E - Forms Compatibility

This appendix describes the Forms compatibility included with FLTK.

Importing Forms Layout Files

FLUID can read the .fd files put out by all versions of Forms and XForms fdesign. However, it will mangle them a bit, but it prints a warning message about anything it does not understand. FLUID cannot write fdesign files, so you should save to a new name so you don't write over the old one.

You will need to edit your main code considerably to get it to link with the output from FLUID. If you are not interested in this you may have more immediate luck with the forms compatibility header, <FL/forms.H>.

Using the Compatibility Header File

You should be able to compile existing Forms or XForms source code by changing the include directory switch to your compiler so that the forms.h file supplied with FLTK is included. Take a look at forms.h to see how it works, but the basic trick is lots of inline functions. Most of the XForms demo programs work without changes.

You will also have to compile your Forms or XForms program using a C++ compiler. The FLTK library does not provide C bindings or header files.

Although FLTK was designed to be compatable with the GL Forms library (version 0.3 or so), XForms has bloated severely and it's interface is X-specific. Therefore, XForms compatibility is no longer a goal of FLTK. Compatibility was limited to things that were free, or that would add code that would not be linked in if the feature is unused, or that was not X-specific.

To use any new features of FLTK, you should rewrite your code to not use the inline functions and instead use "pure" FLTK. This will make it a lot cleaner and make it easier to figure out how to call the FLTK functions. Unfortunately this conversion is harder than expected and even Digital Domain's inhouse code still uses forms.H a lot.

Problems You Will Encounter

Many parts of XForms use X-specific structures like XEvent in their interface. I did not emulate these! Unfortunately these features (such as the "canvas" widget) are needed by most large programs. You will need to rewrite these to use FLTK subclasses.

Fl_Free widgets emulate the old Forms "free" widget. It may be useful for porting programs that change the handle() function on widgets, but you will still need to rewrite things.

Fl_Timer widgets are provided to emulate the XForms timer. These work, but are quite inefficient and inaccurate compared to using Fl::add_timeout().

All instance variables are hidden. If you directly refer to the x, y, w, h, label, or other fields of your Forms widgets you will have to add empty parenthesis after each reference. The easiest way to do this is to globally replace "->x" with "->x()", etc. Replace "boxtype" with "box()".

const char * arguments to most FLTK methods are simply stored, while Forms would strdup() the passed string. This is most noticable with the label of widgets. Your program must always pass static data such as a string constant or malloc'd buffer to label(). If you are using labels to display program output you may want to try the Fl_Output widget.

The default fonts and sizes are matched to the older GL version of Forms, so all labels will draw somewhat larger than an XForms program does.

fdesign outputs a setting of a "fdui" instance variable to the main window. I did not emulate this because I wanted all instance variables to be hidden. You can store the same information in the user_data() field of a window. To do this, search through the fdesign output for all occurances of "->fdui" and edit to use "->user_data()" instead. This will require casts and is not trivial.

The prototype for the functions passed to fl_add_timeout() and fl_set_idle_callback() callback are different.

All the following XForms calls are missing:

FL_REVISION, fl_library_version()
FL_RETURN_DBLCLICK (use Fl::event_clicks())
fl_add_signal_callback()
fl_set_form_atactivate() fl_set_form_atdeactivate()
fl_set_form_property()
fl_set_app_mainform(), fl_get_app_mainform()
fl_set_form_minsize(), fl_set_form_maxsize()
fl_set_form_event_cmask(), fl_get_form_event_cmask()
fl_set_form_dblbuffer(), fl_set_object_dblbuffer() (use an Fl_Double_Window instead)
fl_adjust_form_size()
fl_register_raw_callback()
fl_set_object_bw(), fl_set_border_width()
fl_set_object_resize(), fl_set_object_gravity()
fl_set_object_shortcutkey()
fl_set_object_automatic()
fl_get_object_bbox() (maybe FLTK should do this)
fl_set_object_prehandler(), fl_set_object_posthandler()
fl_enumerate_fonts()
Most drawing functions
fl_set_coordunit() (FLTK uses pixels all the time)
fl_ringbell()
fl_gettime()
fl_win*() (all these functions)
fl_initialize(argc,argv,x,y,z) ignores last 3 arguments
fl_read_bitmapfile(), fl_read_pixmapfile()
fl_addto_browser_chars()
FL_MENU_BUTTON just draws normally
fl_set_bitmapbutton_file(), fl_set_pixmapbutton_file()
FL_CANVAS objects
FL_DIGITAL_CLOCK (comes out analog)
fl_create_bitmap_cursor(), fl_set_cursor_color()
fl_set_dial_angles()
fl_show_oneliner()
fl_set_choice_shortcut(a,b,c)
command log
Only some of file selector is emulated
FL_DATE_INPUT
fl_pup*() (all these functions)
textbox object (should be easy but I had no sample programs)
xyplot object

