When there are multiple errors when closing objects, the error
reported by the protected call is the first one, for two reasons:
First, other errors may be caused by this one;
second, the first error is handled in the original execution context,
and therefore has the full traceback.
Instead of a 'tocont' flag, the function 'warn' in Lua now receives all
message pieces as multiple arguments in a single call. Besides being
simpler to use, this implementation ensures that Lua code cannot create
unfinished warnings.
- tests show progress in real time, so that we can see maximum
stack levels even if test crashes.
- new test for recursion continuing into message handler.
- new error message for "attempt to assign to const variable"
- note in the manual about compatibility options
- comments
- small changes in 'read_line' and 'pushstr'
The flag for to-be-closed variables was changed from '*toclose'
to '<toclose>'. Several people found confusing the old syntax and
the new one has a clear terminator, making it more flexible for
future changes.
Back to how it was, a coroutine does not unwind its stack in case of
errors (and therefore do not close its to-be-closed variables). This
allows the stack to be examined after the error. The program can
use 'coroutine.kill' to close the variables.
The function created by 'coroutine.wrap', however, closes the
coroutine's variables in case of errors, as it is impossible to examine
the stack any way.
- 'L' added to the 'BuffFS' structure
- '%c' does not handle control characters (it is not its business.
This now is done by the lexer, who is the one in charge of that
kind of errors.)
- avoid the direct use of 'l_sprintf' in the Lua kernel
Both when setting a path and searching for a file ('searchpath'),
this commit reduces the number of intermediate strings created
in Lua.
(For setting a path the change is not relevant, because this is
done only twice when loading the module. Anyway, it is a nice example
of how to use auxlib buffers to manipulate strings in the C API.)
The function 'luaO_pushvfstring' now uses an internal buffer to
concatenate small strings, instead of pushing all pieces on the
stack. This avoids the creation of several small Lua strings for each
piece of the result. (For instance, a format like "n: '%d'" used to
create three intermediate strings: "n: '", the numeral, and "'".
Now it creates none.)
Avoid creating extra strings when possible:
- avoid creating new resulting string when subject was not modified
(instead, return the subject itself);
- avoid creating strings representing the captured substrings when
handling replacements like '%1' (instead, add the substring directly
to the buffer).
Checks of the form '1 <= x && x <= M' were rewritten in the form
'(unsigned)x - 1 < (unsigned)M', which is usually more efficient.
(Other similar checks have similar translations.) Although
some compilers do these optimizations, that does not happen
for all compilers or all cases.
When calling metamethods for things like 'a < 3.0', which generates
the opcode OP_LTI, the C register tells that the operand was
converted to an integer, so that it can be corrected to float when
calling a metamethod.
This commit also includes some other stuff:
- file 'onelua.c' added to the project
- opcode OP_PREPVARARG renamed to OP_VARARGPREP
- comparison opcodes rewritten through macros
Changed some implementation details; in particular, it is back using
an internal variable to keep the index, with the control variable
being only a copy of that internal variable. (The direct use of
the control variable demands a check of its type for each access,
which offsets the gains from the use of a single variable.)
- LUAC_VERSION is equal to LUA_VERSION_NUM, and it is stored
as an int.
- 'sizeof(int)' and 'sizeof(size_t)' removed from the header, as
the binary format does not depend on these sizes. (It uses its
own serialization for unsigned integer values.)
The numerical 'for' loop over integers now uses a precomputed counter
to control its number of iteractions. This change eliminates several
weird cases caused by overflows (wrap-around) in the control variable.
(It also ensures that every integer loop halts.)
Also, the special opcodes for the usual case of step==1 were removed.
(The new code is already somewhat complex for the usual case,
but efficient.)
All UTF-8 encoding functionality (including the escape
sequence '\u') accepts all values from the original UTF-8
specification (with sequences of up to six bytes).
By default, the decoding functions in the UTF-8 library do not
accept invalid Unicode code points, such as surrogates. A new
parameter 'nonstrict' makes them accept all code points up to
(2^31)-1, as in the original UTF-8 specification.
- The warning functions get an extra parameter that tells whether
message is to be continued (instead of using end-of-lines as a signal).
