buffer may
  * be merely share-locked on entry, and will be upgraded to exclusive mode.
  *
  * Note: Upgrading the lock momentarily releases it. Doing that in a scan

src/backend/access/heap/pruneheap.c

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 typedef struct
 {
 	/*-------------------------------------------------------
-	 * Arguments passed to heap_page_and_freeze()
+	 * Arguments passed to heap_page_prune_and_freeze()
 	 *-------------------------------------------------------
 	 */
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ heap_page_prune_opt(Relation relation, Buffer buffer)
  * If the HEAP_PRUNE_FREEZE option is set, we will also freeze tuples if it's
  * required in order to advance relfrozenxid / relminmxid, or if it's
  * considered advantageous for overall system performance to do so now.  The
- * 'cutoffs', 'presult', 'new_refrozen_xid' and 'new_relmin_mxid' arguments
+ * 'cutoffs', 'presult', 'new_relfrozen_xid' and 'new_relmin_mxid' arguments
  * are required when freezing.  When HEAP_PRUNE_FREEZE option is set, we also
  * set presult->all_visible and presult->all_frozen on exit, to indicate if
  * the VM bits can be set.  They are always set to false when the
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ heap_page_prune_opt(Relation relation, Buffer buffer)
  * off_loc is the offset location required by the caller to use in error
  * callback.
  *
- * new_relfrozen_xid and new_relmin_xid must provided by the caller if the
+ * new_relfrozen_xid and new_relmin_mxid must provided by the caller if the
  * HEAP_PRUNE_FREEZE option is set.  On entry, they contain the oldest XID and
  * multi-XID seen on the relation so far.  They will be updated with oldest
  * values present on the page after pruning.  After processing the whole

src/backend/access/nbtree/nbtutils.c

@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ _bt_start_prim_scan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
  *
  * (The rules are the same for backwards scans, except that the operators are
  * flipped: just replace the precondition's >= operator with a <=, and the
- * postcondition's <= operator with with a >=.  In other words, just swap the
+ * postcondition's <= operator with a >=.  In other words, just swap the
  * precondition with the postcondition.)
  *
  * We also deal with "advancing" non-required arrays here.  Callers whose
@@ -4133,7 +4133,7 @@ _bt_checkkeys_look_ahead(IndexScanDesc scan, BTReadPageState *pstate,
 	else
 	{
 		/*
-		 * Failure -- "ahead" tuple is too far ahead (we were too aggresive).
+		 * Failure -- "ahead" tuple is too far ahead (we were too aggressive).
 		 *
 		 * Reset the number of rechecks, and aggressively reduce the target
 		 * distance (we're much more aggressive here than we were when the

src/backend/access/rmgrdesc/xactdesc.c

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
  * Parse the WAL format of an xact commit and abort records into an easier to
  * understand format.
  *
- * This routines are in xactdesc.c because they're accessed in backend (when
+ * These routines are in xactdesc.c because they're accessed in backend (when
  * replaying WAL) and frontend (pg_waldump) code. This file is the only xact
  * specific one shared between both. They're complicated enough that
  * duplication would be bothersome.

src/backend/catalog/pg_constraint.c

@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@ DeconstructFkConstraintRow(HeapTuple tuple, int *numfks,
 }
 
 /*
- * FindFkPeriodOpers -
+ * FindFKPeriodOpers -
  *
  * Looks up the operator oids used for the PERIOD part of a temporal foreign key.
  * The opclass should be the opclass of that PERIOD element.

src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  *
  * src/backend/catalog/system_functions.sql
  *
- * This file redefines certain built-in functions that it's impractical
+ * This file redefines certain built-in functions that are impractical
  * to fully define in pg_proc.dat.  In most cases that's because they use
  * SQL-standard function bodies and/or default expressions.  The node
  * tree representations of those are too unreadable, platform-dependent,

src/backend/commands/amcmds.c

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ get_index_am_oid(const char *amname, bool missing_ok)
 
 /*
  * get_table_am_oid - given an access method name, look up its OID
- *		and verify it corresponds to an table AM.
+ *		and verify it corresponds to a table AM.
  */
 Oid
 get_table_am_oid(const char *amname, bool missing_ok)

src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c

@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ CopyFrom(CopyFromState cstate)
 			cstate->escontext->error_occurred)
 		{
 			/*
-			 * Soft error occured, skip this tuple and deal with error
+			 * Soft error occurred, skip this tuple and deal with error
 			 * information according to ON_ERROR.
 			 */
 			if (cstate->opts.on_error == COPY_ON_ERROR_IGNORE)

src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c

@@ -3312,7 +3312,7 @@ dbase_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
 		 */
 		FlushDatabaseBuffers(xlrec->src_db_id);
 
