fltk/test/checkers.cxx

//
// Checkers game for the Fast Light Tool Kit (FLTK).
//
// Hours of fun: the FLTK checkers game!
// Based on a very old algorithm, but it still works!
//
// Copyright 1998-2017 by Bill Spitzak and others.
//
// This library is free software. Distribution and use rights are outlined in
// the file "COPYING" which should have been included with this file.  If this
// file is missing or damaged, see the license at:
//
//     https://www.fltk.org/COPYING.php
//
// Please see the following page on how to report bugs and issues:
//
//     https://www.fltk.org/bugs.php
//

const char* copyright =
"Checkers game\n"
"Copyright (C) 1997-2010 Bill Spitzak    spitzak@d2.com\n"
"Original Pascal code:\n"
"Copyright 1978, Oregon Minicomputer Software, Inc.\n"
"2340 SW Canyon Road, Portland, Oregon 97201\n"
"Written by Steve Poulsen 18-Jan-79\n"
"\n"
"This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify "
"it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by "
"the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or "
"(at your option) any later version.\n"
"\n"
"This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, "
"but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of "
"MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the "
"GNU General Public License for more details.\n"
"\n"
"You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public "
"License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software "
"Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 "
"USA.";

// Define FLTK to get the fltk interface
// Define VT100 to get the VT100 interface
// Define both to get a program that takes a -t switch

#define FLTK
//#define VT100

#undef check

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <time.h>

#ifdef VT100
#include <ctype.h>      // toupper
#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The algorithim:

int maxevaluate=2500;           // max number of moves to examine on a turn
int maxnodes = 2500;            // maximum number of nodes in search tree
int maxply = 20;                // maximum depth to look ahead
char forcejumps = 1;            // is forced jumps rule in effect?

// scoring parameters: (all divided by 5 from original code)
// some signs seem to be backwards, marked them with (-) in comment
const int spiece = 800;         // value of a piece
const int sking = 1200;         // value of a king
const int sadvan = 160;         // value of mypieces/theirpieces-1
// const int smobil = ?         // moves *enemy* can make w/o being jumped
const int sallpin = 80;         // mobil == 0
const int sdeny = 10;           // moves enemy can make that will be jumped
const int spin = 32;            // enemy pieces that have no move except jumped
const int sthreat = -10;        // enemy pieces we can jump if not moved (-)
const int sgrad = 1;            // score of piece positions
const int sback = 10;           // back row occupied so enemy can't make king
const int smoc2 = 200;          // more mobility, more center
const int smoc3 = -8;           // less mobility, less center
const int smoc4 = -80;          // more mobility, less center
const int smode2 = -14;         // less mobility, less denied
const int smode3 = -40;         // more mobility, more denied (-)
const int sdemmo = -20;         // more denied, more moves (-)
const int scent = 10;           // pieces in center
const int skcent = 100;         // kings in center

const int depthpenalty=4;       // guess
const int noise=2;              // values less or eq to this apart are eq

// const int sattackking = 4;   // not used
// const int sattackpiece = 3;

struct node {
  node *father;
  node *son;            // best son
  node *brother;        // next brother
  short int value;      // value of this board position to player making move
  unsigned char from,to; // the move to reach this board
  long int jump;        // bit map of locations jumped
  unsigned char mobil;
  unsigned char deny;
  unsigned char pin;
  unsigned char threat;
  short int gradient;
  unsigned who:1;       // 0 = black's move, 1 = white's move
  unsigned king:1;      // 1 = move causes piece to be kinged
  unsigned back:1;
  unsigned moc2:1;
  unsigned moc3:1;
  unsigned moc4:1;
  unsigned mode2:1;
  unsigned mode3:1;
  unsigned demmo:1;
};

int nodes;              // count of nodes

/*      Board positions:        Border positions:

              WHITE               00  01  02  03  04
          05  06  07  08        04  XX  XX  XX  XX
        09  10  11  12            XX  XX  XX  XX  13
          14  15  16  17        13  XX  XX  XX  XX
        18  19  20  21            XX  XX  XX  XX  22
          23  24  25  26        22  XX  XX  XX  XX
        27  28  29  30            XX  XX  XX  XX  31
          32  33  34  36        31  XX  XX  XX  XX
        36  37  38  39            XX  XX  XX  XX  40
              BLACK             40  41  42  43  44

*/

typedef char piece;

// Piece values so that BLACK and WHITE are bit flags:
#define EMPTY 0
#define BLACK 1
#define WHITE 2
#define KING 4
#define BLACKKING 5
#define WHITEKING 6
#define BLUE 8

const piece flip[9] = {
  EMPTY, WHITE, BLACK, 0, 0, WHITEKING, BLACKKING, 0, BLUE};

const int offset[9][4] = {      // legal move directions
  {0,0,0,0},
  {-5,-4,0,0},
  {4,5,0,0},
  {0,0,0,0},
  {0,0,0,0},
  {4,5,-4,-5},
  {4,5,-4,-5},
  {0,0,0,0},
  {0,0,0,0}
};

piece b[45];            // current board position being considered

int evaluated;          // number of moves evaluated this turn

char centralsquares[45];
char is_protected[45];

piece flipboard[45];    // swapped if enemy is black
piece *tb;              // pointer to real or swapped board
#define FRIEND BLACK
#define FRIENDKING BLACKKING
#define ENEMY WHITE
#define ENEMYKING WHITEKING

