183 lines
13 KiB
HTML
183 lines
13 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="it" xml:lang="it">
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<head>
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<!--
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*
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* Copyright 2008-2020, Haiku. All rights reserved.
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* Distributed under the terms of the MIT License.
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*
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* Authors:
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* Humdinger <humdingerb@gmail.com>
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* Translators:
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* Barrett
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* Humdinger
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* keepeasy
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* MichaelPeppers
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* Gabriele
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*
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<title>Il Boot Loader</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../Haiku-doc.css" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="banner">
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<div><span>Guida dell'utente</span></div>
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<li class="now">Italiano <span class="dropdown-caret">▼</span></li>
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<li><a href="../ca/bootloader.html">Català</a></li>
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<li><a href="../uk/bootloader.html">Українська</a></li>
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<a href="contents.html" class="uplink">Contenuti</a>
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:: <a href="filesystem-layout.html">La struttura del FileSystem di Haiku</a> »
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</div>
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<div id="content">
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<div>
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<div class="box-info">La traduzione di questa pagina non è stata ancora completata. Finché non lo sarà, le parti non tradotte saranno visualizzate in inglese.</div>
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<h1>Il Boot Loader</h1>
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<p>Il Boot Loader di Haiku può essere di aiuto nel caso si verifichino problemi con l'hardware in uso, oppure quando si hanno più installazioni di Haiku e si vuole scegliere quale avviare (ad esempio un'installazione su CD o penna USB).<br />
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È utile anche quando viene installato un componente che impedisce l'avvio del sistema operativo. Consulta questa guida alla sezione <a href="#troubleshooting">Risoluzione dei problemi</a> per maggiori dettagli.</p>
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<p>Per entrare nelle opzioni del Boot Loader di Haiku bisogna premere il tasto <span class="key">SHIFT</span> prima dell'inizio del processo di avvio. Se è presente un boot manager, è possibile cominciare a premere il tasto <span class="key">SHIFT</span> prima di selezionare la voce di Haiku. Altrimenti se Haiku è l'unico sistema operativo installato nella macchina, è sufficiente premere il tasto appena compaiono i messaggi di avvio del BIOS.</p>
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<div class="box-info">Su sistemi che usano UEFI per l'avvio invece del classico BIOS il tasto da utilizzare è, invece, <span class="key">SPAZIO</span>.</div>
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<h2>
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<a href="#"><img src="../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="options" name="options">Opzioni del Boot Loader</a></h2>
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<p>Una volta caricato, appariranno quattro menu:</p>
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<table summary="bootloader menus" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
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<tr><td><b>Seleziona disco di avvio</b></td><td> </td><td>Per scegliere quale installazione/stato del sistema avviare (vedi <a href="#troubleshooting">Risoluzione dei problemi</a> per ulteriori dettagli).</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Select safe mode options</b></td><td> </td><td>There are several options to try in case of hardware related trouble or if the system becomes unstable or unbootable because of a misbehaving add-on. When moving the selection bar to an option, a short explanation appears at the bottom of the screen.</td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td></td><td>
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<p><span class="menu">Safe mode</span><br />
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Puts the system into safe mode. This can be enabled independently from the other options.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable user add-ons</span><br />
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Prevents all user installed add-ons from being loaded. Only the add-ons in the system directory will be used. See <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> below.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable IDE DMA</span><br />
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Disables IDE DMA, increasing IDE compatibility at the expense of performance.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Ignore memory beyond 4 GiB</span><br />
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Ignores all memory beyond the 4 GiB address limit, overriding the setting in the kernel settings file.
