try:
    try:
        try:
            raise TypeError('a')
        except TypeError:
            raise ValueError('b')
    except ValueError:
        raise IndexError('c')
except IndexError as e:
    print(repr(e), repr(e.__context__), repr(e.__context__.__context__))


try:
    raise TypeError('a') from ValueError('b')
except TypeError as e:
    print(repr(e), repr(e.__cause__), repr(e.__context__))

try:
    try:
        try:
            raise TypeError
        except TypeError:
            raise ValueError
    except ValueError:
        raise IndexError
except IndexError as e:
    print(repr(e), repr(e.__context__), repr(e.__context__.__context__))


try:
    raise TypeError from ValueError
except TypeError as e:
    print(repr(e), repr(e.__cause__), repr(e.__context__))