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feat: TCP Client Server Half Duplex Communication (#853) 

* TCP Client Server Half Duplex Comm

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DIRECTORY.md
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@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
## Client Server
* [Client](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/client.c)
* [Server](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/server.c)
* [Tcp Half Duplex Client](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/tcp_half_duplex_client.c)
* [Tcp Half Duplex Server](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/tcp_half_duplex_server.c)
* [Udp Client](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/udp_client.c)
* [Udp Server](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/C/blob/master/client_server/udp_server.c)

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/**
* @file
* @author [Nikhill Vombatkere](https://github.com/NVombat)
* @brief Client-side implementation of [TCP Half Duplex
* Communication](http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SimplexFullDuplexandHalfDuplexOperation.htm)
* @see tcp_half_duplex_server.c
*
* @details
* The algorithm is based on the simple TCP client and server model. However,
* instead of the server only sending and the client only receiving data,
* the server and client can both send data but only one at a time. This is
* implemented by using a particular ordering of the `send()` and `recv()`
* functions. When one of the clients or servers is sending, the other can only
* receive and vice-versa. In this way, the Half Duplex Form of communication
* can be represented using the TCP server-client model & socket programming
*/
#include <netdb.h> /// For structures returned by the network database library - formatted internet addresses and port numbers
#include <netinet/in.h> /// For in_addr and sockaddr_in structures
#include <stdint.h> /// For specific bit size values of variables
#include <stdio.h> /// Variable types, several macros, and various functions for performing input and output
#include <stdlib.h> /// Variable types, several macros, and various functions for performing general functions
#include <string.h> /// Various functions for manipulating arrays of characters
#include <sys/socket.h> /// For macro definitions related to the creation of sockets
#include <sys/types.h> /// For definitions to allow for the porting of BSD programs
#include <unistd.h> /// For miscellaneous symbolic constants and types, and miscellaneous functions
#define PORT 8100 /// Define port over which communication will take place
/**
* @brief Utility function used to print an error message to `stderr`.
* It prints `str` and an implementation-defined error
* message corresponding to the global variable `errno`.
* @returns void
*/
void error()
{
perror("Socket Creation Failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/**
* @brief Main function
* @returns 0 on exit
*/
int main()
{
/** Variable Declarations */
uint32_t
sockfd; ///< socket descriptors - Like file handles but for sockets
struct sockaddr_in
server_addr; ///< basic structures for all syscalls and functions that
/// deal with internet addresses. Structures for handling
/// internet addresses
char serverResponse[10000],
clientResponse[10000]; ///< Character arrays to read and store string
/// data for communication
/**
* The TCP socket is created using the socket function.
*
* AF_INET (Family) - it is an address family that is used to designate the
* type of addresses that your socket can communicate with
*
* SOCK_STREAM (Type) - Indicates TCP Connection - A stream socket provides
* for the bidirectional, reliable, sequenced, and unduplicated flow of data
* without record boundaries. Aside from the bidirectionality of data flow,
* a pair of connected stream sockets provides an interface nearly identical
* to pipes.
*
* 0 (Protocol) - Specifies a particular protocol to be used with the
* socket. Specifying a protocol of 0 causes socket() to use an unspecified
* default protocol appropriate for the requested socket type.
*/
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
error();
}
/**
* Server Address Information
*
* The bzero() function erases the data in the n bytes of the memory
* starting at the location pointed to, by writing zeros (bytes
* containing '\0') to that area.
*
* We bind the server_addr to the internet address and port number thus
* giving our socket an identity with an address and port where it can
* listen for connections
*
* htons - The htons() function translates a short integer from host byte
* order to network byte order
*
* htonl - The htonl() function translates a long integer from host byte
* order to network byte order
*
* These functions are necessary so that the binding of address and port
* takes place with data in the correct format
*/
bzero(&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
printf("Client is running...\n");
/**
* Connects the client to the server address using the socket descriptor
* This enables the two to communicate and exchange data
*/
connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
printf("Client is connected...\n");
/**
* Communication between client and server
*
* The bzero() function erases the data in the n bytes of the memory
* starting at the location pointed to, by writing zeros (bytes
* containing '\0') to that area. The variables are emptied and then
* ready for use
*
* First the CLIENT receives the servers message and displays it (recv())
*
* The CLIENT is then prompted to type in a message and send it to the
* server. (send())
*
* The server and client can communicate till one of them exits the
* connection
*
* Since the exchange of information between the server and client take
* place one at a time this represents HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATION
*/
while (1)
{
bzero(&serverResponse, sizeof(serverResponse));
bzero(&clientResponse, sizeof(clientResponse));
/// Receive Message
recv(sockfd, serverResponse, sizeof(serverResponse), 0);
printf("\nServer message: %s \n", serverResponse);
/// Send Message
printf("\nEnter message here: ");
fgets(clientResponse, 10000, stdin);
send(sockfd, clientResponse, strlen(clientResponse) + 1, 0);
}
/// Close Socket
close(sockfd);
printf("Client is offline...\n");
return 0;
}