-		/* Close all sgmr fds in all backends. */
+		/* Close all smgr fds in all backends. */
 		WaitForProcSignalBarrier(EmitProcSignalBarrier(PROCSIGNAL_BARRIER_SMGRRELEASE));
 
 		/*
@@ -3378,7 +3378,7 @@ dbase_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
 		/* Clean out the xlog relcache too */
 		XLogDropDatabase(xlrec->db_id);
 
-		/* Close all sgmr fds in all backends. */
+		/* Close all smgr fds in all backends. */
 		WaitForProcSignalBarrier(EmitProcSignalBarrier(PROCSIGNAL_BARRIER_SMGRRELEASE));
 
 		for (i = 0; i < xlrec->ntablespaces; i++)

src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c

@@ -5687,7 +5687,7 @@ ATParseTransformCmd(List **wqueue, AlteredTableInfo *tab, Relation rel,
 			case AT_AddIndex:
 
 				/*
-				 * A primary key on a inheritance parent needs supporting NOT
+				 * A primary key on an inheritance parent needs supporting NOT
 				 * NULL constraint on its children; enqueue commands to create
 				 * those or mark them inherited if they already exist.
 				 */

src/backend/commands/vacuumparallel.c

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  *
  * In a parallel vacuum, we perform both index bulk deletion and index cleanup
  * with parallel worker processes.  Individual indexes are processed by one
- * vacuum process.  ParalleVacuumState contains shared information as well as
+ * vacuum process.  ParallelVacuumState contains shared information as well as
  * the memory space for storing dead items allocated in the DSA area.  We
  * launch parallel worker processes at the start of parallel index
  * bulk-deletion and index cleanup and once all indexes are processed, the

src/backend/executor/execExpr.c

@@ -4400,7 +4400,7 @@ ExecInitJsonExpr(JsonExpr *jsexpr, ExprState *state,
 	/*
 	 * Add a special step, if needed, to check if the coercion evaluation ran
 	 * into an error but was not thrown because the ON ERROR behavior is not
-	 * ERROR.  It will set jsesestate->error if an error did occur.
+	 * ERROR.  It will set jsestate->error if an error did occur.
 	 */
 	if (jsestate->jump_eval_coercion >= 0 && escontext != NULL)
 	{

src/backend/optimizer/path/equivclass.c

@@ -2885,7 +2885,7 @@ add_child_join_rel_equivalences(PlannerInfo *root,
 /*
  * add_setop_child_rel_equivalences
  *		Add equivalence members for each non-resjunk target in 'child_tlist'
- *		to the EquivalenceClass in the corresponding setop_pathkey's pk_class.
+ *		to the EquivalenceClass in the corresponding setop_pathkey's pk_eclass.
  *
  * 'root' is the PlannerInfo belonging to the top-level set operation.
  * 'child_rel' is the RelOptInfo of the child relation we're adding

src/backend/optimizer/path/pathkeys.c

@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ group_keys_reorder_by_pathkeys(List *pathkeys, List **group_pathkeys,
 	 * *group_pathkeys containing grouping pathkeys altogether with aggregate
 	 * pathkeys.  If we process aggregate pathkeys we could get an invalid
 	 * result of get_sortgroupref_clause_noerr(), because their
-	 * pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref doesn't referece query targetlist.  So,
+	 * pathkey->pk_eclass->ec_sortref doesn't reference query targetlist.  So,
 	 * we allocate a separate list of pathkeys for lookups.
 	 */
 	grouping_pathkeys = list_copy_head(*group_pathkeys, num_groupby_pathkeys);

src/backend/optimizer/prep/prepunion.c

@@ -214,7 +214,8 @@ set_operation_ordered_results_useful(SetOperationStmt *setop)
  *
  * Returns a RelOptInfo for the subtree, as well as these output parameters:
  * *pTargetList: receives the fully-fledged tlist for the subtree's top plan
- * *istrivial_tlist: true iif datatypes between parent and child match.
+ * *istrivial_tlist: true if, and only if, datatypes between parent and child
+ * match.
  *
  * The pTargetList output parameter is mostly redundant with the pathtarget
  * of the returned RelOptInfo, but for the moment we need it because much of

src/backend/parser/parse_jsontable.c

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ static JsonTablePlan *makeJsonTableSiblingJoin(JsonTablePlan *lplan,
  * (jt->context_item) and the column-generating expressions (jt->columns) to
  * populate TableFunc.docexpr and TableFunc.colvalexprs, respectively. Also,
  * the PASSING values (jt->passing) are transformed and added into
- * TableFunc.passvalexprs.
+ * TableFunc.passingvalexprs.
  */
 ParseNamespaceItem *
 transformJsonTable(ParseState *pstate, JsonTable *jt)

src/backend/parser/parse_utilcmd.c

@@ -3451,7 +3451,7 @@ checkPartition(Relation rel, Oid partRelOid)
 
