lua/lparser.c

/*
** $Id: lparser.c,v 1.91 2000/05/25 18:26:42 roberto Exp roberto $
** LL(1) Parser and code generator for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/


#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define LUA_REENTRANT

#include "lcode.h"
#include "ldo.h"
#include "lfunc.h"
#include "llex.h"
#include "lmem.h"
#include "lobject.h"
#include "lopcodes.h"
#include "lparser.h"
#include "lstate.h"
#include "lstring.h"


/*
** Constructors descriptor:
** `n' indicates number of elements, and `k' signals whether
** it is a list constructor (k = 0) or a record constructor (k = 1)
** or empty (k = ';' or '}')
*/
typedef struct Constdesc {
  int n;
  int k;
} Constdesc;


typedef struct Breaklabel {
  struct Breaklabel *previous;  /* chain */
  TString *label;
  int breaklist;
  int stacklevel;
} Breaklabel;




/*
** prototypes for recursive non-terminal functions
*/
static void body (LexState *ls, int needself, int line);
static void chunk (LexState *ls);
static void constructor (LexState *ls);
static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v);
static void exp1 (LexState *ls);



static void next (LexState *ls) {
  if (ls->lookahead.token != TK_EOS) {  /* is there a look-ahead token? */
    ls->t = ls->lookahead;  /* use this one */
    ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS;  /* and discharge it */
  }
  else
    ls->t.token = luaX_lex(ls);  /* read next token */
}


static void lookahead (LexState *ls) {
  LUA_ASSERT(ls->L, ls->lookahead.token == TK_EOS, "two look-aheads");
  ls->lookahead.token = luaX_lex(ls);
}


static void error_expected (LexState *ls, int token) {
  char buff[100], t[TOKEN_LEN];
  luaX_token2str(token, t);
  sprintf(buff, "`%.20s' expected", t);
  luaK_error(ls, buff);
}


static void error_unexpected (LexState *ls) {
  luaK_error(ls, "unexpected token");
}


static void check (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token != c)
    error_expected(ls, c);
  next(ls);
}


static void setline (LexState *ls) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  if (ls->L->debug && ls->linenumber != fs->lastsetline) {
    luaX_checklimit(ls, ls->linenumber, MAXARG_U, "lines in a chunk");
    luaK_code1(fs, OP_SETLINE, ls->linenumber);
    fs->lastsetline = ls->linenumber;
  }
}


static int optional (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token == c) {
    next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


static void check_match (LexState *ls, int what, int who, int where) {
  if (ls->t.token != what) {
    if (where == ls->linenumber)
      error_expected(ls, what);
    else {
      char buff[100];
      char t_what[TOKEN_LEN], t_who[TOKEN_LEN];
      luaX_token2str(what, t_what);
      luaX_token2str(who, t_who);
      sprintf(buff, "`%.20s' expected (to close `%.20s' at line %d)",
              t_what, t_who, where);
      luaK_error(ls, buff);
    }
  }
  next(ls);
}


static void setline_and_next (LexState *ls) {
  setline(ls);
  next(ls);
}


static void check_END (LexState *ls, int who, int where) {
  setline(ls);  /* setline for END */
  check_match(ls, TK_END, who, where);
}


static int string_constant (FuncState *fs, TString *s) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int c = s->u.s.constindex;
  if (c >= f->nkstr || f->kstr[c] != s) {
    luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->kstr, f->nkstr, 1, TString *,
                    "constant table overflow", MAXARG_U);
    c = f->nkstr++;
    f->kstr[c] = s;
    s->u.s.constindex = c;  /* hint for next time */
  }
  return c;
}


static void code_string (LexState *ls, TString *s) {
  luaK_kstr(ls, string_constant(ls->fs, s));
}


static int checkname (LexState *ls) {
  int sc;
  if (ls->t.token != TK_NAME)
    luaK_error(ls, "<name> expected");
  sc = string_constant(ls->fs, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
  next(ls);
  return sc;
}


static TString *str_checkname (LexState *ls) {
  int i = checkname(ls);  /* this call may realloc `f->consts' */
  return ls->fs->f->kstr[i];
}


static TString *optionalname (LexState *ls) {
  if (ls->t.token == TK_NAME)
    return str_checkname(ls);
  else
    return NULL;
}