char check(int target,int direction) {
  // see if enemy at target can be jumped from direction by our piece
  int dst = target-direction;
  if (tb[dst]) return(0);
  int src = target+direction;
  if (tb[src] == FRIENDKING);
  else if (direction < 0 || tb[src] != FRIEND) return(0);
  piece aa = tb[target]; piece bb = tb[src];
  tb[target] = EMPTY; tb[src] = EMPTY;
  int safe =
    (   (tb[src-4]&FRIEND && tb[src-8]&ENEMY)
     || (tb[src-5]&FRIEND && tb[src-10]&ENEMY)
     || (tb[dst-4]&ENEMY && !tb[dst+4])
     || (tb[dst-5]&ENEMY && !tb[dst+5])
     || (tb[src+4]&FRIEND && tb[src+8]==ENEMYKING)
     || (tb[src+5]&FRIEND && tb[src+10]==ENEMYKING)
     || (tb[dst+4]==ENEMYKING && !tb[dst-4])
     || (tb[dst+5]==ENEMYKING && !tb[dst-5]));
  tb[target] = aa; tb[src] = bb;
  return(safe);
}

int deniedmoves,undeniedmoves;
void analyzemove(int direction,int src) {
  int target = src+direction;
  if (!tb[target]) {
    if (!tb[target+direction]) is_protected[target] = 1;
    piece a = tb[src]; tb[src] = EMPTY;
    if (check(target,4) || check(target,5) ||
        check(target,-4) || check(target,-5) ||
        (tb[src+4]&ENEMY && check(src+4,4)) ||
        (tb[src+5]&ENEMY && check(src+5,5)) ||
        (tb[src-4]&ENEMY && check(src-4,-4)) ||
        (tb[src-5]&ENEMY && check(src-5,-5)))
      deniedmoves++;
    else undeniedmoves++;
    tb[src] = a;
  }
}

void evaluateboard(node *n,int print) {

  if (!n->who) tb = b;  // move was black's
  else {
    for (int i=0; i<45; i++) flipboard[44-i] = flip[(int)b[i]];
    tb = flipboard;
  }

  memset(is_protected,0,sizeof(is_protected));
  int friendpieces = 0;
  int enemypieces = 0;
  int friendkings = 0;
  int enemykings = 0;
  int friendkcent = 0;
  int friendcent = 0;
  int enemykcent = 0;
  int enemycent = 0;
  n->mobil = n->deny = n->pin = n->threat = 0;

  int i;
  for (i=5; i<40; i++) switch(tb[i]) {
  case ENEMYKING:
    enemykings++;
    enemykcent += centralsquares[i];
    deniedmoves = 0;
    undeniedmoves = 0;
    if (i>8) {
      analyzemove(-4,i);
      analyzemove(-5,i);
    }
    goto J1;
  case ENEMY:
    deniedmoves = 0;
    undeniedmoves = 0;
  J1:   enemypieces++;
    enemycent += centralsquares[i];
    if (i<36) {
      analyzemove(4,i);
      analyzemove(5,i);
    }
    if (deniedmoves && !undeniedmoves) n->pin++;
    n->deny += deniedmoves;
    n->mobil += undeniedmoves;
    break;
  case FRIENDKING:
    friendkings++;
    friendkcent += centralsquares[i];
    if (tb[i+4]&ENEMY && !tb[i+8] && !(tb[i+4]==ENEMYKING && !tb[i-4]))
      n->threat++;
    if (tb[i+5]&ENEMY && !tb[i+10] && !(tb[i+5]==ENEMYKING && !tb[i-5]))
      n->threat++;
  case FRIEND:
    friendpieces++;
    friendcent += centralsquares[i];
    if (tb[i-4]&ENEMY && !tb[i-8] && tb[i+4]) n->threat++;
    if (tb[i-5]&ENEMY && !tb[i-10] && tb[i+5]) n->threat++;
    break;
  }

  int gradient[40];
  for (i=4; i<9; i++) gradient[i] = tb[i] ? 0 : 32;
  int total = 0;
  for (i=9; i<40; i++) {
    int x = (gradient[i-4]+gradient[i-5])/2;
    if (tb[i]==FRIEND) total += x;
    gradient[i] = (tb[i]&FRIEND || (!tb[i] && !is_protected[i])) ? x : 0;
  }
  n->gradient = total;

  n->back = tb[39]==FRIEND && tb[37]==FRIEND && !enemykings;

  node* f = n->father;

  n->moc2 = f->mobil>n->mobil && friendcent>enemycent;
  n->moc3 = f->mobil<=n->mobil && friendcent<enemycent;
  n->moc4 = f->mobil>n->mobil && friendcent<enemycent;
  n->mode2 = f->mobil<=n->mobil && n->deny<f->deny;
  n->mode3 = f->mobil>n->mobil && n->deny>f->deny;
  n->demmo = n->deny>f->deny && f->deny+f->mobil>n->deny+n->mobil;

  total =
    spiece      * (friendpieces - enemypieces) +
    (sking-spiece) * (friendkings       - enemykings) +
    //  mobil?
    sdeny       * (n->deny      - f->deny) +
    spin        * (n->pin       - f->pin) +
    sthreat     * (n->threat    - f->threat) +
    sgrad       * (n->gradient  - f->gradient) +
    sback       * (n->back      - f->back) +
    smoc2       * (n->moc2      - f->moc2) +
    smoc3       * (n->moc3      - f->moc3) +
    smoc4       * (n->moc4      - f->moc4) +
    smode2      * (n->mode2     - f->mode2) +
    smode3      * (n->mode3     - f->mode3) +
    sdemmo      * (n->demmo     - f->demmo) +
    scent       * (friendcent   - enemycent) +
    (skcent-scent) * (friendkcent       - enemykcent);
  if (!n->mobil) total += sallpin;