 /*
  * transformPartitionCmdForSplit
- *		Analyze the ALTER TABLLE ... SPLIT PARTITION command
+ *		Analyze the ALTER TABLE ... SPLIT PARTITION command
  *
  * For each new partition sps->bound is set to the transformed value of bound.
  * Does checks for bounds of new partitions.
@@ -3490,7 +3490,7 @@ transformPartitionCmdForSplit(CreateStmtContext *cxt, PartitionCmd *partcmd)
 
 /*
  * transformPartitionCmdForMerge
- *		Analyze the ALTER TABLLE ... MERGE PARTITIONS command
+ *		Analyze the ALTER TABLE ... MERGE PARTITIONS command
  *
  * Does simple checks for merged partitions. Calculates bound of resulting
  * partition.

src/backend/partitioning/partbounds.c

@@ -5146,7 +5146,7 @@ get_partition_bound_spec(Oid partOid, RangeVar *name)
  * the first of new partitions) then lower bound of "spec" should be equal (or
  * greater than or equal in case defaultPart=true) to lower bound of split
  * partition. If last=true (this means that "spec" is the last of new
- * partitions) then upper bound of of "spec" should be equal (or less than or
+ * partitions) then upper bound of "spec" should be equal (or less than or
  * equal in case defaultPart=true) to upper bound of split partition.
  *
  * parent:			partitioned table
@@ -5245,8 +5245,8 @@ check_partition_bounds_for_split_range(Relation parent,
 										  false, split_upper);
 
 			/*
-			 * Upper bound of of "spec" should be equal (or less than or equal
+			 * Upper bound of "spec" should be equal (or less than or equal in
-			 * in case defaultPart=true) to upper bound of split partition.
+			 * case defaultPart=true) to upper bound of split partition.
 			 */
 			if ((!defaultPart && cmpval) || (defaultPart && cmpval > 0))
 				overlap = true;

src/backend/partitioning/partprune.c

@@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@ match_clause_to_partition_key(GeneratePruningStepsContext *context,
 			BooleanTest *new_booltest = (BooleanTest *) copyObject(clause);
 			NullTest   *nulltest;
 
-			/* We expect 'noteq' to only be set to true for BooleanTests */
+			/* We expect 'notclause' to only be set to true for BooleanTests */
 			Assert(IsA(clause, BooleanTest));
 
 			/* reverse the bool test */

src/backend/postmaster/walsummarizer.c

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ static WalSummarizerData *WalSummarizerCtl;
 
 /*
  * When we reach end of WAL and need to read more, we sleep for a number of
- * milliseconds that is a integer multiple of MS_PER_SLEEP_QUANTUM. This is
+ * milliseconds that is an integer multiple of MS_PER_SLEEP_QUANTUM. This is
  * the multiplier. It should vary between 1 and MAX_SLEEP_QUANTA, depending
  * on system activity. See summarizer_wait_for_wal() for how we adjust this.
  */

src/backend/replication/logical/slotsync.c

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
  * overwrites.
  *
  * The 'last_start_time' is needed by postmaster to start the slot sync worker
- * once per SLOTSYNC_RESTART_INTERVAL_SEC. In cases where a immediate restart
+ * once per SLOTSYNC_RESTART_INTERVAL_SEC. In cases where an immediate restart
  * is expected (e.g., slot sync GUCs change), slot sync worker will reset
  * last_start_time before exiting, so that postmaster can start the worker
  * without waiting for SLOTSYNC_RESTART_INTERVAL_SEC.