static void luaI_registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, TString *varname, int line) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  /* start debug only when there are no active local variables,
     but keep going after starting */
  if ((ls->L->debug && fs->nlocalvar == 0) || fs->nvars != 0) {
    Proto *f = fs->f;
    luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->locvars, fs->nvars, 1, LocVar, "", MAX_INT);
    f->locvars[fs->nvars].varname = varname;
    f->locvars[fs->nvars].line = line;
    fs->nvars++;
  }
}


static void store_localvar (LexState *ls, TString *name, int n) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nlocalvar+n+1, MAXLOCALS, "local variables");
  fs->localvar[fs->nlocalvar+n] = name;
}


static void adjustlocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
  int line = ls->fs->lastsetline;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int i;
  for (i=fs->nlocalvar; i<fs->nlocalvar+nvars; i++)
    luaI_registerlocalvar(ls, fs->localvar[i], line);
  fs->nlocalvar += nvars;
}


static void removelocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
  int line = ls->fs->lastsetline;
  int i;
  for (i=0;i<nvars;i++)
    luaI_registerlocalvar(ls, NULL, line);
  ls->fs->nlocalvar -= nvars;
}


static void add_localvar (LexState *ls, const char *name) {
  store_localvar(ls, luaS_newfixed(ls->L, name), 0);
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
}


static int aux_localname (FuncState *fs, TString *n) {
  int i;
  for (i=fs->nlocalvar-1; i >= 0; i--)
    if (n == fs->localvar[i]) return i;  /* local var index */
  return -1;  /* not found */
}


static void singlevar (LexState *ls, TString *n, expdesc *var, int prev) {
  FuncState *fs = prev ? ls->fs->prev : ls->fs;
  int i = aux_localname(fs, n);
  if (i >= 0) {  /* local value? */
    var->k = VLOCAL;
    var->u.index = i;
  }
  else {
    FuncState *level = fs;
    while ((level = level->prev) != NULL)  /* check shadowing */
      if (aux_localname(level, n) >= 0)
        luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "cannot access a variable in outer scope", n->str);
    var->k = VGLOBAL;
    var->u.index = string_constant(fs, n);
  }
}


static int indexupvalue (LexState *ls, TString *n) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc v;
  int i;
  singlevar(ls, n, &v, 1);
  for (i=0; i<fs->nupvalues; i++) {
    if (fs->upvalues[i].k == v.k && fs->upvalues[i].u.index == v.u.index)
      return i;
  }
  /* new one */
  ++(fs->nupvalues);
  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nupvalues, MAXUPVALUES, "upvalues");
  fs->upvalues[i] = v;  /* i = fs->nupvalues - 1 */
  return i;
}


static void pushupvalue (LexState *ls, TString *n) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  if (fs->prev == NULL)
    luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "cannot access upvalue in main", n->str);
  if (aux_localname(ls->fs, n) >= 0)
    luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "cannot access an upvalue in current scope", n->str);
  luaK_code1(fs, OP_PUSHUPVALUE, indexupvalue(ls, n));
}


static void adjust_mult_assign (LexState *ls, int nvars, int nexps) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int diff = nexps - nvars;
  if (nexps == 0 || !luaK_lastisopen(fs)) {  /* list is empty or closed */
    /* push or pop eventual difference between list lengths */
    luaK_adjuststack(fs, diff);
  }
  else {  /* list ends in a function call; must correct it */
    diff--;  /* do not count function call itself */
    if (diff <= 0) {  /* more variables than values? */
      /* function call must provide extra values */
      luaK_setcallreturns(fs, -diff);
    }
    else {  /* more values than variables */
      luaK_setcallreturns(fs, 0);  /* call should provide no value */
      luaK_adjuststack(fs, diff);  /* pop eventual extra values */
    }
  }
}


static void code_args (LexState *ls, int nparams, int dots) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  nparams -= dots;  /* do not count `...' as a parameter */
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams);
  luaX_checklimit(ls, fs->nlocalvar, MAXPARAMS, "parameters");
  nparams = fs->nlocalvar;  /* `self' could be there already */
  fs->f->numparams = nparams;
  fs->f->is_vararg = dots;
  if (!dots)
    luaK_deltastack(fs, nparams);
  else {
    luaK_deltastack(fs, nparams+1);
    add_localvar(ls, "arg");
  }
}


