diff --git a/doc/FAQ_chinese b/doc/FAQ_chinese index e39c0c77a9..cae9589bd5 100644 --- a/doc/FAQ_chinese +++ b/doc/FAQ_chinese @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ £¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development Group - Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of + Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£© ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓà @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ µÄÊé½ÌÊÚ SQL¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÎÒÏÂÔص½±¾µØÁË¡££©ÔÚ http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé¡£ÔÚhttp://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm£¬http://ourw - orld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM ºÍ + orld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM ºÍ http://sqlcourse.com ÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄÈëÃŽ̡̳£ ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second @@ -320,7 +320,6 @@ ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬ ¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£ - ÐÔÄÜ PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËƵÄÐÔÄÜ¡£¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆ @@ -338,7 +337,6 @@ ²âÊÔ£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚÉ ú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£ - Ö§³Ö ÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÌṩһ¸ö·Ç³£´óµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ºÍÓû§µÄ×éÒÔ°ïÖú½â¾öËùÅöµ ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓà DBMS @@ -347,7 +345,6 @@ »¹ÒªºÃ¡£»¹ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÔ¤°ü×°µÄÖ§³Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÌṩ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªµÄÈË¡ ££¨²ÎÔÄÖ§³Ö FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.6 С½Ú¡££© - ¼Û¸ñ ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖƵØÏòÄ ãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ @@ -667,7 +664,7 @@ 4.7) ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿 - psql ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? ¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ + psql ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? ¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l ¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎļþ @@ -692,10 +689,10 @@ ³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº - SELECT col - FROM tab - ORDER BY col [ DESC ] - LIMIT 1; 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+ CREATE TABLE person ( + id SERIAL, + name TEXT + ); »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º - - CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq; - CREATE TABLE person ( - id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'), - name TEXT - ); - CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id ); + CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq; + CREATE TABLE person ( + id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'), + name TEXT + ); + CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id ); ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ oid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ @@ -796,8 +791,8 @@ Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.15.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º - new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')"); - execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise + new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')"); + execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')"); ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ @@ -805,8 +800,8 @@ ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 - execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')"); - new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')"); + execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')"); + new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')"); ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute() @@ -836,11 +831,11 @@ Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º - CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int); - SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old; - COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable'; - DELETE FROM new; - COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable'; + CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int); + SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old; + COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable'; + DELETE FROM new; + COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable'; OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òË ãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£ @@ -851,15 +846,15 @@ һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿ ·Ö£º - table, relation, class - row, record, tuple - column, field, attribute - retrieve, select - replace, update - append, insert - OID, serial value - portal, cursor - range variable, table name, table alias + table, relation, class + row, record, tuple + column, field, attribute + retrieve, select + replace, update + append, insert + OID, serial value + portal, cursor + range variable, table name, table alias ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/softw are/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html ¡£ @@ -867,8 +862,8 @@ ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô ¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ - ulimit -d 262144 - limit datasize 256m + ulimit -d 262144 + limit datasize 256m È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£ ¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк @@ -894,32 +889,31 @@ 4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿ ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º - CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT - CURRENT_TIMESTAMP); + CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP); 4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿ Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º - SELECT * - FROM tab - WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab); + SELECT * + FROM tab + WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab); ¸ÄΪ£º - SELECT * - FROM tab - WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col); + SELECT * + FROM tab + WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col); ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£ 4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿ PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º - SELECT * - FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col); + SELECT * + FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col); »ò - SELECT * - FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col); + SELECT * + FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col); ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ @@ -928,14 +922,14 @@ £¨INNER JOIN£©¡£ ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º - SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2 - FROM tab1, tab2 - WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1 - UNION ALL - SELECT tab1.col1, NULL - FROM tab1 - WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2) - ORDER BY col1 + SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2 + FROM tab1, tab2 + WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1 + UNION ALL + SELECT tab1.col1, NULL + FROM tab1 + WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2) + ORDER BY col1 4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿ @@ -961,8 +955,7 @@ 4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»Ä - ܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ - http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research + ܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£ diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html index 493fbeb8fe..744496dd62 100644 --- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html @@ -1,522 +1,593 @@ + -PostgreSQL - FAQ-ch - - - - -