src/backend/replication/walsender.c

@@ -3493,7 +3493,7 @@ WalSndDone(WalSndSendDataCallback send_data)
  * Returns the latest point in WAL that has been safely flushed to disk.
  * This should only be called when in recovery.
  *
- * This is called either by cascading walsender to find WAL postion to be sent
+ * This is called either by cascading walsender to find WAL position to be sent
  * to a cascaded standby or by slot synchronization operation to validate remote
  * slot's lsn before syncing it locally.
  *

src/backend/statistics/dependencies.c

@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ dependency_is_compatible_clause(Node *clause, Index relid, AttrNumber *attnum)
 	}
 	else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
 	{
-		/* If it's an scalar array operator, check for Var IN Const. */
+		/* If it's a scalar array operator, check for Var IN Const. */
 		ScalarArrayOpExpr *expr = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
 
 		/*
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ dependency_is_compatible_expression(Node *clause, Index relid, List *statlist, N
 	}
 	else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
 	{
-		/* If it's an scalar array operator, check for Var IN Const. */
+		/* If it's a scalar array operator, check for Var IN Const. */
 		ScalarArrayOpExpr *expr = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
 
 		/*

src/backend/storage/aio/read_stream.c

@@ -541,9 +541,9 @@ read_stream_begin_relation(int flags,
 		stream->distance = 1;
 
 	/*
-	 * Since we always always access the same relation, we can initialize
+	 * Since we always access the same relation, we can initialize parts of
-	 * parts of the ReadBuffersOperation objects and leave them that way, to
+	 * the ReadBuffersOperation objects and leave them that way, to avoid
-	 * avoid wasting CPU cycles writing to them for each read.
+	 * wasting CPU cycles writing to them for each read.
 	 */
 	for (int i = 0; i < max_ios; ++i)
 	{

src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c

@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ PinBufferForBlock(Relation rel,
 
 	/*
 	 * If there is no Relation it usually implies recovery and thus permanent,
-	 * but we take an argmument because CreateAndCopyRelationData can reach us
+	 * but we take an argument because CreateAndCopyRelationData can reach us
 	 * with only an SMgrRelation for an unlogged relation that we don't want
 	 * to flag with BM_PERMANENT.
 	 */

src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c

@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ LockAcquireExtended(const LOCKTAG *locktag,
 
 		/*
 		 * Sleep till someone wakes me up. We do this even in the dontWait
-		 * case, beause while trying to go to sleep, we may discover that we
+		 * case, because while trying to go to sleep, we may discover that we
 		 * can acquire the lock immediately after all.
 		 */
 

src/backend/storage/lmgr/proc.c

@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ AuxiliaryPidGetProc(int pid)
  * called, because it could be that when we try to find a position at which
  * to insert ourself into the wait queue, we discover that we must be inserted
  * ahead of everyone who wants a lock that conflict with ours. In that case,
- * we get the lock immediately. Beause of this, it's sensible for this function
+ * we get the lock immediately. Because of this, it's sensible for this function
  * to have a dontWait argument, despite the name.
  *
  * The lock table's partition lock must be held at entry, and will be held

src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c

@@ -4221,7 +4221,7 @@ JsonTableSetDocument(TableFuncScanState *state, Datum value)
 }
 
 /*
- * Evaluate a JsonTablePlan's jsonpath to get a new row pattren from
+ * Evaluate a JsonTablePlan's jsonpath to get a new row pattern from
  * the given context item
  */
 static void
@@ -4339,7 +4339,7 @@ JsonTablePlanScanNextRow(JsonTablePlanState *planstate)
 		/*
 		 * Now fetch the nested plan's current row to be joined against the
 		 * parent row.  Any further nested plans' paths will be re-evaluated
-		 * reursively, level at a time, after setting each nested plan's
+		 * recursively, level at a time, after setting each nested plan's
 		 * current row.
 		 */
 		(void) JsonTablePlanNextRow(planstate->nested);

src/backend/utils/adt/multirangetypes.c

@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ multirange_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 }
 
 /*
- * Binary representation: First a int32-sized count of ranges, followed by
+ * Binary representation: First an int32-sized count of ranges, followed by
  * ranges in their native binary representation.
  */
 Datum

src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c

@@ -6968,7 +6968,7 @@ btcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
 		 * btree scans, making the top-level scan look like a continuous scan
 		 * (as opposed to num_sa_scans-many primitive index scans).  After
 		 * all, btree scans mostly work like that at runtime.  However, such a
-		 * scheme would badly bias genericcostestimate's simplistic appraoch
+		 * scheme would badly bias genericcostestimate's simplistic approach
 		 * to calculating numIndexPages through prorating.
 		 *
 		 * Stick with the approach taken by non-native SAOP scans for now.

src/backend/utils/mmgr/aset.c

@@ -979,8 +979,8 @@ AllocSetAlloc(MemoryContext context, Size size, int flags)
 	Assert(set->blocks != NULL);
 