static void enterbreak (FuncState *fs, Breaklabel *bl) {
  bl->stacklevel = fs->stacklevel;
  bl->label = NULL;
  bl->breaklist = NO_JUMP;
  bl->previous = fs->bl;
  fs->bl = bl;
}


static void leavebreak (FuncState *fs, Breaklabel *bl) {
  fs->bl = bl->previous;
  LUA_ASSERT(fs->L, bl->stacklevel == fs->stacklevel, "wrong levels");
  luaK_patchlist(fs, bl->breaklist, luaK_getlabel(fs));
}


static Breaklabel *findlabel (FuncState *fs, TString *name) {
  Breaklabel *bl;
  for (bl=fs->bl; bl; bl=bl->previous) {
    if (bl->label == name)
      return bl;
  }
  if (name)  /* label not found: choose appropriate error message */
    luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "break not inside given label", name->str);
  else
    luaK_error(fs->ls, "break not inside while or repeat loop");
  return NULL;  /* to avoid warnings */
}


static void func_onstack (LexState *ls, FuncState *func) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int i;
  for (i=0; i<func->nupvalues; i++)
    luaK_tostack(ls, &func->upvalues[i], 1);
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->kproto, f->nkproto, 1, Proto *,
                  "constant table overflow", MAXARG_A);
  f->kproto[f->nkproto++] = func->f;
  luaK_code2(fs, OP_CLOSURE, f->nkproto-1, func->nupvalues);
}


static void init_state (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs, TString *source) {
  Proto *f = luaF_newproto(ls->L);
  fs->prev = ls->fs;  /* linked list of funcstates */
  fs->ls = ls;
  fs->L = ls->L;
  ls->fs = fs;
  fs->stacklevel = 0;
  fs->nlocalvar = 0;
  fs->nupvalues = 0;
  fs->lastsetline = 0;
  fs->bl = NULL;
  fs->f = f;
  f->source = source;
  fs->pc = 0;
  fs->lasttarget = 0;
  fs->jlt = NO_JUMP;
  f->code = NULL;
  f->maxstacksize = 0;
  f->numparams = 0;  /* default for main chunk */
  f->is_vararg = 0;  /* default for main chunk */
  fs->nvars = 0;
}


static void close_func (LexState *ls) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  luaK_code0(fs, OP_END);
  luaK_getlabel(fs);  /* close eventual list of pending jumps */
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->code, fs->pc, Instruction);
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->kstr, f->nkstr, TString *);
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->knum, f->nknum, Number);
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->kproto, f->nkproto, Proto *);
  if (f->locvars) {  /* debug information? */
    luaI_registerlocalvar(ls, NULL, -1);  /* flag end of vector */
    luaM_reallocvector(L, f->locvars, fs->nvars, LocVar);
  }
  ls->fs = fs->prev;
  LUA_ASSERT(L, fs->bl == NULL, "wrong list end");
}


Proto *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z) {
  struct LexState lexstate;
  struct FuncState funcstate;
  luaX_setinput(L, &lexstate, z);
  init_state(&lexstate, &funcstate, luaS_new(L, zname(z)));
  next(&lexstate);  /* read first token */
  chunk(&lexstate);
  if (lexstate.t.token != TK_EOS)
    luaK_error(&lexstate, "<eof> expected");
  close_func(&lexstate);
  LUA_ASSERT(L, funcstate.prev == NULL, "wrong list end");
  return funcstate.f;
}



/*============================================================*/
/* GRAMAR RULES */
/*============================================================*/


static int explist1 (LexState *ls) {
  /* explist1 -> expr { ',' expr } */
  int n = 1;  /* at least one expression */
  expdesc v;
  expr(ls, &v);
  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
    luaK_tostack(ls, &v, 1);  /* gets only 1 value from previous expression */
    next(ls);  /* skip comma */
    expr(ls, &v);
    n++;
  }
  luaK_tostack(ls, &v, 0);  /* keep open number of values of last expression */
  return n;
}