- The user data for the warning function is a regular value, instead
of a writable slot inside the Lua state.
When called with no arguments, 'math.randomseed' uses time and ASLR
to generate a somewhat random seed. the initial seed when Lua starts
is generated this way.
Several small improvements (code style, warnings, comments, more tests),
in particular:
- 'lua_topointer' extended to handle strings
- raises an error in 'string.format("%10q")' ('%q' with modifiers)
- in the manual for 'string.format', the term "option" replaced by
"conversion specifier" (the term used by the C standard)
After a major bad collection (one that collects too few objects),
next collection will be major again. In that case, avoid switching
back to generational mode (as it will have to switch again to
incremental to do next major collection).
The function 'string.gmatch' now has an optional 'init' argument,
similar to 'string.find' and 'string.match'. Moreover, there was
some reorganization in the manipulation of indices in the string
library.
This commit also includes small janitorial work in the manual
and in comments in the interpreter loop.
To-be-closed variables must contain objects with '__toclose'
metamethods (or nil). Functions were removed for several reasons:
* Functions interact badly with sandboxes. If a sandbox raises
an error to interrupt a script, a to-be-closed function still
can hijack control and continue running arbitrary sandboxed code.
* Functions interact badly with coroutines. If a coroutine yields
and is never resumed again, its to-be-closed functions will never
run. To-be-closed objects, on the other hand, will still be closed,
provided they have appropriate finalizers.
* If you really need a function, it is easy to create a dummy
object to run that function in its '__toclose' metamethod.
This comit also adds closing of variables in case of panic.
* unification of the 'nny' and 'nCcalls' counters;
* external C functions ('lua_CFunction') count more "slots" in
the C stack (to allow for their possible use of buffers)
* added a new test script specific for C-stack overflows. (Most
of those tests were already present, but concentrating them
in a single script easies the task of checking whether
'LUAI_MAXCCALLS' is adequate in a system.)
The script 'all', to run all tests, automatically ensures that the
Lua interpreter and the test C libraries (in 'testes/libs/') are
updated with any changes in 'luaconf.h'.
This file is not part of the regular tests. It tests error conditions
that demand too much memory or too much time to create:
* string with too many characters
* control structure with body too large
* chunk with too many lines
* identifier with too many characters
* chunks with too many instructions
* function with too many constants
* too many strings internalized
* table with too many entries
In machines with limited memory (less than 150 GB), many tests run up
to a "not enough memory" error. We need some memory (~256 GB) to
run all tests up to their intrinsic limits.
New functions to reset/kill a thread/coroutine, mainly (only?) to
close any pending to-be-closed variable. ('lua_resetthread' also
allows a thread to be reused...)
The call 'math.rand()' converts the higher bits of the internal unsigned
integer random to a float, instead of its lower bits. That ensures that
Lua compiled with different float precisions always generates equal (up
to the available precision) random numbers when given the same seed.
A to-be-closed variable must be closed when a block ends, so even
a 'return foo()' cannot directly returns the results of 'foo'; the
function must close the scope before returning.
It is an error for a to-be-closed variable to have a non-closable
non-nil value when it is being closed. This situation does not seem to
be useful and often hints to an error. (Particularly in the C API, it is
easy to change a to-be-closed index by mistake.)
To remove a to-be-closed variable from the stack in the C API a
function must use 'lua_settop' or 'lua_pop'. Previous implementation of
'luaL_pushresult' was not closing the box. (This commit also added
tests to check that box is being closed "as soon as possible".)
Added opcodes for all seven arithmetic operators with K operands
(that is, operands that are numbers in the array of constants of
the function). They cover the cases of constant float operands
(e.g., 'x + .0.0', 'x^0.5') and large integer operands (e.g.,
'x % 10000').
Sometimes it is useful to mark to-be-closed an index that is not
at the top of the stack (e.g., if the value to be closed came from
a function call returning multiple values).
The variable to be closed in a generic 'for' loop now is the
4th value produced in the loop initialization, instead of being
the loop state (the 2nd value produced). That allows a loop to
use a state with a '__toclose' metamethod but do not close it.