  if (!enemypieces) total = 30000;
  else if (friendpieces > enemypieces)
    total += (sadvan*friendpieces)/enemypieces-sadvan;
  else total -= (sadvan*enemypieces)/friendpieces-sadvan;

  if (print) {
    printf("\tParent\tNew\tScore\n");
    printf("pieces\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",enemypieces,friendpieces,
           spiece*(friendpieces-enemypieces));
    printf("kings\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",enemykings,friendkings,
           (sking-spiece)*(friendkings-enemykings));
    printf("mobil\t%d\t%d\n",f->mobil,n->mobil);
    printf("deny\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->deny,n->deny,sdeny*(n->deny-f->deny));
    printf("pin\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->pin,n->pin,spin*(n->pin-f->pin));
    printf("threat\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->threat,n->threat,sthreat*(n->threat-f->threat));
    printf("grad\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->gradient,n->gradient,sgrad*(n->gradient-f->gradient));
    printf("back\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->back,n->back,sback*(n->back-f->back));
    printf("moc2\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->moc2,n->moc2,smoc2*(n->moc2-f->moc2));
    printf("moc3\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->moc3,n->moc3,smoc3*(n->moc3-f->moc3));
    printf("moc4\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->moc4,n->moc4,smoc4*(n->moc4-f->moc4));
    printf("mode2\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->mode2,n->mode2,smode2*(n->mode2-f->mode2));
    printf("mode3\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->mode3,n->mode3,smode3*(n->mode3-f->mode3));
    printf("demmo\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",f->demmo,n->demmo,sdemmo*(n->demmo-f->demmo));
    printf("cent\t%d\t%d\t%dn",enemycent,friendcent,scent*(friendcent-enemycent));
    printf("kcent\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",enemykcent,friendkcent,skcent*(friendkcent-enemykcent));
    printf("total:\t\t\t%d\n",total);
  }
  else {
    n->value = total;
    evaluated++;
  }
}       // end of evaluateboard

// --------------------- Tree management -----------------

node *freelist;

node *newnode(void) {
  node *n;
  if (freelist) {
    n = freelist;
    freelist = n->brother;
  }
  else n = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
  memset(n,0,sizeof(node));
  nodes++;
  return(n);
}

void extract(node *n) {
  node* i = n->father;
  if (i) {
    node* j = i->son;
    if (j==n) i->son = n->brother;
    else while (j) {
      i = j; j = j->brother;
      if (j==n) {i->brother = n->brother; break;}
    }
  }
  n->brother = 0;
}

void killnode(node *x) {
  if (!x) return;
  node *y;
  for (y = x; ; y = y->brother) {
    nodes--;
    killnode(y->son); y->son = 0;
    if (!y->brother) break;
  }
  y->brother = freelist;
  freelist = x;
}

int seed;               // current random number

void insert(node *n) {
  int val = n->value;
  node **pp;
  for (pp = &(n->father->son); *pp; pp = &((*pp)->brother)) {
    int val1 = (*pp)->value;
    if (abs(val-val1) <= noise) {
      seed = (seed*13077+5051)%0100000;
      if ((seed & 070) >= 060) break;
    }
    else if (val > val1) break;
  }
  n->brother = *pp;
  *pp = n;
}

// --------------------------------------------------------------

void movepiece(node* f, int i, node* jnode) {
  static char jumphappened;

  for (int k=0; k<4; k++) {
    int direction = offset[(int)b[i]][k];
    if (!direction) break;
    int j = i+direction;
    if (b[j] == EMPTY) {
      if (!jnode && (!forcejumps || !f->son || !f->son->jump)) {
        node* n = newnode();
        n->father = f;
        n->who = !f->who;
        n->from = i;
        n->to = j;
        piece oldpiece = b[i]; b[i] = EMPTY;
        if (!(oldpiece&KING) && n->who ? (j>=36) : (j<=8)) {
          n->king = 1;
          b[j] = oldpiece|KING;
        }
        else b[j] = oldpiece;
        evaluateboard(n,0);
        insert(n);
        b[i] = oldpiece; b[j] = EMPTY;
      }
    } else if (((b[j]^b[i])&(WHITE|BLACK))==(WHITE|BLACK) && !b[j+direction]) {
      if (forcejumps && f->son && !f->son->jump) {
        killnode(f->son);
        f->son = 0;
      }
      int jumploc = j;
      j += direction;
      node* n = newnode();
      n->father = f;
      n->who = !f->who;
      n->from = i;
      n->to = j;
      n->jump = (1<<(jumploc-10));
      piece oldpiece = b[i]; b[i] = EMPTY;
      if (!(oldpiece&KING) && n->who ? (j>=36) : (j<=8)) {
        n->king = 1;
        b[j] = oldpiece|KING;
      }
      else b[j] = oldpiece;
      if (jnode) {
        n->from = jnode->from;
        n->jump |= jnode->jump;
        n->king |= jnode->king;
      }
      piece jumpedpiece = b[jumploc];
      b[jumploc] = EMPTY;
      jumphappened = 0;
      movepiece(f,j,n);
      if (forcejumps && jumphappened) killnode(n);
      else {evaluateboard(n,0); insert(n);}
      b[i] = oldpiece; b[j] = EMPTY;
      b[jumploc] = jumpedpiece;
      jumphappened = 1;
    }
  }
}