static int explist (LexState *ls) {
  /* explist -> [ explist1 ] */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_NUMBER: case TK_STRING: case TK_NIL: case '{':
    case TK_FUNCTION: case '(': case TK_NAME: case '%': 
    case TK_NOT:  case '-':  /* first `expr' */
      return explist1(ls);
    default:
      return 0;  /* empty list */
  }
}


static void funcargs (LexState *ls, int slf) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int slevel = fs->stacklevel - slf - 1;  /* where is func in the stack */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '(': {  /* funcargs -> '(' explist ')' */
      int line = ls->linenumber;
      int nargs;
      next(ls);
      nargs = explist(ls);
      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
#ifdef LUA_COMPAT_ARGRET
      if (nargs > 0)  /* arg list is not empty? */
        luaK_setcallreturns(fs, 1);  /* last call returns only 1 value */
#else
      UNUSED(nargs);  /* to avoid warnings */
#endif
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* funcargs -> constructor */
      constructor(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {  /* funcargs -> STRING */
      code_string(ls, ls->t.seminfo.ts);  /* must use `seminfo' before `next' */
      next(ls);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      luaK_error(ls, "function arguments expected");
      break;
    }
  }
  fs->stacklevel = slevel;  /* call will remove function and arguments */
  luaK_code2(fs, OP_CALL, slevel, MULT_RET);
}


static void var_or_func_tail (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->t.token) {
      case '.': {  /* var_or_func_tail -> '.' NAME */
        next(ls);
        luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
        luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
        v->k = VINDEXED;
        break;
      }
      case '[': {  /* var_or_func_tail -> '[' exp1 ']' */
        next(ls);
        luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
        v->k = VINDEXED;
        exp1(ls);
        check(ls, ']');
        break;
      }
      case ':': {  /* var_or_func_tail -> ':' NAME funcargs */
        int name;
        next(ls);
        name = checkname(ls);
        luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
        luaK_code1(ls->fs, OP_PUSHSELF, name);
        funcargs(ls, 1);
        v->k = VEXP;
        v->u.l.t = v->u.l.f = NO_JUMP;
        break;
      }
      case '(': case TK_STRING: case '{': {  /* var_or_func_tail -> funcargs */
        luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);  /* `v' must be on stack */
        funcargs(ls, 0);
        v->k = VEXP;
        v->u.l.t = v->u.l.f = NO_JUMP;
        break;
      }
      default: return;  /* should be follow... */
    }
  }
}


static void var_or_func (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* var_or_func -> ['%'] NAME var_or_func_tail */
  if (optional(ls, '%')) {  /* upvalue? */
    pushupvalue(ls, str_checkname(ls));
    v->k = VEXP;
    v->u.l.t = v->u.l.f = NO_JUMP;
  }
  else  /* variable name */
    singlevar(ls, str_checkname(ls), v, 0);
  var_or_func_tail(ls, v);
}



/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Constructors
** =======================================================================
*/


static void recfield (LexState *ls) {
  /* recfield -> (NAME | '['exp1']') = exp1 */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_NAME: {
      luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
      break;
    }
    case '[': {
      next(ls);
      exp1(ls);
      check(ls, ']');
      break;
    }
    default: luaK_error(ls, "<name> or `[' expected");
  }
  check(ls, '=');
  exp1(ls);
}


static int recfields (LexState *ls) {
  /* recfields -> recfield { ',' recfield } [','] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int n = 1;  /* at least one element */
  int mod_n = 1;  /* mod_n == n%RFIELDS_PER_FLUSH */
  recfield(ls);
  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
    next(ls);
    if (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == '}')
      break;
    recfield(ls);
    n++;
    if (++mod_n == RFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) {
      luaK_code1(fs, OP_SETMAP, RFIELDS_PER_FLUSH-1);
      mod_n = 0;
    }
  }
  if (mod_n)
    luaK_code1(fs, OP_SETMAP, mod_n-1);
  return n;
}


static int listfields (LexState *ls) {
  /* listfields -> exp1 { ',' exp1 } [','] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int n = 1;  /* at least one element */
  int mod_n = 1;  /* mod_n == n%LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH */
  exp1(ls);
  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
    next(ls);
    if (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == '}')
      break;
    exp1(ls);
    n++;
    luaX_checklimit(ls, n/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH, MAXARG_A,
               "`item groups' in a list initializer");
    if (++mod_n == LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) {
      luaK_code2(fs, OP_SETLIST, n/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH - 1, LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
      mod_n = 0;
    }
  }
  if (mod_n > 0)
    luaK_code2(fs, OP_SETLIST, n/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH, mod_n);
  return n;
}