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/**
* @file
* @author [NVombat](https://github.com/NVombat)
* @brief Server-side implementation of [TCP Half Duplex
* Communication](http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SimplexFullDuplexandHalfDuplexOperation.htm)
* @see tcp_half_duplex_server.c
*
* @details
* The algorithm is based on the simple TCP client and server model. However,
* instead of the server only sending and the client only receiving data,
* The server and client can both send data but only one at a time. This is
* implemented by using a particular ordering of the `send()` and `recv()`
* functions. When one of the clients or servers is sending, the other can only
* receive and vice-versa. In this way, the Half Duplex Form of communication
* can be represented using the TCP server-client model & socket programming
*/
#include <netdb.h> /// For structures returned by the network database library - formatted internet addresses and port numbers
#include <netinet/in.h> /// For in_addr and sockaddr_in structures
#include <stdint.h> /// For specific bit size values of variables
#include <stdio.h> /// Variable types, several macros, and various functions for performing input and output
#include <stdlib.h> /// Variable types, several macros, and various functions for performing general functions
#include <string.h> /// Various functions for manipulating arrays of characters
#include <sys/socket.h> /// For macro definitions related to the creation of sockets
#include <sys/types.h> /// For definitions to allow for the porting of BSD programs
#include <unistd.h> /// For miscellaneous symbolic constants and types, and miscellaneous functions
#define PORT 8100 /// Define port over which communication will take place
/**
* @brief Utility function used to print an error message to `stderr`.
* It prints `str` and an implementation-defined error
* message corresponding to the global variable `errno`.
* @returns void
*/
void error()
{
perror("Socket Creation Failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/**
* @brief Main function
* @returns 0 on exit
*/
int main()
{
/** Variable Declarations */
uint32_t sockfd,
conn; ///< socket descriptors - Like file handles but for sockets
char server_msg[10000],
client_msg[10000]; ///< character arrays to read and store string data
/// for communication
struct sockaddr_in server_addr,
client_addr; ///< asic structures for all syscalls and functions that
/// deal with internet addresses. Structures for handling
/// internet addresses
/**
* The TCP socket is created using the socket function
*
* AF_INET (Family) - it is an address family that is used to designate the
* type of addresses that your socket can communicate with
*
* SOCK_STREAM (Type) - Indicates TCP Connection - A stream socket provides
* for the bidirectional, reliable, sequenced, and unduplicated flow of data
* without record boundaries. Aside from the bidirectionality of data flow,
* a pair of connected stream sockets provides an interface nearly identical
* to pipes
*
* 0 (Protocol) - Specifies a particular protocol to be used with the
* socket. Specifying a protocol of 0 causes socket() to use an unspecified
* default protocol appropriate for the requested socket type
*/
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
error(); ///< Error if the socket descriptor has a value lower than 0 -
/// socket wasnt created
}
/**
* Server Address Information
*
* The bzero() function erases the data in the n bytes of the memory
* starting at the location pointed to, by writing zeros (bytes
* containing '\0') to that area
*
* We bind the server_addr to the internet address and port number thus
* giving our socket an identity with an address and port where it can
* listen for connections
*
* htons - The htons() function translates a short integer from host byte
* order to network byte order
*
* htonl - The htonl() function translates a long integer from host byte
* order to network byte order
*
* These functions are necessary so that the binding of address and port
* takes place with data in the correct format
*/
bzero(&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; /// Domain/Family to be used
server_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT); /// Port to be used
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
printf("Server is running...\n");
/**
* This binds the socket descriptor to the server thus enabling the server
* to listen for connections and communicate with other clients
*/
if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0)
{
error(); /// If binding is unsuccessful
}
/**
* This is to listen for clients or connections made to the server
*
* The limit is currently at 5 but can be increased to listen for
* more connections
*
* It listens to connections through the socket descriptor
*/
listen(sockfd, 5);
printf("Server is listening...\n");
/**
* When a connection is found, a socket is created and connection is
* accepted and established through the socket descriptor
*/
conn = accept(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)NULL, NULL);
printf("Server is connected...\n");
/**
* Communication between client and server
*
* The bzero() function erases the data in the n bytes of the memory
* starting at the location pointed to, by writing zeros (bytes
* containing '\0') to that area. The variables are emptied and then
* ready for use
*
* First the SERVER is prompted to type a message which is read from
* stdin and then sent over the connection that was established - the socket
* - to be received by the client (send())
*
* The SERVER then waits for the client to reply. It then receives the reply
* in the string variable and displays it (recv())
*
* The server and client can communicate till one of them exits the
* connection
*
* Since the exchange of information between the server and client take
* place one at a time this represents HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATION
*/
while (1)
{
bzero(&server_msg, sizeof(server_msg));
bzero(&client_msg, sizeof(client_msg));
/// Send message
printf("\nEnter message here: ");
fgets(server_msg, 10000, stdin);
send(conn, server_msg, strlen(server_msg) + 1, 0);
/// Receive Message
recv(conn, client_msg, sizeof(client_msg), 0);
printf("\nClient Message: %s\n", client_msg);
}
/// Close socket
close(sockfd);
printf("Server is offline...\n");
return 0;
}