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* Copyright 2010-2018, Haiku. All rights reserved.
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* Distributed under the terms of the MIT License.
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* Authors:
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* Humdinger <humdingerb@gmail.com>
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* Translators:
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* Humdinger
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* Pengphei Han
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<div><span>用户指南</span></div>
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<div class="box-info">本节的翻译还未完成。在未完成之前，所有的未完成部分都将使用英语原文。</div>
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<h2><img src="../../images/apps-images/cli-app-icon_64.png" alt="cli-app-icon_64.png" width="64" height="64" />Haiku专用命令行程序</h2>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
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<tr><td>位置:</td><td style="width:15px;"></td><td><span class="path">/boot/system/bin/</span><br />
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<span class="path">/boot/system/non-packaged/bin/</span><br /><span class="path">~/config/bin/</span><br /><span class="path">~/config/non-packaged/bin/</span></td></tr>
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</table>
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<p><br /></p>
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<p>所有 Haiku 附带的命令行程序都放置在 <span class="path">/boot/system/bin</span> 目录。您自己的或额外安装的通过 .hpkg 安装的命令行程序将放置在 <span class="path">~/config/bin</span> 目录。或者您也可以将它们放置在 <span class="path">/boot/system/non-packaged/bin/</span> 或者 <span class="path">~/config/non-packaged/bin/</span>。所有这些位置都是 PATH 变量的一部分，并且可以自动被发现。<br />
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下面给出的列表并没有包含所有的用于 Haiku 的命令行程序，它只是给出了最常用的几个以方便您的尝试使用。您需要勇敢地去探索 <span class="path">bin/</span> 文件夹中的命令。以 <tt>--help</tt> 参数来运行命令行程序，这样会给出该命令的用途和相应的参数选项。</p>
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<h3><a href="#"><img src="../../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="cli-attributes" name="cli-attributes">关于文件属性的命令： <span class="cli">listattr</span>, <span class="cli">catattr</span>, <span class="cli">addattr</span>, <span class="cli">rmattr</span>, <span class="cli">copyattr</span></a></h3>
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<p>这些命令用于显示，读取，添加和删除文件的属性；需要注意的是，这些元数据仅仅可用于BFS格式的磁盘和分区，而且移动文件到其他的文件系统将会把其相关的属性移除！<br />
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上面的命令在<a href="../attributes.html#attributes-terminal">终端中的属性</a>会有相关的描述。</p>
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<h3><a href="#"><img src="../../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="cli-index" name="cli-index">关于文件索引的命令：<span class="cli">lsindex</span>, <span class="cli">mkindex</span>, <span class="cli">reindex</span>, <span class="cli">rmindex</span></a></h3>
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<p>利用这些命令，您可以对BFS的索引属性进行排序，新建，重新索引和删除等操作。由于每个卷都有自己独立的索引，所以在不同的卷之间拷贝文件时尤其要注意。<br />上述这些命令在<a href="../index.html">索引</a>主题中会有详细的描述。</p>
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<h3><a href="#"><img src="../../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="cli-pkg" name="cli-pkg">包管理相关：<span class="cli">package</span>, <span class="cli">pkgman</span></a></h3>
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<p>The <span class="cli">package</span> command is used to manage HPKG packages. Have a look at the article <a href="https://www.haiku-os.org/guides/daily-tasks/install-applications">Installing applications</a> to learn the very basics. Usually the tool <a href="https://github.com/haikuports/haikuports/wiki">haikuporter</a> is used to automatically create packages from so-called recipes.</p>
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<p><span class="cli">pkgman</span> is used to search, install, update and uninstall packages. Package repositories can be added, dropped and their package lists refreshed. A special kind of update is invoked with the parameter <tt>full-sync</tt>: it is more aggressive and also downgrades or removes packages, if necessary.<br />
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For more details on a parameter, append "--help", e.g. <tt>pkgman search --help</tt>.</p>
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<h3><a href="#"><img src="../../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="cli-scripting" name="cli-scripting">有用的脚本命令</a></h3>
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<p>下面是一些非常有用的命令行工具，尤其适用于撰写脚本（详情请参阅 <a href="../bash-scripting.html">Bash和脚本</a>）。</p>
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<table summary="scripting cli tools" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">alert</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">alert</span> 该命令将会打开一个带有预定义图标，说明注记和三个按钮的典型警示窗口，并且在终端中返回已选中按钮的标题和退出状态（以0开始）。例如，下面就是一个例子：</p>