static void constructor_part (LexState *ls, Constdesc *cd) {
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case ';': case '}': {  /* constructor_part -> empty */
      cd->n = 0;
      cd->k = ls->t.token;
      break;
    }
    case TK_NAME: {  /* may be listfields or recfields */
      lookahead(ls);
      if (ls->lookahead.token != '=')  /* expression? */
        goto case_default;
      /* else go through to recfields */
    }
    case '[': {  /* constructor_part -> recfields */
      cd->n = recfields(ls);
      cd->k = 1;  /* record */
      break;
    }
    default: {  /* constructor_part -> listfields */
    case_default:
      cd->n = listfields(ls);
      cd->k = 0;  /* list */
      break;
    }
  }
}


static void constructor (LexState *ls) {
  /* constructor -> '{' constructor_part [';' constructor_part] '}' */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  int pc = luaK_code1(fs, OP_CREATETABLE, 0);
  int nelems;
  Constdesc cd;
  check(ls, '{');
  constructor_part(ls, &cd);
  nelems = cd.n;
  if (ls->t.token == ';') {
    Constdesc other_cd;
    next(ls);
    constructor_part(ls, &other_cd);
    if (cd.k == other_cd.k)  /* repeated parts? */
      luaK_error(ls, "invalid constructor syntax");
    nelems += other_cd.n;
  }
  check_match(ls, '}', '{', line);
  /* set initial table size */
  luaX_checklimit(ls, nelems, MAXARG_U, "elements in a table constructor");
  SETARG_U(fs->f->code[pc], nelems);
}

/* }====================================================================== */




/*
** {======================================================================
** Expression parsing
** =======================================================================
*/


static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  setline(ls);
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_NUMBER: {  /* simpleexp -> NUMBER */
      Number r = ls->t.seminfo.r;
      next(ls);
      luaK_number(fs, r);
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {  /* simpleexp -> STRING */
      code_string(ls, ls->t.seminfo.ts);  /* must use `seminfo' before `next' */
      next(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_NIL: {  /* simpleexp -> NIL */
      luaK_adjuststack(fs, -1);
      next(ls);
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* simpleexp -> constructor */
      constructor(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {  /* simpleexp -> FUNCTION body */
      next(ls);
      body(ls, 0, ls->linenumber);
      break;
    }
    case '(': {  /* simpleexp -> '(' expr ')' */
      next(ls);
      expr(ls, v);
      check(ls, ')');
      return;
    }
    case TK_NAME: case '%': {
      var_or_func(ls, v);
      return;
    }
    default: {
      luaK_error(ls, "<expression> expected");
      return;
    }
  }
  v->k = VEXP;
  v->u.l.t = v->u.l.f = NO_JUMP;
}


static void exp1 (LexState *ls) {
  expdesc v;
  expr(ls, &v);
  luaK_tostack(ls, &v, 1);
}


/*
** gets priorities of an operator. Returns the priority to the left, and
** sets `rp' to the priority to the right.
*/
static int get_priority (int op, int *rp) {
  switch (op) {

    case  '^': *rp = 8; return 9;  /* right associative */

#define UNARY_PRIORITY	7

    case  '*': case  '/': *rp = 6; return 6;

    case  '+': case  '-': *rp = 5; return 5;

    case  TK_CONCAT: *rp = 3; return 4;  /* right associative (?) */

    case TK_EQ: case  TK_NE: case  '>': case  '<': case  TK_LE: case  TK_GE:
      *rp = 2; return 2;

    case TK_AND: case TK_OR: *rp = 1; return 1;