Additional Notes

These notes were written for porting programs written with the older IRISGL version of Forms. Most of these problems are the same ones encountered when going from old Forms to XForms:

Does Not Run In Background

The IRISGL library always forked when you created the first window, unless "foreground()" was called. FLTK acts like "foreground()" is called all the time. If you really want the fork behavior do "if (fork()) exit(0)" right at the start of your program.

You Cannot Use IRISGL Windows or fl_queue

If a Forms (not XForms) program if you wanted your own window for displaying things you would create a IRISGL window and draw in it, periodically calling Forms to check if the user hit buttons on the panels. If the user did things to the IRISGL window, you would find this out by having the value FL_EVENT returned from the call to Forms.

None of this works with FLTK. Nor will it compile, the necessary calls are not in the interface.

You have to make a subclass of Fl_Gl_Window and write a draw() method and handle() method. This may require anywhere from a trivial to a major rewrite.

If you draw into the overlay planes you will have to also write a draw_overlay() method and call redraw_overlay() on the OpenGL window.

One easy way to hack your program so it works is to make the draw() and handle() methods on your window set some static variables, storing what event happened. Then in the main loop of your program, call Fl::wait() and then check these variables, acting on them as though they are events read from fl_queue.

You Must Use OpenGL to Draw Everything

The file <FL/gl.h> defines replacements for a lot of IRISGL calls, translating them to OpenGL. There are much better translators available that you might want to investigate.

You Cannot Make Forms Subclasses

Programs that call fl_make_object or directly setting the handle routine will not compile. You have to rewrite them to use a subclass of Fl_Widget. It is important to note that the handle() method is not exactly the same as the handle() function of Forms. Where a Forms handle() returned non-zero, your handle() must call do_callback(). And your handle() must return non-zero if it "understood" the event.

An attempt has been made to emulate the "free" widget. This appears to work quite well. It may be quicker to modify your subclass into a "free" widget, since the "handle" functions match.

If your subclass draws into the overlay you are in trouble and will have to rewrite things a lot.

You Cannot Use <device.h>

If you have written your own "free" widgets you will probably get a lot of errors about "getvaluator". You should substitute:

Forms	FLTK
MOUSE_X	Fl::event_x_root()
MOUSE_Y	Fl::event_y_root()
LEFTSHIFTKEY,RIGHTSHIFTKEY	Fl::event_shift()
CAPSLOCKKEY	Fl::event_capslock()
LEFTCTRLKEY,RIGHTCTRLKEY	Fl::event_ctrl()
LEFTALTKEY,RIGHTALTKEY	Fl::event_alt()
MOUSE1,RIGHTMOUSE	Fl::event_state()
MOUSE2,MIDDLEMOUSE	Fl::event_state()
MOUSE3,LEFTMOUSE	Fl::event_state()

Anything else in getvaluator and you are on your own...

Font Numbers Are Different

The "style" numbers have been changed because I wanted to insert bold-italic versions of the normal fonts. If you use Times, Courier, or Bookman to display any text you will get a different font out of FLTK. If you are really desperate to fix this use the following code:

fl_font_name(3,"*courier-medium-r-no*");
fl_font_name(4,"*courier-bold-r-no*");
fl_font_name(5,"*courier-medium-o-no*");
fl_font_name(6,"*times-medium-r-no*");
fl_font_name(7,"*times-bold-r-no*");
fl_font_name(8,"*times-medium-i-no*");
fl_font_name(9,"*bookman-light-r-no*");
fl_font_name(10,"*bookman-demi-r-no*");
fl_font_name(11,"*bookman-light-i-no*");