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<pre class="terminal">alert --idea "FantasticApp(tm) installed successfully! \
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Would you like a link to it?" "On Desktop" "In Deskbar" "No thanks"</pre>
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<p><img src="../images/apps-images/cli-alert.png" alt="cli-alert.png" /></p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">filepanel</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">filepanel</span> 显示一个装载或者保存文件的面板，并且让用户选择相应的文件和位置。同时您将会获取到一个文件或者文件的路径作为返回值。并且还有几个参数可供使用，例如，设置起始目录，窗体的标题，默认保存的文件名。下面是一个例子：</p>
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<pre class="terminal">filepanel -s -t "Save your logfile" -d ~/config/settings -n Fantastic.log</pre>
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<p><img src="../images/apps-images/cli-filepanel.png" alt="cli-filepanel.png" /></p></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">hey</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">hey</span> is a littler helper tool that sends BMessages to applications and prints out their answer. It can be used for application scripting, i.e. "remote controlling" a program from a script or the command line. It's usage is a bit complex... <a href="https://www.haiku-os.org/blog/humdinger/2017-11-05_scripting_the_gui_with_hey/">Humdinger's blog post</a> serves as a good introduction, and thanks to Scot Hacker's BeOS Bible, there is a much more comprehensive <a href="http://www.birdhouse.org/beos/bible/bos/ch_scripting6.html">hey tutorial</a> by Chris Herborth.</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">notify</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">notify</span> shows a notification panel with a message. There are various parameters that are described when you call <span class="cli">notify --help</span>. A notification can also be used to show the progress of some action. When doing that, it's important to set a <i>messageID</i> and always use it when you update the progress (a float between 0.0 and 1.0 that's printed as percent). Otherwise you'll see several notification panels if you update quicker then the set timeout.<br />
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An example:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">notify --type progress --group "--group" --title "--title" --icon /boot/home/bebook.hvif \
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--messageID MyMessageID --progress .75 "Keep waiting"</pre>
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<p><img src="../images/apps-images/cli-notification.png" alt="cli-notification.png" /></p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">query</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">query</span> 是查询面板的命令行版本。实际上，一个创建搜索项目的快速方式是在搜索面板创建一个查询，选择 <span class="menu">by formula</span> ，在查询词的前后添加双引号（<tt>"</tt>），然后在终端或者脚本中的 <span class="cli">query</span> 命令之后粘贴所要查找的整个查询词。</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">waitfor</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">waitfor</span> 是一个用于等待特殊的程序或者进程启动或者终止的非常好的方式。</p>
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</td></tr></table>
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<h3><a href="#"><img src="../../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="cli-other" name="cli-other">其他命令</a></h3>
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<table summary="scripting cli tools" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">checkfs</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td><p><span class="cli">checkfs</span>是一个非常重要的工具，主要用于检查文件系统中的错误。只需在该命令之后添加磁卷，如 <span class="path">/Haiku</span> 或者设备名，它就会遍历所有的文件，然后修复所有可能出现不一致的地方。</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">desklink</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">desklink</span>可以为任何文件，文件夹，查询或者程序在桌面栏托盘中安装图标。它也可以为相应的图标提供一个右键菜单。例如，尝试下面的脚本，为 <span class="app">Screenshot</span> 添加不同的选项 （第一行中的"<tt>\\</tt>" 用于在终端中进行换行）：
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</p>
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<pre class="terminal">desklink "cmd=Active window (2s):/boot/system/apps/Screenshot --window --border --delay 2" \\
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"cmd=Remove replicant:desklink --remove=Screenshot" /boot/system/apps/Screenshot
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</pre>