 	/*
-	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the the request
+	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the request off to
-	 * off to AllocSetAllocLarge().
+	 * AllocSetAllocLarge().
 	 */
 	if (size > set->allocChunkLimit)
 		return AllocSetAllocLarge(context, size, flags);

src/backend/utils/mmgr/bump.c

@@ -505,8 +505,8 @@ BumpAlloc(MemoryContext context, Size size, int flags)
 #endif
 
 	/*
-	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the the request
+	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the request off to
-	 * off to BumpAllocLarge().
+	 * BumpAllocLarge().
 	 */
 	if (chunk_size > set->allocChunkLimit)
 		return BumpAllocLarge(context, size, flags);

src/backend/utils/mmgr/generation.c

@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ GenerationAlloc(MemoryContext context, Size size, int flags)
 #endif
 
 	/*
-	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the the request
+	 * If requested size exceeds maximum for chunks we hand the request off to
-	 * off to GenerationAllocLarge().
+	 * GenerationAllocLarge().
 	 */
 	if (chunk_size > set->allocChunkLimit)
 		return GenerationAllocLarge(context, size, flags);

src/bin/pg_basebackup/bbstreamer_tar.c

@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ bbstreamer_tar_parser_free(bbstreamer *streamer)
 }
 
 /*
- * Create an bbstreamer that can generate a tar archive.
+ * Create a bbstreamer that can generate a tar archive.
  *
  * This is intended to be usable either for generating a brand-new tar archive
  * or for modifying one on the fly. The input should be a series of typed

src/bin/pg_combinebackup/pg_combinebackup.c

@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ remember_to_cleanup_directory(char *target_path, bool rmtopdir)
 }
 
 /*
- * Empty out the list of directories scheduled for cleanup a exit.
+ * Empty out the list of directories scheduled for cleanup at exit.
  *
  * We want to remove the output directories only on a failure, so call this
  * function when we know that the operation has succeeded.

src/bin/pg_combinebackup/reconstruct.c

@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ write_block(int fd, char *output_filename,
 }
 
 /*
- * Read a block of data (BLCKSZ bytes) into the the buffer.
+ * Read a block of data (BLCKSZ bytes) into the buffer.
  */
 static void
 read_block(rfile *s, off_t off, uint8 *buffer)

src/bin/pg_upgrade/t/004_subscription.pl

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ my $tab_upgraded2_oid = $old_sub->safe_psql('postgres',
 
 $old_sub->stop;
 
-# Change configuration so that initial table sync sync does not get started
+# Change configuration so that initial table sync does not get started
 # automatically
 $new_sub->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
 	"max_logical_replication_workers = 0");

src/common/unicode_category.c

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 /*
  * Create bitmasks from pg_unicode_category values for efficient comparison of
  * multiple categories. For instance, PG_U_MN_MASK is a bitmask representing
- * the general cateogry Mn; and PG_U_M_MASK represents general categories Mn,
+ * the general category Mn; and PG_U_M_MASK represents general categories Mn,
  * Me, and Mc.
  *
  * The number of Unicode General Categories should never grow, so a 32-bit

src/include/access/heapam_xlog.h

@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ typedef struct xl_heap_prune
 	uint8		flags;
 
 	/*
-	 * If XLHP_HAS_CONFLICT_HORIZON is set, the conflict horzion XID follows,
+	 * If XLHP_HAS_CONFLICT_HORIZON is set, the conflict horizon XID follows,
 	 * unaligned
 	 */
 } xl_heap_prune;
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ typedef struct xl_heap_prune
 #define		XLHP_HAS_FREEZE_PLANS		(1 << 4)
 
 /*
- * XLHP_HAS_REDIRECTIONS, XLHP_HAS_DEAD_ITEMS, and XLHP_HAS_NOW_UNUSED
+ * XLHP_HAS_REDIRECTIONS, XLHP_HAS_DEAD_ITEMS, and XLHP_HAS_NOW_UNUSED_ITEMS
  * indicate that xlhp_prune_items sub-records with redirected, dead, and
  * unused item offsets are present.
  */
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ typedef struct xlhp_freeze_plan
  *
  * The backup block's data contains an array of xlhp_freeze_plan structs (with
  * nplans elements).  The individual item offsets are located in an array at
- * the end of the entire record with with nplans * (each plan's ntuples)
+ * the end of the entire record with nplans * (each plan's ntuples) members
- * members.  Those offsets are in the same order as the plans.  The REDO
+ * Those offsets are in the same order as the plans.  The REDO routine uses
- * routine uses the offsets to freeze the corresponding heap tuples.
+ * the offsets to freeze the corresponding heap tuples.
  *
  * (As of PostgreSQL 17, XLOG_HEAP2_PRUNE_VACUUM_SCAN records replace the
  * separate XLOG_HEAP2_FREEZE_PAGE records.)