(As an example, 'f:lines()' might use the file 'f' as a state
for the loop, but it should not close the file when the loop ends.)
The new syntax is <local *toclose x = f()>. The mark '*' allows other
attributes to be added later without the need of new keywords; it
also allows better error messages. The API function was also renamed
('lua_tobeclosed' -> 'lua_toclose').
The mechanism of "caching the last closure created for a prototype to
try to reuse it the next time a closure for that prototype is created"
was removed. There are several reasons:
- It is hard to find a natural example where this cache has a measurable
impact on performance.
- Programmers already perceive closure creation as something slow,
so they tend to avoid it inside hot paths. (Any case where the cache
could reuse a closure can be rewritten predefining the closure in some
variable and using that variable.)
- The implementation was somewhat complex, due to a bad interaction
with the generational collector. (Typically, new closures are new,
while prototypes are old. So, the cache breaks the invariant that
old objects should not point to new ones.)
The implicit variable 'state' in a generic 'for' is marked as a
to-be-closed variable, so that the state will be closed as soon
as the loop ends, no matter how.
Taking advantage of this new facility, the call 'io.lines(filename)'
now returns the open file as a second result. Therefore,
an iteraction like 'for l in io.lines(name)...' will close the
file even when the loop ends with a break or an error.
"Better" and similar to error messages for invalid function arguments.
*old message: 'for' limit must be a number
*new message: bad 'for' limit (number expected, got table)
Statements like 'if cond then goto label' generate code so that the
jump in the 'if' goes directly to the given label. This optimization
cannot be done when the jump is backwards leaving the scope of some
variable, as it cannot add the needed 'close' instruction. (The jumps
were already generated by the 'if'.)
This commit also added 'likely'/'unlikely' for tests for errors in
the parser, and it changed the way breaks outside loops are detected.
(Now they are detected like other goto's with undefined labels.)
Added restriction that, when a label is created, there cannot be
another label with the same name visible. That allows backward goto's
to be resolved when they are read. Backward goto's get a close if
they jump out of the scope of some variable; labels get a close only
if previous goto to it jumps out of the scope of some upvalue.
A closing method cannot be called in its own stack slot, as there may
be returning values in the stack after that slot, and the call would
corrupt those values. Instead, the closing method must be copied to the
top of the stack to be called.
Moreover, even when a function returns no value, its return istruction
still has to have its position (which will set the stack top) after
the local variables, otherwise a closing method might corrupt another
not-yet-called closing method.
Start of the implementation of "scoped variables" or "to be closed"
variables, local variables whose '__close' (or themselves) are called
when they go out of scope. This commit implements the syntax, the
opcode, and the creation of the corresponding upvalue, but it still
does not call the finalizations when the variable goes out of scope
(the most important part).
Currently, the syntax is 'local scoped name = exp', but that will
probably change.
The multiplication (m*b) used to test whether 'm' is non-zero and
'm' and 'b' have different signs can underflow for very small numbers,
giving a wrong result. The use of explicit comparisons solves this
problem. This commit also adds several new tests for '%' (both for
floats and for integers) to exercise more corner cases, such as
very large and very small values.
As hinted in the manual for Lua 5.3, the emulation of the metamethod
for '__le' using '__le' has been deprecated. It is slow, complicates
the logic, and it is easy to avoid this emulation by defining a proper
'__le' function.
Moreover, often this emulation was used wrongly, with a programmer
assuming that an order is total when it is not (e.g., NaN in
floating-point numbers).
From the point of view of 'git', all names are relative to the root
directory of the project. So, file names in '$Id:' also should be
relative to that directory: the proper name for test file 'all.lua'
is 'testes/all.lua'.
During generational collection, a userdatum must become gray and
go to a gray list after being traversed (like tables), so that
'correctgraylist' can handle it to its next stage.
This commit also added minimum tests for the generational collector,
including one that would detect this bug.
When creating code for a jump on a 'not' condition, the code generator
was removing an instruction (the OP_NOT) without adjusting its
corresponding line information.
This fix also added tests for this case and extra functionality in
the test library to debug line info. structures.