void expandnode(node *f) {
  if (f->son || f->value > 28000) return;       // already done
  piece turn = f->who ? BLACK : WHITE;
  for (int i=5; i<40; i++) if (b[i]&turn) movepiece(f,i,0);
  if (f->son) {
    f->value = -f->son->value;
    if (f->brother) f->value -= depthpenalty;
  }
  else f->value = 30000;
}

void makemove(node *n) {
  b[n->to] = b[n->from];
  if (n->king) b[n->to] |= KING;
  b[n->from] = EMPTY;
  if (n->jump) for(int i=0; i<32; i++) {
    if (n->jump & (1<<i)) b[10+i] = EMPTY;
  }
}

int didabort(void);

int fullexpand(node *f, int level) {
  if (didabort() || nodes > maxnodes-(maxply*10) || evaluated > maxevaluate) return(0);
  expandnode(f);
  if (!f->son) return(1);
  piece oldboard[45];
  memmove(oldboard,b,sizeof(b));
  node* n = f->son;
  if (!n->jump && n->brother) {if (level<1) return(1); level--;}
  int i;
  node* sons[32]; for (i=0; (sons[i++] = n); n = n->brother) {/*empty*/}
  int ret = 1;
  for (i=0; ret && (n = sons[i++]);) {
    makemove(n);
    ret = fullexpand(n,level);
    memmove(b,oldboard,sizeof(b));
    extract(n);
    insert(n);
  }
  f->value = -f->son->value;
  return(ret);
}

int descend(node *f) {
  static int depth;
  if (didabort() || nodes > maxnodes || depth >= maxply) return(0);
  if (f->son) {
    node* n = f->son;
    makemove(n);
    depth++;
    int ret = descend(n);
    depth--;
    extract(n);
    insert(n);
    f->value = -f->son->value;
    return(ret);
  }
  else {expandnode(f); return(1);}
}

char debug;

node *calcmove(node *root) {    // return best move after root
  expandnode(root);
  if (!root->son) return(0);    // no move due to loss
  if (debug) printf("calcmove() initial nodes = %d\n",nodes);
  evaluated = 0;
  if (root->son->brother) {
    int x;
    for (x = 1; abs(root->value)<28000 && fullexpand(root,x); x++);
    piece saveboard[45]; memmove(saveboard,b,sizeof(b));
    while (abs(root->value)<28000) {
      x = descend(root);
      memmove(b,saveboard,sizeof(b));
      if (!x) break;
    }
  }
  if (debug) printf(" evaluated %d, nodes = %d\n", evaluated, nodes);
  return(root->son);
}

// the actual game state ----------------

node *root,*undoroot;

piece jumpboards[24][45];       // saved boards for undoing jumps
int nextjump;

char user;      // 0 = black, 1 = white
char playing;
char autoplay;

void newgame(void) {

  int n;
  for (n=0; n<5; n++) b[n] = BLUE;
  for (n=5; n<18; n++) b[n] = WHITE;
  for (n=18; n<27; n++) b[n] = EMPTY;
  for (n=27; n<40; n++) b[n] = BLACK;
  for (n=40; n<45; n++) b[n] = BLUE;
  b[13] = b[22] = b[31] = BLUE;

  centralsquares[15] = centralsquares[16] =
    centralsquares[19] = centralsquares[20] =
    centralsquares[24] = centralsquares[25] =
    centralsquares[28] = centralsquares[29] = 1;

  // set up initial search tree:
  nextjump = 0;
  killnode(undoroot);
  undoroot = root = newnode();

  // make it white's move, so first move is black:
  root->who = 1;
  user = 0;
  playing = 1;
}

void domove(node* move) {
  if (move->jump) memmove(jumpboards[nextjump++],b,sizeof(b));
  makemove(move);
  extract(move);
  killnode(root->son);
  root->son = move;
  root = move;
  if (debug) evaluateboard(move,1);
}

node* undomove() {
  node *n = root;
  if (n == undoroot) return 0; // no more undo possible
  if (n->jump) memmove(b,jumpboards[--nextjump],sizeof(b));
  else {
    b[n->from] = b[n->to];
    if (n->king) b[n->from] &= (WHITE|BLACK);
    b[n->to] = EMPTY;
  }
  root = n->father;
  killnode(n);
  root->son = 0;
  root->value = 0;      // prevent it from thinking game is over
  playing = 1;
  if (root == undoroot) user = 0;
  return n;
}

const char _usermoves[] =
"B1D1F1H1A2C2E2G2??B3D3F3H3A4C4E4G4??B5D5F5H5A6C6E6G6??B7D7F7H7A8C8E8G8??";
#define usermoves(x,y) _usermoves[2*((x)-5)+(y)-1]

void dumpnode(node *n, int help) {
  int x = n->from;
  int y = n->to;
  if (help) printf("%c%c %c%c\t- ",
                   usermoves(x,1),usermoves(x,2),
                   usermoves(y,1),usermoves(y,2));
  printf("%s %ss from %c%c to %c%c",
         n->who ? "White" : "Black",
         n->jump ? "jump" : "move",
         usermoves(x,1),usermoves(x,2),
         usermoves(y,1),usermoves(y,2));
  if (n->jump) {
    for (int i=0; i<32; i++) if (n->jump & (1<<i))
      printf(", %c%c",usermoves(10+i,1),usermoves(10+i,2));
    printf(" removed");
  }
  printf(" (%+d).\n",n->value);
}