src/include/common/hashfn_unstable.h

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
  *
  * For longer or variable-length input, fasthash_accum() is a more
  * flexible, but more verbose method. The standalone functions use this
- * internally, so see fasthash64() for an an example of this.
+ * internally, so see fasthash64() for an example of this.
  *
  * After all inputs have been mixed in, finalize the hash:
  *

src/include/lib/radixtree.h

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
  * small enough.
  *
  * There are two other techniques described in the paper that are not
- * impemented here:
+ * implemented here:
  * - path compression "...removes all inner nodes that have only a single child."
  * - lazy path expansion "...inner nodes are only created if they are required
  *   to distinguish at least two leaf nodes."
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ typedef struct RT_NODE
 
 	/*
 	 * Number of children. uint8 is sufficient for all node kinds, because
-	 * nodes shrink when this number gets lower than some thresold. Since
+	 * nodes shrink when this number gets lower than some threshold. Since
 	 * node256 cannot possibly have zero children, we let the counter overflow
 	 * and we interpret zero as "256" for this node kind.
 	 */
@@ -1581,7 +1581,7 @@ RT_EXTEND_UP(RT_RADIX_TREE * tree, uint64 key)
 
 	Assert(shift < target_shift);
 
-	/* Grow tree upwards until start shift can accomodate the key */
+	/* Grow tree upwards until start shift can accommodate the key */
 	while (shift < target_shift)
 	{
 		RT_CHILD_PTR node;

src/include/nodes/pathnodes.h

@@ -2867,7 +2867,7 @@ typedef struct PlaceHolderVar
  * are not set meaningfully within such structs.
  *
  * We also create transient SpecialJoinInfos for child joins during
- * partiotionwise join planning, which are also not present in join_info_list.
+ * partitionwise join planning, which are also not present in join_info_list.
  */
 #ifndef HAVE_SPECIALJOININFO_TYPEDEF
 typedef struct SpecialJoinInfo SpecialJoinInfo;

src/include/nodes/primnodes.h

@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@ typedef struct JsonExpr
 	/* Format of the above expression needed by ruleutils.c */
 	JsonFormat *format;
 
-	/* jsopath-valued expression containing the query pattern */
+	/* jsonpath-valued expression containing the query pattern */
 	Node	   *path_spec;
 
 	/* Expected type/format of the output. */

src/include/storage/proc.h

@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ struct PGPROC
 		LocalTransactionId lxid;	/* local id of top-level transaction
 									 * currently * being executed by this
 									 * proc, if running; else
-									 * InvalidLocaltransactionId */
+									 * InvalidLocalTransactionId */
 	}			vxid;
 
 	/* These fields are zero while a backend is still starting up: */

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-cancel.c

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ PQcancelPoll(PGcancelConn *cancelConn)
 	int			n;
 
 	/*
-	 * We leave most of the  connection establishement to PQconnectPoll, since
+	 * We leave most of the connection establishment to PQconnectPoll, since
 	 * it's very similar to normal connection establishment. But once we get
 	 * to the CONNECTION_AWAITING_RESPONSE we need to start doing our own
 	 * thing.

src/interfaces/libpq/fe-secure-openssl.c

@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@ pgtls_close(PGconn *conn)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * In the non-SSL case, just remove the crypto callbacks if the
-		 * connection has then loaded.  This code path has no dependency on
+		 * connection has them loaded.  This code path has no dependency on
 		 * any pending SSL calls.
 		 */
 		if (conn->crypto_loaded)

src/test/isolation/expected/temp-schema-cleanup.out

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ step s1_create_temp_objects:
         CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_temp.long() RETURNS text LANGUAGE sql AS $body$ SELECT %L; $body$$outer$,
 	(SELECT string_agg(g.i::text||':'||random()::text, '|') FROM generate_series(1, 100) g(i))));
 
-    -- The above bug requirs function removal to happen after a catalog
+    -- The above bug requires function removal to happen after a catalog
     -- invalidation. dependency.c sorts objects in descending oid order so
     -- that newer objects are deleted before older objects, so create a
     -- table after.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ step s1_create_temp_objects:
         CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_temp.long() RETURNS text LANGUAGE sql AS $body$ SELECT %L; $body$$outer$,
 	(SELECT string_agg(g.i::text||':'||random()::text, '|') FROM generate_series(1, 100) g(i))));
 
