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Attached is a doc patch for doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml.

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It adds information about SQL JOIN that is implemented in 7.1.

--
-------- Robert B. Easter
This commit is contained in:
Bruce Momjian 2001-01-09 15:48:18 +00:00
parent 5e505af184
commit 777137b7a9
1 changed files with 234 additions and 1 deletions
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doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.15 2000/12/12 05:07:58 tgl Exp $
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.16 2001/01/09 15:48:18 momjian Exp $
-->
<chapter id="sql">
@ -1029,6 +1029,239 @@ SELECT S.SNAME, P.PNAME
named attributes have to be equal). Finally we project out all
columns but S.SNAME and P.PNAME.
</para>
<para>
Another way to perform joins is to use the SQL JOIN syntax as follows:
<programlisting>
select sname, pname from supplier
JOIN sells USING (sno)
JOIN part USING (pno);
</programlisting>
giving again:
<programlisting>
sname | pname
-------+-------
Smith | Screw
Adams | Screw
Smith | Nut
Blake | Nut
Adams | Bolt
Blake | Bolt
Jones | Cam
Blake | Cam
(8 rows)
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
A joined table, created using JOIN syntax, is a table reference list
item that occurs in a FROM clause and before any WHERE, GROUP BY,
or HAVING clause. Other table references, including table names or
other JOIN clauses, may be included in the FROM clause if separated
by commas. A JOIN of two tables is logically like any other
table listed in the FROM clause. A JOINed table can only be JOINed
to additional tables in a Qualified JOIN as indicated by the
elipses below.
</para>
<variablelist>
<title>Join Types</title>
<varlistentry>
<term>CROSS JOIN</term>
<listitem>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T1</replaceable> </arg>
<arg choice="plain">CROSS</arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T2</replaceable> </arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>
A cross join takes two tables T1 and T2 having N and M rows
respectively, and returns a joined table containing a cross
product, NxM, of joined rows. For each row R1 of T1, each row
R2 of T2 is joined with R1 to yield a joined table row JR
consisting of all fields in R1 and R2.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Qualified JOINs</term>
<listitem>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T1</replaceable> </arg>
<arg>
<group>
<arg choice="plain"> INNER </arg>
<arg>
<group>
<arg> LEFT </arg>
<arg> RIGHT </arg>
<arg> FULL </arg>
</group>
<arg> OUTER </arg>
</arg>
</group>
</arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T2</replaceable> </arg>
<arg choice="req">
<group>
<arg> ON <replaceable>search condition</replaceable></arg>
<arg> USING ( <replaceable>join column list</replaceable> ) </arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg choice="plain"> ... </arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>
Only the qualified JOIN types can use ON or USING clauses. The ON clause
takes a <replaceable>search condition</replaceable>, which is the same
as in a WHERE clause. The USING clause takes a comma-separated list of
column names, which the joined tables must have in common, and joins
the tables on those columns, resulting in a joined table having one
column for each common column and all of the other columns from both tables.
Like all SELECT queries, the <replaceable>select list</replaceable> of the
SELECT query, before the FROM clause, decides which columns from the joined
table are in the result table returned.
</para>
<!-- begin join semantics -->
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg> INNER </arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
For each row R1 of T1, the joined table has a row for each row
in T2 that satisfies the join specification with R1.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
The words INNER and OUTER are optional for all JOINs.
INNER is the default. LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL are for
OUTER JOINs only.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="plain"> LEFT </arg>
<arg> OUTER </arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
First, an INNER JOIN is performed.
Then, where a row in T1 does not satisfy the join specification
with any row in T2, a joined row is returned with null fields in
columns from T2.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
The joined table unconditionally has a row for each row in T1.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="plain"> RIGHT </arg>
<arg> OUTER </arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Rule 1: For each row R2 of T2, the joined table has a row for each
row in T1 that satisfies the join specification with R2 (transposed
[INNER] JOIN).
Rule 2: Where a row in T2 does not satisfy the join specification
with any row in T1, a joined row is returned with null fields in
columns from T1.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
The joined table unconditionally has a row for each row in T2.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="plain"> FULL </arg>
<arg> OUTER </arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
First, a LEFT [OUTER] JOIN is performed.
Then, Rule 2 of a RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN is performed.
</para>
<tip>
<para>
The joined table unconditionally has a row for every row of T1
and a row for every row of T2.
</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<!-- end join semantics -->
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NATURAL JOINs</term>
<listitem>
<cmdsynopsis>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T1</replaceable> </arg>
<arg>
<arg choice="plain"> NATURAL </arg>
<group>
<arg choice="plain"> INNER </arg>
<arg>
<group>
<arg> LEFT </arg>
<arg> RIGHT </arg>
<arg> FULL </arg>
</group>
<arg> OUTER </arg>
</arg>
</group>
</arg>
<command> JOIN </command>
<arg choice="req"> <replaceable class="parameter">T2</replaceable> </arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<para>
A natural join creates a joined table where every pair of matching
column names between the two tables are merged into one column. The
join specification is effectively a USING clause containing all the
common column names and is otherwise like a Qualified JOIN except
additional JOINs to the JOINed table are not permitted.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>UNION JOIN</term>
<listitem><para>Deprecated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect3>
<sect3>