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+
+        cd /usr/local/pgsql
+        ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
+

+ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log
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+Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling
+ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ-DLINUX_PROFILE ¡£

+
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+many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿

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+
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+
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+64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐÞ¸Ä include/storage/sinvaladt.h
+ÀïµÄ MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØРBUILD¡£

+
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+
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+postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£

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+dump ºÍ restore £¿

+
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+½Å±¾£¬¶ø²»ÐèÒª×ö dump ºÍ restor¡£·¢²¼ËµÃ÷script »áÖ¸Ã÷
+pg_upgrade ¶Ô¸Ã´ÎÉý¼¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£

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+²ÎÔÄ DECLARE ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£
+
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+LIMIT....
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+ORDER BY Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL
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+psql Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿

+Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ psql
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+
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+
+    BEGIN;
     LOCK TABLE old_table;
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@@ -524,24 +595,33 @@
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+Ò»¸ö Postgres
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+
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4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿
          
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-			ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º
          
-			

-			Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proc of           
-			the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.          
-			

-			

-			Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£
          
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-        

-            CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
         
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4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿
          
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PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬
          
-            CREATE TABLE person ( 
         
-                id   SERIAL, 
         
-                name TEXT 
         
-                );
        
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-            CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
          
-            CREATE TABLE person ( 
         
-                id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
          
-                name TEXT 
         
-                );
        
-            CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
          
-        

-        ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ oid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ 
         
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-         4.15.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º 
         
-        

-            new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
          
-            execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
          
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-        ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ 
         
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-        

-            execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
          
-            new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
          
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-        ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID 
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4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿
          
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-			Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿

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OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ 
         
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-            CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);
          
-            SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
          
-            COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
          
-            DELETE FROM new;
          
-            COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
          
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4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿
          
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-            table, relation, class 
         
-            row, record, tuple 
         
-            column, field, attribute 
         
-            retrieve, select 
         
-            replace, update 
         
-            append, insert 
         
-            OID, serial value 
         
-            portal, cursor 
         
-            range variable, table name, table alias 
         
-        

-        ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html 
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-            ulimit -d 262144
          
-            limit datasize 256m
          
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4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿
          
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-            FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
          
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-        »ò 

-            SELECT *
          
-            FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
          
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-        ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£
          
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-            FROM tab1, tab2
          
-            WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
          
-        

-            UNION ALL
          
-        

-            SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
          
-            FROM tab1
          
-            WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
          
-            ORDER BY col1
          
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-        
PL/PgSQL          
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-        ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£ 
         
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-        postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION          
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+
+

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+

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+

4.7) +ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿

+ psql ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? +¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l +¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ +

Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎļþ +pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source¡£ËüÑÝʾÁËÐí¶à´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÀï»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢ÐèÒªµÄ +SELECT¡£

+

4.8) +ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿

+

+²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻѡÔñ±íÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄÐÐʱ²ÉÓÃʹÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£ÎªÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL +±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò +ANALYZE +»ñµÃ¡£Ê¹ÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ»ñÈ¡¡£

+

Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY +»òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£

+

µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY +½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» +MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT +ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº
+
+ SELECT col
+ FROM tab
+ ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
+ LIMIT 1;

+

µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ +ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº

+ +

4.9) +ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿

+²Î¿¼ EXPLAIN ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£ +

4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿

+

R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø +B-tree Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree +Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point +µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀàËÆ +¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£
+
+ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º
+
+Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial +Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, +45-57.
+
+Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database +Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£
+
+ϵͳÄÚÖÃµÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree +¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees +ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈçºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£

+

4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query +Optimization£©£¿

+

GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic +Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£

+

4.12) +ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿

+

²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~* +´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ +ILIKE¡£
+
+´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º
+
+ SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+
+ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:
+
+ CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));

+

4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ +NULL£¿

+

Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£

+

4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿

+

ÀàÐÍ ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ ˵Ã÷
+ --------------------------------------------------
+ "char" char 1¸ö×Ö·û character
+ CHAR(#) bpchar +¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë
+ VARCHAR(#) varchar +Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë
+ TEXT text ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ
+ BYTEA bytea ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©
+
+ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£
+
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+
+CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n) +ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT +ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA +ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL +×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£

