#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_SIZE 40  // Assume 40 nodes at max in graph
#define INT_MIN 0
// A vertex of the graph
struct node
{
    int vertex;
    struct node *next;
};
// Some declarations
struct node *createNode(int v);
struct Graph
{
    int numVertices;
    int *visited;
    struct node *
        *adjLists;  // we need int** to store a two dimensional array. Similary,
                    // we need struct node** to store an array of Linked lists
};
// Structure to create a stack, necessary for topological sorting
struct Stack
{
    int arr[MAX_SIZE];
    int top;
};
struct Graph *createGraph(int);
void addEdge(struct Graph *, int, int);
void printGraph(struct Graph *);
struct Graph *transpose(struct Graph *);
void fillOrder(int, struct Graph *, struct Stack *);
void scc(struct Graph *);
void dfs(struct Graph *, int);
struct Stack *createStack();
void push(struct Stack *, int);
int pop(struct Stack *);

int main()
{
    int vertices, edges, i, src, dst;
    printf("Enter the number of vertices\n");
    scanf("%d", &vertices);
    struct Graph *graph = createGraph(vertices);
    printf("Enter the number of edges\n");
    scanf("%d", &edges);
    for (i = 0; i < edges; i++)
    {
        printf("Edge %d \nEnter source: ", i + 1);
        scanf("%d", &src);
        printf("Enter destination: ");
        scanf("%d", &dst);
        addEdge(graph, src, dst);
    }
    printf("The strongly connected conponents are:\n");
    scc(graph);
    printf("\n");

    // Uncomment below part to get a ready-made example
    /*struct Graph* graph2 = createGraph(4);
    addEdge(graph2, 0, 1);
    addEdge(graph2, 1, 2);
    addEdge(graph2, 2, 0);
    addEdge(graph2, 2, 3);
    printf("The strongly connected components are:\n");
    scc(graph2);
    printf("\n");*/
    return 0;
}
// Creates a topological sorting of the graph
void fillOrder(int vertex, struct Graph *graph, struct Stack *stack)
{
    graph->visited[vertex] = 1;
    struct node *adjList = graph->adjLists[vertex];
    struct node *temp = adjList;
    // First add all dependents (that is, children) to stack
    while (temp != NULL)
    {
        int connectedVertex = temp->vertex;
        if (graph->visited[connectedVertex] == 0)
        {
            fillOrder(connectedVertex, graph, stack);
        }
        temp = temp->next;
    }
    // and then add itself
    push(stack, vertex);
}
// Transpose the adjacency list
struct Graph *transpose(struct Graph *g)
{
    struct Graph *graph =
        createGraph(g->numVertices);  // Number of vertices is same
    int i = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < g->numVertices; i++)
    {
        struct node *temp = g->adjLists[i];
        while (temp != NULL)
        {
            addEdge(graph, temp->vertex, i);  // Reverse all edges
            temp = temp->next;
        }
    }
    return graph;
}
// Recursive dfs aproach
void dfs(struct Graph *graph, int vertex)
{
    struct node *adjList = graph->adjLists[vertex];
    struct node *temp = adjList;

    // Add vertex to visited list and print it
    graph->visited[vertex] = 1;
    printf("%d ", vertex);

    // Recursively call the dfs function on all unvisited neighbours
    while (temp != NULL)
    {
        int connectedVertex = temp->vertex;
        if (graph->visited[connectedVertex] == 0)
        {
            dfs(graph, connectedVertex);
        }
        temp = temp->next;
    }
}

// Strongly connected components
void scc(struct Graph *graph)
{
    // Step I: Create a topological sort of the graph and store it in a stack
    struct Stack *stack = createStack();
    int i = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < graph->numVertices; i++)
    {
        // Execute topological sort on all elements
        if (graph->visited[i] == 0)
        {
            fillOrder(i, graph, stack);
        }
    }
    // Step 2: Get the transpose graph
    struct Graph *graphT = transpose(graph);
    // Step 3: Perform a simple dfs by popping nodes from stack
    while (stack->top != -1)
    {
        int v = pop(stack);
        if (graphT->visited[v] == 0)
        {
            dfs(graphT, v);
            printf("\n");
        }
    }
}

// Allocate memory for a node
struct node *createNode(int v)
{
    struct node *newNode = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    newNode->vertex = v;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
}
// Allocate memory for the entire graph structure
struct Graph *createGraph(int vertices)
{
    struct Graph *graph = malloc(sizeof(struct Graph));
    graph->numVertices = vertices;
    graph->adjLists = malloc(vertices * sizeof(struct node *));
    graph->visited = malloc(vertices * sizeof(int));

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < vertices; i++)
    {
        graph->adjLists[i] = NULL;
        graph->visited[i] = 0;
    }
    return graph;
}
// Creates a unidirectional graph
void addEdge(struct Graph *graph, int src, int dest)
{
    // Add edge from src to dest
    struct node *newNode = createNode(dest);
    newNode->next = graph->adjLists[src];
    graph->adjLists[src] = newNode;
}
// Utility function to see state of graph at a given time
void printGraph(struct Graph *graph)
{
    int v;
    for (v = 0; v < graph->numVertices; v++)
    {
        struct node *temp = graph->adjLists[v];
        printf("\n Adjacency list of vertex %d\n ", v);
        while (temp)
        {
            printf("%d -> ", temp->vertex);
            temp = temp->next;
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}
// Creates a stack
struct Stack *createStack()
{
    struct Stack *stack = malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
    stack->top = -1;
    return stack;
}
// Pushes element into stack
void push(struct Stack *stack, int element)
{
    stack->arr[++stack->top] =
        element;  // Increment then add, as we start from -1
}
// Removes element from stack, or returns INT_MIN if stack empty
int pop(struct Stack *stack)
{
    if (stack->top == -1)
        return INT_MIN;
    else
        return stack->arr[stack->top--];
}