int abortflag;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// VT100 Interface:
#ifdef VT100

void positioncursor(int i) {
  printf("\033[%d;%dH",
         usermoves(i,2)-'0'+1,
         2*(usermoves(i,1)-'A')+1);
}

void outpiecename(piece n) {
  printf(n&BLACK ? "\033[1;7m" : "\033[1m");
  putchar(" BW??BW??"[n]);
  putchar(" BW??KK??"[n]);
  printf("\033[0m");
}

void VT100board(void) {
  printf("\033<\033[H\033[J\033[10r");
  int l = 0;
  puts(" A B C D E F G H");
  for (int i=0; i<4; i++) {
    int j = 9*i+5;
    int k;
    for (k=0; k<4; k++) {
      printf("\033[7m  \033[0m");
      outpiecename(b[j+k]);
    }
    l++;
    printf("%d\n",l);
    j += 4;
    for (k=0; k<4; k++) {
      outpiecename(b[j+k]);
      printf("\033[7m  \033[0m");
    }
    l++;
    printf("%d\n",l);
  }
}

void VT100move(node *n, int) {
  if (!n) return;
  printf("\0337");
  positioncursor(n->from);
  outpiecename(b[n->from]);
  positioncursor(n->to);
  outpiecename(b[n->to]);
  if (n->jump) for(int i=0; i<32; i++) {
    if (n->jump & (1<<i)) {
      positioncursor(10+i);
      outpiecename(b[10+i]);
    }
  }
  printf("\0338");
}

int decode(char *m) {
  int i;
  for(i=5; i<=40; i++)
    if (toupper(m[0])==usermoves(i,1) && m[1]==usermoves(i,2)) return(i);
  return(0);
}

#include <signal.h>

static void sigint(...) {
  abortflag = 1;
  signal(SIGINT,sigint);
}

void fixexit(int x) {
  printf("\0337\033[r\0338");
  exit(x);
}

// Returns a son, or 0 if no move specified, or root to cause "help"
node *getusermove(void) {
  int i,j;
  node *t;
  char line[100],*m1,*m2;

  if (playing)
    printf("\033[1m%s's move?\033[0m ",root->who ? "Black" : "White");
  else
    printf("\033[1mCommand?\033[0m ");
  abortflag = 0;
  if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin)) {
    putchar('\n');
    if (feof(stdin)) fixexit(0);
    return 0;
  }
  for (m1 = line; *m1 && *m1<=' '; m1++);
  if (!*m1) return(0);
  m2 = m1+1;
  if (*m2) m2++;
  for (; *m2 && *m2<'0'; m2++);
  if (playing && m1[1]>='0' && m1[1]<='9') {
    i = decode(m1);
    j = decode(m2);
    if (i && j) for (t = root->son; t; t = t->brother)
      if (t->from == i && t->to == j) return(t);
    puts("Valid moves are:");
    m1[0] = 'L';
  }
  switch(toupper(m1[0])) {
  case 0: return(0);
  case 'A':
    if (playing) autoplay = 1;
    return(root);
  case 'C':
    puts(copyright);
    break;
  case 'D':
    debug = !debug;
    printf("Debug is now %s.", debug ? "on" : "off");
    break;
  case 'F':
    forcejumps = !forcejumps;
    printf("Forced jumps rule is now %s.",forcejumps ? "on" : "off");
    killnode(root->son); root->son = 0;
    return(0);
  case 'L':
    expandnode(root);
    if (playing) for (t = root->son; t; t = t->brother) dumpnode(t,1);
    break;
  case 'M':
    return(playing ? root : 0);
  case 'N':
    newgame();
    VT100board();
    return(0);
  case 'P':
    printf("I expect the following moves:\n");
    for (t = root->son; t; t = t->son) dumpnode(t,0);
    break;
  case 'Q':
    fixexit(0);
  case 'R':
    VT100board();
    break;
  case 'S':
    user = !user;
    return(root);
  case 'U':
    VT100move(undomove(),1);
    VT100move(undomove(),1);
    return(0);
  case '+':
    maxevaluate = maxnodes = 2*maxevaluate;
    goto J2;
  case '-':
    if (maxevaluate > 1)
      maxevaluate = maxnodes = maxevaluate/2;
  J2: printf("Moves evaluated set to %d.",maxevaluate);
    break;
  default:
    puts(
         "A(utoplay)\n"
         "C(opyright)\n"
         "D(ebug on/off)\n"
         "F(orce jumps rule on/off)\n"
         "L(ist legal moves)\n"
         "M(ake a move for me)\n"
         "N(ew game)\n"
         "P(redict next few moves)\n"
         "Q(uit)\n"
         "R(edraw screen)\n"
         "S(witch sides)\n"
         "U(ndo)\n"
         "+     - smarter\n"
         "-     - stupider");
    expandnode(root);
    for (t = root->son; t; t = t->brother) dumpnode(t,1);
  }
  return(0);
}

int VT100main() {
  signal(SIGINT,sigint);
  VT100board();
  for (;;) {
    if (playing) {
      expandnode(root);
      if (!root->son) {
        printf("%s has no move.  Game over.",root->who ? "Black" : "White");
        playing = autoplay = 0;
      }
    }
    node* move;
    if (playing && (autoplay || root->who == user)) {
      move = calcmove(root);
      if (move->value <= -30000) {
        printf("%s resigns.", move->who ? "White" : "Black");
        move = 0;
        playing = autoplay = 0;
      }
    } else {
      move = getusermove();
      if (move == root) move = calcmove(root);
    }
    if (move) {
      dumpnode(move,0);
      domove(move);
      VT100move(move,0);
    }
  }
}