-    -- The above bug requirs function removal to happen after a catalog
+    -- The above bug requires function removal to happen after a catalog
     -- invalidation. dependency.c sorts objects in descending oid order so
     -- that newer objects are deleted before older objects, so create a
     -- table after.

src/test/isolation/specs/temp-schema-cleanup.spec

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ step s1_create_temp_objects {
         CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION pg_temp.long() RETURNS text LANGUAGE sql AS $body$ SELECT %L; $body$$outer$,
 	(SELECT string_agg(g.i::text||':'||random()::text, '|') FROM generate_series(1, 100) g(i))));
 
-    -- The above bug requirs function removal to happen after a catalog
+    -- The above bug requires function removal to happen after a catalog
     -- invalidation. dependency.c sorts objects in descending oid order so
     -- that newer objects are deleted before older objects, so create a
     -- table after.

src/test/modules/test_resowner/test_resowner_many.c

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ GetTotalResourceCount(ManyTestResourceKind *kinds, int nkinds)
  * Remember lots of resources, belonging to 'nkinds' different resource types
  * with different priorities.  Then forget some of them, and finally, release
  * the resource owner.  We use a custom resource type that performs various
- * sanity checks to verify that all the the resources are released, and in the
+ * sanity checks to verify that all the resources are released, and in the
  * correct order.
  */
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(test_resowner_many);

src/test/regress/expected/aggregates.out

@@ -2889,7 +2889,7 @@ GROUP BY c1.w, c1.z;
 RESET enable_nestloop;
 RESET enable_hashjoin;
 DROP TABLE group_agg_pk;
--- Test the case where the the ordering of scan matches the ordering within the
+-- Test the case where the ordering of the scan matches the ordering within the
 -- aggregate but cannot be found in the group-by list
 CREATE TABLE agg_sort_order (c1 int PRIMARY KEY, c2 int);
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX agg_sort_order_c2_idx ON agg_sort_order(c2);

src/test/regress/expected/copy.out

@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ CREATE TABLE parted_si_p_even PARTITION OF parted_si FOR VALUES IN (0);
 CREATE TABLE parted_si_p_odd PARTITION OF parted_si FOR VALUES IN (1);
 -- Test that bulk relation extension handles reusing a single BulkInsertState
 -- across partitions.  Without the fix applied, this reliably reproduces
--- #18130 unless shared_buffers is extremely small (preventing any use use of
+-- #18130 unless shared_buffers is extremely small (preventing any use of bulk
--- bulk relation extension). See
+-- relation extension). See
 -- https://postgr.es/m/18130-7a86a7356a75209d%40postgresql.org
 -- https://postgr.es/m/257696.1695670946%40sss.pgh.pa.us
 \set filename :abs_srcdir '/data/desc.data'

src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out

@@ -2734,7 +2734,7 @@ UPDATE fkpart10.tbl1 SET f1 = 2 WHERE f1 = 1;
 INSERT INTO fkpart10.tbl1 VALUES (0), (1);
 COMMIT;
 -- test that cross-partition updates correctly enforces the foreign key
--- restriction (specifically testing INITIAILLY DEFERRED)
+-- restriction (specifically testing INITIALLY DEFERRED)
 BEGIN;
 UPDATE fkpart10.tbl1 SET f1 = 3 WHERE f1 = 0;
 UPDATE fkpart10.tbl3 SET f1 = f1 * -1;

src/test/regress/expected/publication.out

@@ -945,10 +945,10 @@ ALTER TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_part_pk ATTACH PARTITION rf_tbl_abcd_part_pk_1 FOR VALUE
 SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
 CREATE PUBLICATION testpub6 FOR TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a, b);
 RESET client_min_messages;
--- ok - (a,b) coverts all PK cols
+-- ok - (a,b) covers all PK cols
 UPDATE rf_tbl_abcd_pk SET a = 1;
 ALTER PUBLICATION testpub6 SET TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a, b, c);
--- ok - (a,b,c) coverts all PK cols
+-- ok - (a,b,c) covers all PK cols
 UPDATE rf_tbl_abcd_pk SET a = 1;
 ALTER PUBLICATION testpub6 SET TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a);
 -- fail - "b" is missing from the column list

src/test/regress/expected/tsdicts.out

@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY tsdict_case
 ERROR:  unrecognized Ispell parameter: "DictFile"
 -- Test grammar for configurations
 CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION dummy_tst (COPY=english);
--- Overriden mapping change with duplicated tokens.
+-- Overridden mapping change with duplicated tokens.
 ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION dummy_tst
   ALTER MAPPING FOR word, word WITH ispell;
 -- Not a token supported by the configuration's parser, fails.