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</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Use fail-safe graphics driver</span><br />
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The system will use VESA mode and won't try to use any video graphics drivers.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable IO-APIC</span><br />
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Disables using the IO APIC for interrupt routing, forcing the use of the legacy PIC instead.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable local APIC</span><br />
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Disables using the local APIC, also disables SMP.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable X2APIC</span><br />
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Disables second generation APIC.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable SMEP and SMAP</span><br />
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Disables SMEP/SMAP security features of the CPU.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable SMP</span><br />
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Disables all but one CPU core.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Don't call the BIOS</span><br />
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Stops the system from calling BIOS functions.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable APM</span><br />
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Disables Advanced Power Management hardware support, overriding the APM setting in the kernel settings file.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable ACPI</span><br />
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Disables Advanced Configuration and Power Interface hardware support, overriding the ACPI setting in the kernel settings file.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Blacklist entries</span><br />
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Allows to select system files that shall be ignored. Useful e.g. to disable drivers temporarily. See <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> below.</p></td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Select debug options</b></td><td> </td><td>Here you'll find several options that help with debugging or getting details for a <a href="../../welcome/en/bugreports.html">bug report</a>. Again, a short explanation for each option is displayed at the bottom.</td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td></td><td>
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<p><span class="menu">Enable serial debug output</span><br />
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Turns on forwarding the syslog output to the serial interface (default: 115200, 8N1).</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Enable on screen debug output</span><br />
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Display debug output on screen while the system is booting, instead of the normal boot logo.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Disable on screen paging</span><br />
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Disables paging when on screen debug output is enabled.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Enable debug syslog</span><br />
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Enables a special in-memory syslog buffer for this session that the boot loader will be able to access after rebooting.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Display current boot loader log</span><br />
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Displays the debug info the boot loader has logged (press <span class="key">Q</span> to exit the log)</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Add advanced debug option</span><br />
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Allows advanced debugging options to be entered directly.</p></td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td></td><td>If <span class="menu">Enable debug syslog</span> is activated, a warm reboot after a crash shows these additional options:</td></tr>
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<tr><td></td><td></td><td> <p><span class="menu">Save syslog from previous session during boot</span><br />
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Saves the syslog from the previous Haiku session to <span class="path">/var/log/previous_syslog</span> when booting.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Display syslog from previous session</span><br />
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Displays the syslog from the previous Haiku session.</p>
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<p><span class="menu">Save syslog from previous session</span><br />
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Saves the syslog from the previous Haiku session to disk. Currently only FAT32 volumes are supported.</p></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="onelinetop"><b>Select screen resolution</b></td><td> </td><td>Lets you force a certain screen resolution and color depth.</td></tr>
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</table>
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<h2>
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<a href="#"><img src="../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="troubleshooting" name="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h2>
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<p>If Haiku refuses to boot on your hardware from the get-go, try out setting different options under <span class="menu">Select safe mode options</span>. Consider filing a <a href="../../welcome/en/bugreports.html">bug report</a> in any case.</p>
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<p>On the other hand, if Haiku only suddenly acts up after you have installed some software, especially hardware drivers, you have several options to get Haiku bootable again so you can uninstall the offending package:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p>Activating <span class="menu">Safe mode</span> will prevent most servers, daemons and the UserBootscript from being started.</p></li>
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<li><p>Activating <span class="menu">Disable user add-ons</span> will prevent using any add-ons (drivers, translators, etc.) you have installed in the user hierarchy under your Home folder.</p></li>
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<li><p>If activating <span class="menu">Use fail-safe graphics driver</span> solves your troubles by falling back to VESA graphics, you can make the setting permanent by removing the <tt>#</tt> of the line <i>#fail_safe_video_mode true</i> in the text file <span class="path">/boot/home/config/settings/kernel/drivers/kernel</span>.</p></li>
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<li><p>If the offending driver, add-on etc. is installed in the system hierarchy, things get a bit more complicated, because that area is read-only. Here, the <span class="menu">Blacklist entries</span> comes into play. With it, you can navigate through the whole system hierarchy and disable the component that's messing things up for you by checking an entry with the <span class="key">SPACE</span> or <span class="key">RETURN</span> key. <span class="key">ESC</span> returns you up one level to the parent directory.</p>
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<p>Online, there's the article <a href="http://www.haiku-os.org/blog/barrett/2013-12-15_how_permanently_blacklist_package_file">How to Permanently Blacklist a Package File</a> showing how to make that setting stick.</p></li>
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<li><p>Under <span class="menu">Select boot volume</span> you can specify what former "version" of Haiku to boot. Every time you un/install a package, the old state is saved and you can boot into it by choosing it from the list presented in the boot loader options.<br />
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So, if you encounter boot problems after installing some package, boot a Haiku state from before that time and uninstall the offending package.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<h2>
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<a href="#"><img src="../images/up.png" style="border:none;float:right" alt="index" /></a>
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<a id="booting" name="booting">Booting Haiku</a></h2>
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<p>Dopo aver attivato una o più opzioni, è possibile tornare al menu principale e avviare normalmente il sistema che si presenterà con questa schermata di avvio:
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</p>
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<img src="../images/bootloader-images/boot-screen.png" alt="boot-screen.png" />
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<p>Se tutto funziona perfettamente, le icone nella schermata si illumineranno una dopo l'altra.<br />
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Le icone corrispondono grossomodo alle diverse fasi di caricamento dell'OS e sono:</p>
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<table summary="layout" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td><b>Atomo</b></td><td style="width:10px;"> </td><td>Inizializza i moduli del kernel.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>La lente di ingrandimento sul disco</b></td><td> </td><td>Crea "rootfs" (<span class="path">/</span>) e monta "devfs" (<span class="path">/dev</span>).</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Scheda elettronica</b></td><td> </td><td> Inizializza il gestore delle periferiche.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Disco di avvio</b></td><td> </td><td>Monta il disco di boot.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Il chip</b></td><td> </td><td>Carica i moduli specifici della CPU.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>La cartella</b></td><td> </td><td>Finisce di inizializzare il sottosistema.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><b>Il razzo</b></td><td> </td><td>Launch_daemon has started the system.</td></tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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