    default: *rp = -1; return -1;
  }
}


/*
** subexpr -> (simplexep | (NOT | '-') subexpr) { binop subexpr }
** where `binop' is any binary operator with a priority higher than `limit'
*/
static void subexpr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, int limit) {
  int rp;
  if (ls->t.token == '-' || ls->t.token == TK_NOT) {
    int op = ls->t.token;  /* operator */
    next(ls);
    subexpr(ls, v, UNARY_PRIORITY);
    luaK_prefix(ls, op, v);
  }
  else simpleexp(ls, v);
  /* expand while operators have priorities higher than `limit' */
  while (get_priority(ls->t.token, &rp) > limit) {
    expdesc v2;
    int op = ls->t.token;  /* current operator (with priority == `rp') */
    next(ls);
    luaK_infix(ls, op, v);
    subexpr(ls, &v2, rp);  /* read sub-expression with priority > `rp' */
    luaK_posfix(ls, op, v, &v2);
  }
}


static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  subexpr(ls, v, -1);
}

/* }==================================================================== */


/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Statements
** =======================================================================
*/


static void block (LexState *ls) {
  /* block -> chunk */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int nlocalvar = fs->nlocalvar;
  chunk(ls);
  luaK_adjuststack(fs, fs->nlocalvar - nlocalvar);  /* remove local variables */
  removelocalvars(ls, fs->nlocalvar - nlocalvar);
}


static int assignment (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, int nvars) {
  int left = 0;
  luaX_checklimit(ls, nvars, MAXVARSLH, "variables in a multiple assignment");
  if (ls->t.token == ',') {  /* assignment -> ',' NAME assignment */
    expdesc nv;
    next(ls);
    var_or_func(ls, &nv);
    if (nv.k == VEXP)
      luaK_error(ls, "syntax error");
    left = assignment(ls, &nv, nvars+1);
  }
  else {  /* assignment -> '=' explist1 */
    int nexps;;
    if (ls->t.token != '=')
      error_unexpected(ls);
    next(ls);
    nexps = explist1(ls);
    adjust_mult_assign(ls, nvars, nexps);
  }
  if (v->k != VINDEXED)
    luaK_storevar(ls, v);
  else {  /* there may be garbage between table-index and value */
    luaK_code2(ls->fs, OP_SETTABLE, left+nvars+2, 1);
    left += 2;
  }
  return left;
}


static void whilestat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* whilestat -> WHILE exp1 DO block END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int while_init = luaK_getlabel(fs);
  expdesc v;
  Breaklabel bl;
  enterbreak(fs, &bl);
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* trace WHILE when looping */
  expr(ls, &v);  /* read condition */
  luaK_goiftrue(fs, &v, 0);
  check(ls, TK_DO);
  block(ls);
  luaK_patchlist(fs, luaK_jump(fs), while_init);
  luaK_patchlist(fs, v.u.l.f, luaK_getlabel(fs));
  check_END(ls, TK_WHILE, line);  /* trace END when loop ends */
  leavebreak(fs, &bl);
}


static void repeatstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* repeatstat -> REPEAT block UNTIL exp1 */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int repeat_init = luaK_getlabel(fs);
  expdesc v;
  Breaklabel bl;
  enterbreak(fs, &bl);
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* trace REPEAT when looping */
  block(ls);
  check_match(ls, TK_UNTIL, TK_REPEAT, line);
  expr(ls, &v);
  luaK_goiftrue(fs, &v, 0);
  luaK_patchlist(fs, v.u.l.f, repeat_init);
  leavebreak(fs, &bl);
}


static void forbody (LexState *ls, OpCode prepfor, OpCode loopfor) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int prep = luaK_code1(fs, prepfor, NO_JUMP);
  int blockinit = luaK_getlabel(fs);
  check(ls, TK_DO);
  block(ls);
  luaK_patchlist(fs, prep, luaK_getlabel(fs));
  luaK_patchlist(fs, luaK_code1(fs, loopfor, NO_JUMP), blockinit);
}


static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  store_localvar(ls, varname, 0);
  check(ls, '=');
  exp1(ls);  /* initial value */
  check(ls, ',');
  exp1(ls);  /* limit */
  if (optional(ls, ','))
    exp1(ls);  /* optional step */
  else
    luaK_code1(fs, OP_PUSHINT, 1);  /* default step */
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);  /* scope for control variables */
  add_localvar(ls, "*limit*");
  add_localvar(ls, "*step*");
  forbody(ls, OP_FORPREP, OP_FORLOOP);
  removelocalvars(ls, 3);
}