src/test/regress/sql/aggregates.sql

@@ -1257,7 +1257,7 @@ RESET enable_nestloop;
 RESET enable_hashjoin;
 DROP TABLE group_agg_pk;
 
--- Test the case where the the ordering of scan matches the ordering within the
+-- Test the case where the ordering of the scan matches the ordering within the
 -- aggregate but cannot be found in the group-by list
 CREATE TABLE agg_sort_order (c1 int PRIMARY KEY, c2 int);
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX agg_sort_order_c2_idx ON agg_sort_order(c2);

src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql

@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@ CREATE TABLE parted_si_p_odd PARTITION OF parted_si FOR VALUES IN (1);
 
 -- Test that bulk relation extension handles reusing a single BulkInsertState
 -- across partitions.  Without the fix applied, this reliably reproduces
--- #18130 unless shared_buffers is extremely small (preventing any use use of
+-- #18130 unless shared_buffers is extremely small (preventing any use of bulk
--- bulk relation extension). See
+-- relation extension). See
 -- https://postgr.es/m/18130-7a86a7356a75209d%40postgresql.org
 -- https://postgr.es/m/257696.1695670946%40sss.pgh.pa.us
 \set filename :abs_srcdir '/data/desc.data'

src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql

@@ -1943,7 +1943,7 @@ INSERT INTO fkpart10.tbl1 VALUES (0), (1);
 COMMIT;
 
 -- test that cross-partition updates correctly enforces the foreign key
--- restriction (specifically testing INITIAILLY DEFERRED)
+-- restriction (specifically testing INITIALLY DEFERRED)
 BEGIN;
 UPDATE fkpart10.tbl1 SET f1 = 3 WHERE f1 = 0;
 UPDATE fkpart10.tbl3 SET f1 = f1 * -1;

src/test/regress/sql/publication.sql

@@ -603,10 +603,10 @@ ALTER TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_part_pk ATTACH PARTITION rf_tbl_abcd_part_pk_1 FOR VALUE
 SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
 CREATE PUBLICATION testpub6 FOR TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a, b);
 RESET client_min_messages;
--- ok - (a,b) coverts all PK cols
+-- ok - (a,b) covers all PK cols
 UPDATE rf_tbl_abcd_pk SET a = 1;
 ALTER PUBLICATION testpub6 SET TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a, b, c);
--- ok - (a,b,c) coverts all PK cols
+-- ok - (a,b,c) covers all PK cols
 UPDATE rf_tbl_abcd_pk SET a = 1;
 ALTER PUBLICATION testpub6 SET TABLE rf_tbl_abcd_pk (a);
 -- fail - "b" is missing from the column list

src/test/regress/sql/tsdicts.sql

@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY tsdict_case
 
 -- Test grammar for configurations
 CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION dummy_tst (COPY=english);
--- Overriden mapping change with duplicated tokens.
+-- Overridden mapping change with duplicated tokens.
 ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION dummy_tst
   ALTER MAPPING FOR word, word WITH ispell;
 -- Not a token supported by the configuration's parser, fails.

src/test/subscription/t/004_sync.pl

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ $node_subscriber->safe_psql('postgres', "DROP SUBSCRIPTION tap_sub");
 
 # When DROP SUBSCRIPTION tries to drop the tablesync slot, the slot may not
 # have been created, which causes the slot to be created after the DROP
-# SUSCRIPTION finishes. Such slots eventually get dropped at walsender exit
+# SUBSCRIPTION finishes. Such slots eventually get dropped at walsender exit
 # time. So, to prevent being affected by such ephemeral tablesync slots, we
 # wait until all the slots have been cleaned.
 ok( $node_publisher->poll_query_until(

src/test/subscription/t/026_stats.pl

@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ is( $node_subscriber->safe_psql(
 my $sub2_oid = $node_subscriber->safe_psql($db,
 	qq(SELECT oid FROM pg_subscription WHERE subname = '$sub2_name'));
 
-# Diassociate the subscription 2 from its replication slot and drop it
+# Disassociate the subscription 2 from its replication slot and drop it
 $node_subscriber->safe_psql(
 	$db,
 	qq(