+

4.15.1) +ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿

+

PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL +Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id SERIAL,
+ name TEXT
+ );
+
+»á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º
+
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+ CREATE TABLE person (
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+ name TEXT
+ );
+ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
+
+²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ +oid +×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà +pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£

+

4.15.2) +ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿

+

Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö +SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.15.1 +ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise +Pascal')");
+
+ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person +±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ +<table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn +·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£
+
+ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ +SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬
+
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise +Pascal')");
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+
+×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID +²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ +Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý +$sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£

+

4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() +»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿

+

²»»á¡£currval() +·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£

+

4.15.4) +Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿

+

+ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£

+


+4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿

+

OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL +Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID +¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID +¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID +²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL +°²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£
+
+PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID +¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ +OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£
+
+OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ +OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øԭʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º +
+
+ CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);
+ SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
+ COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
+ DELETE FROM new;
+ COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
+
+OID +ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£
+ +
+TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID +ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£

+

4.17) PostgreSQL +ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿

+

+һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º +
+ table, relation, class
+ row, record, tuple
+ column, field, attribute
+ retrieve, select
+ replace, update
+ append, insert
+ OID, serial value
+ portal, cursor
+ range variable, table name, table alias
+
+ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html +¡£

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4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°ERROR: Memory +exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿

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+ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ +postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
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+ ulimit -d 262144
+ limit datasize 256m
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4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL +µÄ°æ±¾£¿

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´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»

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4.20) +ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°invalid large obj +descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©£¿

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ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ +COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£
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4.21) +ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿

+

ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
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+ CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT +CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);

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4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿

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+Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN +Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º +
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+ SELECT *
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+ SELECT *
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4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join +£¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿

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PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
+
+ SELECT *
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+
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+ SELECT *
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+ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1 +ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT +OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER +JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER +ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER +JOIN£©¡£
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+ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN +À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º
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+ SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
+ FROM tab1, tab2
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+
+ UNION ALL
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+ SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
+ FROM tab1
+ WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
+ ORDER BY col1

+

4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿

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ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL +¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£
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4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿

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¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html, +23.7.3.3½Ú¡£

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4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL +º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿

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PL/PgSQL »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö +PL/PgSQL +º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ +PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓà EXECUTE +¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£

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4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï

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+Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»ÄܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ +http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research + µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ +http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php +ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£

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4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï

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contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL +²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃÜ¿Í»§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ +pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£
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+7.3 °æ±¾ÖÐ×Ô¶¯¶ÔÊý¾Ý¿âÓû§ÃÜÂë½øÐмÓÃÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬±ØÐëÔÚ +postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION +Ñ¡Ïî¡£·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚ¼ÓÃܵÄÎļþϵͳÉÏ£¨ÒÔ´ïµ½¼ÓÃܵÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£
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+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

+

À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL

+

5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql +ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿

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+²úÉúÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÔ­ÒòºÜ¶à¡£ÇëÏÈÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ²âÊÔ³ÌÐòÖвâÊÔÄãµÄ×Ô¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£

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5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL +¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿

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½«ÄãµÄÀ©Õ¹·¢Ë͵½ pgsql-hackers ÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬ËüÃÇ×îÖջᱻ·Åµ½ +contrib/ ×ÓĿ¼¡£

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5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»ÌõÔª×éµÄ C º¯Êý£¿

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ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔºóµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL ºÍ SQL +ÍêÈ«Ö§³Ö·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ ³ÌÐòÔ±Ö¸ÄÏ£¨the +Programmer's Guide£©¡£ÔÚ contrib/tablefunc ÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÀý×ÓÊÇÓà C +дµÄ·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£

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5.4) +ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿

+

Makefiles ÖÐûÓаüº¬Í·ÎļþµÄÕýÈ·ÒÀÀµ¡£Äú±ØÐëÏÈ×ömake clean£¬ +ÔÙ×öÒ»´Î make ¡£Èç¹ûÄúʹÓõÄÊÇ GCC £¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓÃÑ¡Ïî --enable-depend +ÈñàÒëÆ÷×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÍ·ÎļþµÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ¡£

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