#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// fltk interface:
#ifdef FLTK

#include <FL/Fl.H>
#include <FL/Fl_Double_Window.H>
#include <FL/Fl_PNG_Image.H>
#include <FL/fl_draw.H>
#include <FL/Fl_Menu_Item.H>
#include <FL/fl_ask.H>

//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Checkers pieces with built in transparency/drop shadows
#include "checkers_pieces.h"

Fl_PNG_Image *png[4];

void make_pieces() {
  if (png[0]) return;
  int which = 0;
  png[which++] = new Fl_PNG_Image(NULL, (const unsigned char *)pixmaps_black_checker_png,      sizeof(pixmaps_black_checker_png));
  png[which++] = new Fl_PNG_Image(NULL, (const unsigned char *)pixmaps_white_checker_png,      sizeof(pixmaps_white_checker_png));
  png[which++] = new Fl_PNG_Image(NULL, (const unsigned char *)pixmaps_black_checker_king_png, sizeof(pixmaps_black_checker_king_png));
  png[which++] = new Fl_PNG_Image(NULL, (const unsigned char *)pixmaps_white_checker_king_png, sizeof(pixmaps_white_checker_king_png));
  for (int i = 0; i < which; i++)
    png[i]->scale(png[i]->data_w()/2, png[i]->data_h()/2);
}

#define ISIZE 62        // old: 56

void draw_piece(int which, int x, int y) {
  if (!fl_not_clipped(x,y,ISIZE,ISIZE)) return;
  switch (which) {
    case BLACK: which = 0; break;
    case WHITE: which = 1; break;
    case BLACKKING: which = 2; break;
    case WHITEKING: which = 3; break;
    default: return;
  }
  png[which]->draw(x,y);
}

//----------------------------------------------------------------

class Board : public Fl_Double_Window {
  void draw();
  int handle(int);
public:
  void drag_piece(int, int, int);
  void drop_piece(int);
  void animate(node* move, int backwards);
  void computer_move(int);
  Board(int w, int h) : Fl_Double_Window(w,h,"FLTK Checkers") {color(15);}
};

#define BOXSIZE 52
#define BORDER 4
#define BOARDSIZE (8*BOXSIZE+BORDER)
#define BMOFFSET 5

static int erase_this;  // real location of dragging piece, don't draw it
static int dragging;    // piece being dragged
static int dragx;       // where it is
static int dragy;
static int showlegal;   // show legal moves

int squarex(int i) {return (usermoves(i,1)-'A')*BOXSIZE+BMOFFSET;}
int squarey(int i) {return (usermoves(i,2)-'1')*BOXSIZE+BMOFFSET;}

void Board::draw() {
  make_pieces();
  // -- draw the board itself
  fl_draw_box(box(),0,0,w(),h(),color());
  // -- draw all dark tiles
  fl_color((Fl_Color)10 /*107*/);
  int x; for (x=0; x<8; x++) for (int y=0; y<8; y++) {
    if (!((x^y)&1)) fl_rectf(BORDER+x*BOXSIZE, BORDER+y*BOXSIZE,
                             BOXSIZE-BORDER, BOXSIZE-BORDER);
  }
  // -- draw outlines around the fileds
  fl_color(FL_DARK3);
  for (x=0; x<9; x++) {
    fl_rectf(x*BOXSIZE,0,BORDER,h());
    fl_rectf(0,x*BOXSIZE,w(),BORDER);
  }
  for (int j = 5; j < 40; j++) if (j != erase_this) {
    draw_piece(b[j], squarex(j), squarey(j));
  }
  if (showlegal) {
    fl_color(FL_WHITE);
    node* n;
    for (n = root->son; n; n = showlegal==2 ? n->son : n->brother) {
      int x1 = squarex(n->from)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int y1 = squarey(n->from)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int x2 = squarex(n->to)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int y2 = squarey(n->to)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      fl_line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
      fl_push_matrix();
      fl_mult_matrix(x2-x1,y2-y1,y1-y2,x2-x1,x2,y2);
      fl_begin_polygon();
      fl_vertex(0,0);
      fl_vertex(-.3, .1);
      fl_vertex(-.3, -.1);
      fl_end_polygon();
      fl_pop_matrix();
    }
    int num = 1;
    fl_color(FL_BLACK);
    fl_font(FL_BOLD,10);
    for (n = root->son; n; n = showlegal==2 ? n->son : n->brother) {
      int x1 = squarex(n->from)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int y1 = squarey(n->from)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int x2 = squarex(n->to)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      int y2 = squarey(n->to)+BOXSIZE/2-5;
      char buf[20]; sprintf(buf,"%d",num);
      fl_draw(buf, x1+int((x2-x1)*.85)-3, y1+int((y2-y1)*.85)+5);
      num++;
    }
  }
  if (dragging) draw_piece(dragging, dragx, dragy);
}

// drag the piece on square i to dx dy, or undo drag if i is zero:
void Board::drag_piece(int j, int dx, int dy) {
  dy = (dy&-2) | (dx&1); // make halftone shadows line up
  if (j != erase_this) drop_piece(erase_this); // should not happen
  if (!erase_this) { // pick up old piece
    dragx = squarex(j); dragy = squarey(j);
    erase_this = j;
    dragging = b[j];
  }
  if (dx != dragx || dy != dragy) {
    damage(FL_DAMAGE_ALL, dragx, dragy, ISIZE, ISIZE);
    damage(FL_DAMAGE_ALL, dx, dy, ISIZE, ISIZE);
  }
  dragx = dx;
  dragy = dy;
}