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<p><img src="../images/apps-images/cli-desklink.png" alt="cli-alert.png" /></p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">diskimage</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">diskimage</span>可用于注册普通文件作为磁盘设备。例如，您可以注册 Haiku anyboot 镜像，将其挂载在文件浏览器中，并且可以在安装器使用之前，编辑和移动其中的文件。</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">launch_roster</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p>The launch_daemon starts all sorts of services and applications at boot-up. For some it was instructed to re-start them if they were quit. If you don't want that – maybe you'd like to test a modified Tracker, for example – you use <span class="cli">launch_roster</span> to <tt>stop</tt> the re-starting of the application before quitting it. Similarly, you can <tt>start</tt> it again or get <tt>info</tt> about it.c The parameter <tt>log</tt> prints out a log of all launch_daemon related events.<br />
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Without parameter, <span class="cli">launch_roster</span> lists all apps/services that are under its control.<br />
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For example, this will stop the re-launching of the Deskbar:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">launch_roster stop x-vnd.be-tskb</pre></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">mountvolume</span><br /><span class="cli">mount</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">mountvolume</span> is preferred by many to mount local partitions and disks, because its usage is so easy: just call it with the name of the partition and you're done. Try <tt>--help</tt> for more options.</p>
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<p><span class="cli">mount</span> can additionally mount remote disks by using a network filesystem, like NFS4. You specify the used filesystem with the <tt>-t</tt> parameter and the remote location with the <tt>-p</tt> parameter. As filesystem parameter you can use anything you find in <span class="path">/system/add-ons/kernel/file_system</span> (and corresponding file hierarchies under <span class="path">~/config</span> or "<span class="path">non-packaged</span>", of course). You also have to create a folder as mountpoint. Here's an example:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">mkdir -p /DiskStation
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mount -t nfs4 -p "192.168.178.3:volume1" /DiskStation</pre></td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">open</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p><span class="cli">open</span>是一个非常小巧的工具。通过它，您可以以默认的程序打开任何文件，或者利用程序的签名还打开该程序而无需知道它的路径。它也可以用于打开网页，甚至“虚拟” 的目录， <tt>.</tt> 用于当前目录或者 <tt>..</tt> 用于上层目录，并且可以在 Tracker 中打开相应的文件夹。</p>
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td><p><span class="cli">ramdisk</span></p></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td>
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<td valign="top"><p>A ramdisk is like a harddisk running only in the computer's memory. That makes it very fast but also volatile, because its contents vanishes when you shut down the computer, or it crashes or you experience a blackout.<br />
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To create a ramdisk of 1 GiB, format to the name "RAMses" and mount it, you enter this in Terminal or create a script of it:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">ramdisk create -s 1gb
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mkfs -q -t bfs /dev/disk/virtual/ram/0/raw RAMses
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mountvolume RAMses</pre>
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<p>Note: When creating a ramdisk, the <span class="cli">ramdisk</span> command prints out the path to it. If you create several disks, that path <span class="path">/dev/disk/virtual/ram/0/raw</span> will change!</p>
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<p>To preserve the contents, at least if no calamity like a blackout etc. strikes, a ramdisk can be set up to read/write an image on the harddisk. For that, you need to supply a file of the desired size that will be read from every time you start your ramdisk, and written to when you unmount it. To create an image file "RAMimage" of 500MiB and format it, do this:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">dd if=/dev/zero of=RAMimage bs=500M count=1
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mkfs -q -t bfs /dev/disk/virtual/ram/0/raw RAMimage</pre>
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<p>From now on, you start the ramdisk like this:</p>
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<pre class="terminal">ramdisk create RAMimage
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mountvolume RAMimage</pre>
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<p>It's very important to always cleanly unmount you ramdisk, either from Tracker or with <span class="cli">unmount /RAMimage</span>, or the changes won't be written back to the image file!</p>
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</td></tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="inner"><span>
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« <a href="list-cli-apps.html">命令列表</a>
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