static void forlist (LexState *ls, TString *indexname) {
  TString *valname;
  check(ls, ',');
  valname = str_checkname(ls);
  /* next test is dirty, but avoids `in' being a reserved word */
  if (ls->t.token != TK_NAME || ls->t.seminfo.ts != luaS_new(ls->L, "in"))
    luaK_error(ls, "`in' expected");
  next(ls);  /* skip `in' */
  exp1(ls);  /* table */
  add_localvar(ls, "*table*");
  add_localvar(ls, "*counter*");
  store_localvar(ls, indexname, 0);
  store_localvar(ls, valname, 1);
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 2);  /* scope for control variable */
  forbody(ls, OP_LFORPREP, OP_LFORLOOP);
  removelocalvars(ls, 4);
}


static void forstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* forstat -> FOR NAME '=' expr1 ',' expr1 [',' expr1] DO block END */
  /* forstat -> FOR NAME1, NAME2 IN expr1 DO block END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  TString *varname;
  Breaklabel bl;
  enterbreak(fs, &bl);
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip `for' */
  varname = str_checkname(ls);  /* first variable name */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '=': fornum(ls, varname); break;
    case ',': forlist(ls, varname); break;
    default: luaK_error(ls, "`=' or `,' expected");
  }
  check_END(ls, TK_FOR, line);
  leavebreak(fs, &bl);
}


static void test_and_block (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* test_and_block -> [IF | ELSEIF] cond THEN block */
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip IF or ELSEIF */
  expr(ls, v);  /* cond */
  luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, v, 0);
  setline(ls);  /* to trace the THEN */
  check(ls, TK_THEN);
  block(ls);  /* `then' part */
}


static void ifstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* ifstat -> IF cond THEN block {ELSEIF cond THEN block} [ELSE block] END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc v;
  int escapelist = NO_JUMP;
  test_and_block(ls, &v);  /* IF cond THEN block */
  while (ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF) {
    luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));
    luaK_patchlist(fs, v.u.l.f, luaK_getlabel(fs));
    test_and_block(ls, &v);  /* ELSEIF cond THEN block */
  }
  if (ls->t.token == TK_ELSE) {
    luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));
    luaK_patchlist(fs, v.u.l.f, luaK_getlabel(fs));
    setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip ELSE */
    block(ls);  /* `else' part */
  }
  else
    luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, v.u.l.f);
  luaK_patchlist(fs, escapelist, luaK_getlabel(fs));
  check_END(ls, TK_IF, line);
}


static int localnamelist (LexState *ls) {
  /* localnamelist -> NAME {',' NAME} */
  int i = 1;
  store_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), 0);
  while (ls->t.token == ',') {
    next(ls);
    store_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), i++);
  }
  return i;
}


static int decinit (LexState *ls) {
  /* decinit -> ['=' explist1] */
  if (ls->t.token == '=') {
    next(ls);
    return explist1(ls);
  }
  else
    return 0;  /* no initializations */
}


static void localstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> LOCAL localnamelist decinit */
  int nvars;
  int nexps;
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip LOCAL */
  nvars = localnamelist(ls);
  nexps = decinit(ls);
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
  adjust_mult_assign(ls, nvars, nexps);
}


static int funcname (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* funcname -> NAME [':' NAME | '.' NAME] */
  int needself = 0;
  singlevar(ls, str_checkname(ls), v, 0);
  if (ls->t.token == ':' || ls->t.token == '.') {
    needself = (ls->t.token == ':');
    next(ls);
    luaK_tostack(ls, v, 1);
    luaK_kstr(ls, checkname(ls));
    v->k = VINDEXED;
  }
  return needself;
}


static void funcstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* funcstat -> FUNCTION funcname body */
  int needself;
  expdesc v;
  if (ls->fs->prev)  /* inside other function? */
    luaK_error(ls, "cannot nest this kind of function declaration");
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip FUNCTION */
  needself = funcname(ls, &v);
  body(ls, needself, line);
  luaK_storevar(ls, &v);
}