// drop currently dragged piece on square i
void Board::drop_piece(int j) {
  if (!erase_this) return; // should not happen!
  erase_this = 0;
  dragging = 0;
  int x = squarex(j);
  int y = squarey(j);
  if (x != dragx || y != dragy) {
    damage(4, dragx, dragy, ISIZE, ISIZE);
    damage(4, x, y, ISIZE, ISIZE);
  }
}

// show move (call this *before* the move, *after* undo):
void Board::animate(node* move, int backwards) {
  if (showlegal) {showlegal = 0; redraw();}
  if (!move) return;
  int f = move->from;
  int t = move->to;
  if (backwards) {int x = f; f = t; t = x;}
  int x1 = squarex(f);
  int y1 = squarey(f);
  int x2 = squarex(t);
  int y2 = squarey(t);
  const int STEPS=35;
  for (int j=0; j<STEPS; j++) {
    int x = x1+(x2-x1)*j/STEPS;
    int y = y1+(y2-y1)*j/STEPS;
    drag_piece(move->from,x,y);
    Fl::flush();
  }
  drop_piece(t);
  if (move->jump) redraw();
}

int busy; // causes pop-up abort menu

void Board::computer_move(int help) {
  if (!playing) return;
  cursor(FL_CURSOR_WAIT);
  Fl::flush();
  busy = 1; abortflag = 0;
  node* move = calcmove(root);
  busy = 0;
  if (move) {
    if (!help && move->value <= -30000) {
      fl_message("%s resigns", move->who ? "White" : "Black");
      playing = autoplay = 0;
      cursor(FL_CURSOR_DEFAULT);
      return;
    }
    animate(move,0);
    domove(move);
  }
  expandnode(root);
  if (!root->son) {
    fl_message("%s has no move", root->who ? "Black" : "White");
    playing = autoplay = 0;
  }
  if (!autoplay) cursor(FL_CURSOR_DEFAULT);
}

extern Fl_Menu_Item menu[];
extern Fl_Menu_Item busymenu[];

int Board::handle(int e) {
  if (busy) {
    const Fl_Menu_Item* m;
    switch(e) {
    case FL_PUSH:
      m = busymenu->popup(Fl::event_x(), Fl::event_y(), 0, 0, 0);
      if (m) m->do_callback(this, (void*)m);
      return 1;
    case FL_SHORTCUT:
      m = busymenu->test_shortcut();
      if (m) {m->do_callback(this, (void*)m); return 1;}
      return 0;
    default:
      return 0;
    }
  }
  node *t, *n;
  static int deltax, deltay;
  int dist;
  const Fl_Menu_Item* m;
  switch (e) {
  case FL_PUSH:
    if (Fl::event_button() > 1) {
      m = menu->popup(Fl::event_x(), Fl::event_y(), 0, 0, 0);
      if (m) m->do_callback(this, (void*)m);
      return 1;
    }
    if (playing) {
      expandnode(root);
      for (t = root->son; t; t = t->brother) {
        int x = squarex(t->from);
        int y = squarey(t->from);
        if (Fl::event_inside(x,y,BOXSIZE,BOXSIZE)) {
          deltax = Fl::event_x()-x;
          deltay = Fl::event_y()-y;
          drag_piece(t->from,x,y);
          return 1;
        }
      }
    }
    return 0;
  case FL_SHORTCUT:
    m = menu->test_shortcut();
    if (m) {m->do_callback(this, (void*)m); return 1;}
    return 0;
  case FL_DRAG:
    drag_piece(erase_this, Fl::event_x()-deltax, Fl::event_y()-deltay);
    return 1;
  case FL_RELEASE:
    // find the closest legal move he dropped it on:
    dist = 50*50; n = 0;
    for (t = root->son; t; t = t->brother) if (t->from==erase_this) {
      int d1 = Fl::event_x()-deltax-squarex(t->to);
      int d = d1*d1;
      d1 = Fl::event_y()-deltay-squarey(t->to);
      d += d1*d1;
      if (d < dist) {dist = d; n = t;}
    }
    if (!n) {drop_piece(erase_this); return 1;} // none found
    drop_piece(n->to);
    domove(n);
    if (showlegal) {showlegal = 0; redraw();}
    if (n->jump) redraw();
    computer_move(0);
    return 1;
  default:
    return 0;
  }
}

void quit_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*) {exit(0);}

int FLTKmain(int argc, char** argv) {
  Fl::visual(FL_DOUBLE|FL_INDEX);
  Board b(BOARDSIZE,BOARDSIZE);
  b.color(FL_BACKGROUND_COLOR);
  b.callback(quit_cb);
  b.show(argc,argv);
  return Fl::run();
}

void autoplay_cb(Fl_Widget*bp, void*) {
  if (autoplay) {autoplay = 0; return;}
  if (!playing) return;
  Board* b = (Board*)bp;
  autoplay = 1;
  while (autoplay) {b->computer_move(0); b->computer_move(0);}
}

