277 lines
7.4 KiB
Groff
277 lines
7.4 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: gif.4,v 1.15 2001/02/20 12:55:24 itojun Exp $
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.\" $KAME: gif.4,v 1.24 2001/02/20 12:54:01 itojun Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.Dd April 10, 1999
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.Dt GIF 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm gif
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.Nd generic tunnel interface
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Cd "pseudo-device gif"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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interface is a generic tunnelling pseudo device for IPv4 and IPv6.
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It can tunnel IPv[46] traffic over IPv[46].
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Therefore, there can be four possible configurations.
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The behavior of
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.Nm
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is mainly based on RFC2893 IPv6-over-IPv4 configured tunnel.
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.Nm
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can also tunnel ISO traffic over IPv[46] using EON encapsulation.
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.Pp
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To use
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.Nm gif ,
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the administrator must first create the interface
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and then configure protocol and addresses used for the outer
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header.
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This can be done by using
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.Xr ifconfig 8
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.Sq create
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and
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.Sq tunnel
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subcommands, or
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.Dv SIOCIFCREATE
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and
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.Dv SIOCSIFPHYADDR
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ioctls.
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Also, administrator needs to configure protocol and addresses used for the
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inner header, by using
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.Xr ifconfig 8 .
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Note that IPv6 link-local address
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.Pq those start with Li fe80::
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will be automatically configured whenever possible.
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You may need to remove IPv6 link-local address manually using
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.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
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when you would like to disable the use of IPv6 as inner header
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.Pq like when you need pure IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel .
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Finally, use routing table to route the packets toward
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.Nm
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interface.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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interface can be configued to perform bidirectional tunnel, or
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multi-destination tunnel.
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This is controlled by
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.Dv IFF_LINK0
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interface flag.
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Also,
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.Nm
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can be configured to be ECN friendly.
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This can be configured by
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.Dv IFF_LINK1 .
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.\"
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.Ss Bidirectional and multi-destination mode
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Usually,
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.Nm
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implements bidirectional tunnel.
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.Xr ifconfig 8
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should configure a tunnel ingress point
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.Pq this node
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and an egress point
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.Pq tunnel endpoint ,
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and
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one
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.Nm
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interface will tunnel to only a single tunnel endpoint,
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and accept from only a single tunnel endpoint.
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Source and destination address for outer IP header is always the
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ingress and the egress point configued by
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.Xr ifconfig 8 .
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.Pp
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With
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.Dv IFF_LINK0
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interface flag,
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.Nm
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can be configured to implement multi-destination tunnel.
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With
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.Dv IFF_LINK0 ,
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it is able to configure egress point to IPv4 wildcard address
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.Pq Nm 0.0.0.0
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or IPv6 unspecified address
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.Pq Nm 0::0 .
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In this case, destination address for the outer IP header is
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determined based on the routing table setup.
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Therefore, one
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.Nm
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interface can tunnel to multiple destinations.
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Also,
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.Nm
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will accept tunneled traffic from any outer source address.
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.Pp
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When finding a
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.Nm gif
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interface from the inbound tunneled traffic,
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bidirectional mode interface is preferred than multi-destination mode interface.
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For example, if you have the following three
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.Nm
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interfaces on node A, tunneled traffic from C to A will match the second
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.Nm
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interface, not the third one.
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.Bl -bullet -compact -offset indent
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.It
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bidirectional, A to B
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.It
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bidirectional, A to C
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.It
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multi-destination, A to any
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.El
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.Pp
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Please note that multi-destination mode is far less secure
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than bidirectional mode.
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Multi-destination mode
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.Nm
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can accept tunneled packet from anybody,
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and can be attacked from a malicious node.
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.Pp
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.Ss ECN friendly behavior
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.Nm
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can be configured to be ECN friendly, as described in
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.Dv draft-ietf-ipsec-ecn-02.txt .
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This is turned off by default, and can be turned on by
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.Dv IFF_LINK1
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interface flag.
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.Pp
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Without
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.Dv IFF_LINK1 ,
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.Nm
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will show a normal behavior, like described in RFC2893.
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This can be summarized as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width "Ingress" -offset indent
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.It Ingress
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Set outer TOS bit to
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.Dv 0 .
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.It Egress
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Drop outer TOS bit.
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.El
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.Pp
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With
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.Dv IFF_LINK1 ,
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.Nm
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will copy ECN bits
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.Po
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.Dv 0x02
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and
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.Dv 0x01
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on IPv4 TOS byte or IPv6 traffic class byte
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.Pc
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on egress and ingress, as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width "Ingress" -offset indent
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.It Ingress
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Copy TOS bits except for ECN CE
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.Po
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masked with
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.Dv 0xfe
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.Pc
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from
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inner to outer.
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set ECN CE bit to
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.Dv 0 .
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.It Egress
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Use inner TOS bits with some change.
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If outer ECN CE bit is
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.Dv 1 ,
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enable ECN CE bit on the inner.
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.El
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.Pp
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Note that the ECN friendly behavior violates RFC2893.
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This should be used in mutual agreement with the peer.
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.Pp
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.Ss Security
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Malicious party may try to circumvent security filters by using
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tunnelled packets.
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For better protection,
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.Nm
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performs martian filter and ingress filter against outer source address,
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on egress.
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Note that martian/ingress filters are no way complete.
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You may want to secure your node by using packet filters.
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Ingress filter can be turned off by
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.Dv IFF_LINK2
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bit.
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.Pp
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As mentioned above, multi-destination mode
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.Pq Dv IFF_LINK0
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is far less secure than bidirectional mode.
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.\"
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr inet 4 ,
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.Xr inet6 4 ,
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.Xr ifconfig 8
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.Rs
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.%A R. Gilligan
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.%A E. Nordmark
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.%B RFC2893
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.%T Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers
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.%D August 2000
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.%O ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2893.txt
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.Re
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.Rs
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.%A Sally Floyd
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.%A David L. Black
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.%A K. K. Ramakrishnan
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.%T "IPsec Interactions with ECN"
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.%D December 1999
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.%O draft-ietf-ipsec-ecn-02.txt
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.Re
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.\"
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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device first appeared in WIDE hydrangea IPv6 kit.
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.\"
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.Sh BUGS
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There are many tunnelling protocol specifications,
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defined differently from each other.
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.Nm
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may not interoperate with peers which are based on different specifications,
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and are picky about outer header fields.
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For example, you cannot usually use
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.Nm
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to talk with IPsec devices that use IPsec tunnel mode.
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.Pp
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The current code does not check if the ingress address
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.Pq outer source address
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configured to
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.Nm
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makes sense.
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Make sure to configure an address which belongs to your node.
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Otherwise, your node will not be able to receive packets from the peer,
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and your node will generate packets with a spoofed source address.
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.Pp
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If the outer protocol is IPv6, path MTU discovery for encapsulated packet
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may affect communication over the interface.
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.Pp
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.Xr gif 4
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is an
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.Dv IFF_POINTOPOINT
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device, however, it supports NBMA behavior in multi-destination mode.
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