static void namestat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> func | ['%'] NAME assignment */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc v;
  setline(ls);
  var_or_func(ls, &v);
  if (v.k == VEXP) {  /* stat -> func */
    if (!luaK_lastisopen(fs))  /* is just an upvalue? */
      luaK_error(ls, "syntax error");
    luaK_setcallreturns(fs, 0);  /* call statement uses no results */
  }
  else {  /* stat -> ['%'] NAME assignment */
    int left = assignment(ls, &v, 1);
    luaK_adjuststack(fs, left);  /* remove eventual garbage left on stack */
  }
}


static void retstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> RETURN explist */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip RETURN */
  explist(ls);
  luaK_code1(fs, OP_RETURN, ls->fs->nlocalvar);
  fs->stacklevel = fs->nlocalvar;  /* removes all temp values */
}


static void breakstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> BREAK [NAME] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Breaklabel *bl;
  int currentlevel = fs->stacklevel;
  setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip BREAK */
  bl = findlabel(fs, optionalname(ls));
  luaK_adjuststack(fs, currentlevel - bl->stacklevel);
  luaK_concat(fs, &bl->breaklist, luaK_jump(fs));
  fs->stacklevel = currentlevel;
}


static int stat (LexState *ls) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;  /* may be needed for error messages */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_IF: {  /* stat -> ifstat */
      ifstat(ls, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_WHILE: {  /* stat -> whilestat */
      whilestat(ls, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_DO: {  /* stat -> DO block END */
      setline_and_next(ls);  /* skip DO */
      block(ls);
      check_END(ls, TK_DO, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_FOR: {  /* stat -> forstat */
      forstat(ls, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_REPEAT: {  /* stat -> repeatstat */
      repeatstat(ls, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {  /* stat -> funcstat */
      funcstat(ls, line);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_LOCAL: {  /* stat -> localstat */
      localstat(ls);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_NAME: case '%': {  /* stat -> namestat */
      namestat(ls);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_RETURN: {  /* stat -> retstat */
      retstat(ls);
      return 2;  /* must be last statement */
    }
    case TK_BREAK: {  /* stat -> breakstat */
      breakstat(ls);
      return 2;  /* must be last statement */
    }
    default: {
      return 0;  /* no statement */
    }
  }
}


static int param (LexState *ls, int n) {
  /* param -> NAME | DOTS */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_DOTS: {
      next(ls);
      return 1;
    }
    case TK_NAME: {
      store_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), n);
      return 0;
    }
    default: {
      luaK_error(ls, "<name> or `...' expected");
      return 0;  /* to avoid warnings */
    }
  }
}


static void parlist (LexState *ls) {
  /* parlist -> [ param { ',' param } ] */
  int nparams = 0;
  int dots = 0;
  if (ls->t.token != ')') {  /* is `parlist' not empty? */
    dots = param(ls, nparams);
    nparams++;
    while (ls->t.token == ',' && !dots) {
      next(ls);
      dots = param(ls, nparams);
      nparams++;
    }
  }
  code_args(ls, nparams, dots);
}


static void body (LexState *ls, int needself, int line) {
  /* body ->  '(' parlist ')' chunk END */
  FuncState new_fs;
  init_state(ls, &new_fs, ls->fs->f->source);
  new_fs.f->lineDefined = line;
  check(ls, '(');
  if (needself)
    add_localvar(ls, "self");
  parlist(ls);
  check(ls, ')');
  chunk(ls);
  check_END(ls, TK_FUNCTION, line);
  close_func(ls);
  func_onstack(ls, &new_fs);
}


/* }====================================================================== */


static void label (LexState *ls, Breaklabel *bl) {
  /* label -> [ '|' NAME '|' ] */ 
  if (optional(ls, '|')) {
    enterbreak(ls->fs, bl);
    bl->label = str_checkname(ls);
    check(ls, '|');
  }
  else
    bl->label = NULL;  /* there is no label */
}


static void chunk (LexState *ls) {
  /* chunk -> { [label] stat [';'] } */
  Breaklabel bl;
  int a;
  do {
    label(ls, &bl);
    a = stat(ls);
    if (a != 0)
      optional(ls, ';');
    else if (bl.label)
      luaK_error(ls, "label without a statement");
    LUA_ASSERT(ls->L, ls->fs->stacklevel == ls->fs->nlocalvar,
               "stack size != # local vars");
    if (bl.label)
      leavebreak(ls->fs, &bl);
  } while (a == 1);
}