#include <FL/Fl_Box.H>
Fl_Window *copyright_window;
void copyright_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*) {
  if (!copyright_window) {
    copyright_window = new Fl_Window(400,270,"Copyright");
    copyright_window->color(FL_WHITE);
    Fl_Box *b = new Fl_Box(20,0,380,270,copyright);
    b->labelsize(10);
    b->align(FL_ALIGN_LEFT|FL_ALIGN_INSIDE|FL_ALIGN_WRAP);
    copyright_window->end();
  }
  copyright_window->hotspot(copyright_window);
  copyright_window->set_non_modal();
  copyright_window->show();
}

void debug_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*v) {
  debug = !debug;
  ((Fl_Menu_Item*)v)->flags =
    debug ? FL_MENU_TOGGLE|FL_MENU_VALUE : FL_MENU_TOGGLE;
}

void forced_cb(Fl_Widget*b, void*v) {
  forcejumps = !forcejumps;
  ((Fl_Menu_Item*)v)->flags =
    forcejumps ? FL_MENU_TOGGLE|FL_MENU_VALUE : FL_MENU_TOGGLE;
  killnode(root->son); root->son = 0;
  if (showlegal) {expandnode(root); b->redraw();}
}

void move_cb(Fl_Widget*pb, void*) {
  Board* b = (Board*)pb;
  if (playing) b->computer_move(1);
  if (playing) b->computer_move(0);
}

void newgame_cb(Fl_Widget*b, void*) {
  showlegal = 0;
  newgame();
  b->redraw();
}

void legal_cb(Fl_Widget*pb, void*) {
  if (showlegal == 1) {showlegal = 0; ((Board*)pb)->redraw(); return;}
  if (!playing) return;
  expandnode(root);
  showlegal = 1; ((Board*)pb)->redraw();
}

void predict_cb(Fl_Widget*pb, void*) {
  if (showlegal == 2) {showlegal = 0; ((Board*)pb)->redraw(); return;}
  if (playing) expandnode(root);
  showlegal = 2; ((Board*)pb)->redraw();
}

void switch_cb(Fl_Widget*pb, void*) {
  user = !user;
  ((Board*)pb)->computer_move(0);
}

void undo_cb(Fl_Widget*pb, void*) {
  Board* b = (Board*)pb;
  b->animate(undomove(),1);
  b->animate(undomove(),1);
}

//--------------------------

#include <FL/Fl_Slider.H>
#include <FL/Fl_Value_Output.H>

Fl_Window *intel_window;
Fl_Value_Output *intel_output;

void intel_slider_cb(Fl_Widget*w, void*) {
  double v = ((Fl_Slider*)w)->value();
  int n = int(v*v);
  intel_output->value(n);
  maxevaluate = maxnodes = n;
}

void intel_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*) {
  if (!intel_window) {
    intel_window = new Fl_Window(200,25,"Checkers Intelligence");
    Fl_Slider* s = new Fl_Slider(60,0,140,25);
    s->type(FL_HOR_NICE_SLIDER);
    s->minimum(1); s->maximum(500); s->value(50);
    s->callback(intel_slider_cb);
    intel_output = new Fl_Value_Output(0,0,60,25);
    intel_output->value(maxevaluate);
    intel_window->resizable(s);
  }
  intel_window->hotspot(intel_window);
  intel_window->set_non_modal();
  intel_window->show();
}

//---------------------------

void stop_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*) {abortflag = 1;}

void continue_cb(Fl_Widget*, void*) {}

Fl_Menu_Item menu[] = {
  {"Autoplay", 'a', autoplay_cb},
  {"Legal moves", 'l', legal_cb},
  {"Move for me", 'm', move_cb},
  {"New game", 'n', newgame_cb},
  {"Predict", 'p', predict_cb},
  {"Switch sides", 's', switch_cb},
  {"Undo", 'u', undo_cb, 0, FL_MENU_DIVIDER},
  {"Forced jumps rule", 'f', forced_cb, 0, FL_MENU_TOGGLE|FL_MENU_VALUE},
  {"Debug", 'd', debug_cb, (void *)"d", FL_MENU_TOGGLE},
  {"Intelligence...", 'i', intel_cb, 0, FL_MENU_DIVIDER},
  {"Copyright", 'c', copyright_cb},
  {"Quit", 'q', quit_cb},
  {0}};

Fl_Menu_Item busymenu[] = {
  {"Stop", '.', stop_cb},
  {"Autoplay", 'a', autoplay_cb},
  {"Continue", 0, continue_cb},
  {"Debug", 'd', debug_cb, (void *)"d", FL_MENU_TOGGLE},
  {"Intelligence...", 'i', intel_cb},
  {"Copyright", 'c', copyright_cb},
  {"Quit", 'q', quit_cb},
  {0}};

#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// parts shared by both interface:

#ifdef FLTK
#ifdef VT100
#define BOTH
#endif
#endif

#ifdef BOTH
int terminal;
int arg(int, char **argv, int &i) {
  if (argv[i][1] == 't') {terminal = 1; i++; return 1;}
  return 0;
}
#endif

int didabort(void) {
#ifdef FLTK
#ifdef BOTH
  if (!terminal)
#endif
    Fl::check();
#endif
  if (abortflag) {
    autoplay = 0;
    abortflag = 0;
    return 1;
  }
  return(0);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  seed = time(0);
  newgame();
#ifdef BOTH
  fl_register_images();
  int i = 1;
  if (Fl::args(argc, argv, i, arg) < argc) {
    fprintf(stderr," -t : use VT100 display\n", Fl::help);
    exit(1);
  }
  if (!fl_getenv("DISPLAY")) terminal = 1;
  if (!terminal)
#endif
#ifdef FLTK
    return FLTKmain(argc,argv);
#endif
#ifdef VT100
  return VT100main();
#endif
}