Introduction
TRE is a lightweight, robust, and efficient POSIX compliant regexp
matching library with some exciting features such as approximate
(fuzzy) matching.
The matching algorithm used in TRE uses linear worst-case time in
the length of the text being searched, and quadratic worst-case
time in the length of the used regular expression. In other words,
the time complexity of the algorithm is O(M^2N), where M is the
length of the regular expression and N is the length of the
text. The used space is also quadratic on the length of the regex,
but does not depend on the searched string. This quadratic
behaviour occurs only on pathological cases which are probably very
rare in practice.
Features
TRE is not just yet another regexp matcher. TRE has some features
which are not there in most free POSIX compatible
implementations. Most of these features are not present in non-free
implementations either, for that matter.
Approximate matching
Approximate pattern matching allows matches to be approximate, that
is, allows the matches to be close to the searched pattern under
some measure of closeness. TRE uses the edit-distance measure (also
known as the Levenshtein distance) where characters can be
inserted, deleted, or substituted in the searched text in order to
get an exact match. Each insertion, deletion, or substitution adds
the distance, or cost, of the match. TRE can report the matches
which have a cost lower than some given threshold value. TRE can
also be used to search for matches with the lowest cost.
TRE includes a version of the agrep (approximate grep) command line
tool for approximate regexp matching in the style of grep. Unlike
other agrep implementations (like the one by Sun Wu and Udi Manber
from University of Arizona available here) TRE agrep allows full
regexps of any length, any number of errors, and non-uniform costs
for insertion, deletion and substitution.
Strict standard conformance
POSIX defines the behaviour of regexp functions precisely. TRE
attempts to conform to these specifications as strictly as
possible. TRE always returns the correct matches for subpatterns,
for example. Very few other implementations do this correctly. In
fact, the only other implementations besides TRE that I am aware of
(free or not) that get it right are Rx by Tom Lord, Regex++ by John
Maddock, and the AT&T ast regex by Glenn Fowler and Doug McIlroy.
The standard TRE tries to conform to is the IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
or Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, commonly referred to as
"POSIX". It can be found online here. The relevant parts are the
base specifications on regular expressions (and the rationale) and
the description of the regcomp() API.
For an excellent survey on POSIX regexp matchers, see the testregex
pages by Glenn Fowler of AT&T Labs Research.
Predictable matching speed
Because of the matching algorithm used in TRE, the maximum time
consumed by any regexec() call is always directly proportional to
the length of the searched string. There is one exception: if back
references are used, the matching may take time that grows
exponentially with the length of the string. This is because
matching back references is an NP complete problem, and almost
certainly requires exponential time to match in the worst case.
Predictable and modest memory consumption
A regexec() call never allocates memory from the heap. TRE
allocates all the memory it needs during a regcomp() call, and some
temporary working space from the stack frame for the duration of
the regexec() call. The amount of temporary space needed is
constant during matching and does not depend on the searched
string. For regexps of reasonable size TRE needs less than 50K of
dynamically allocated memory during the regcomp() call, less than
20K for the compiled pattern buffer, and less than two kilobytes of
temporary working space from the stack frame during a regexec()
call. There is no time/memory tradeoff. TRE is also small in code
size; statically linking with TRE increases the executable size
less than 30K (gcc-3.2, x86, GNU/Linux).
Wide character and multibyte character set support
TRE supports multibyte character sets. This makes it possible to
use regexps seamlessly with, for example, Japanese locales. TRE
also provides a wide character API.
Binary pattern and data support
TRE provides APIs which allow binary zero characters both in
regexps and searched strings. The standard API cannot be easily
used to, for example, search for printable words from binary data
(although it is possible with some hacking). Searching for patterns
which contain binary zeroes embedded is not possible at all with
the standard API.
Completely thread safe
TRE is completely thread safe. All the exported functions are
re-entrant, and a single compiled regexp object can be used
simultaneously in multiple contexts; e.g. in main() and a signal
handler, or in many threads of a multithreaded application.
Portable
TRE is portable across multiple platforms. Here's a table of
platforms and compilers that have been successfully used to compile
and run TRE:
Platform(s) | Compiler(s)
----------------------------------+------------
AIX 4.3.2 - 5.3.0 | GCC, C for AIX compiler version 5
Compaq Tru64 UNIX V5.1A/B | Compaq C V6.4-014 - V6.5-011
Cygwin 1.3 - 1.5 | GCC
Digital UNIX V4.0 | DEC C V5.9-005
FreeBSD 4 and above | GCC
GNU/Linux systems on x86, x86_64, | GCC
ppc64, s390 |
HP-UX 10.20- 11.00 | GCC, HP C Compiler
IRIX 6.5 | GCC, MIPSpro Compilers 7.3.1.3m
Max OS X |
NetBSD 1.5 and above | GCC, egcs
OpenBSD 3.3 and above | GCC
Solaris 2.7-10 sparc/x86 | GCC, Sun Workshop 6 compilers
Windows 98 - XP | Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0
TRE 0.7.5 should compile without changes on all of the above
platforms. Tell me if you are using TRE on a platform that is not
listed above, and I'll add it to the list. Also let me know if TRE
does not work on a listed platform.
Depending on the platform, you may need to install libutf8 to get
wide character and multibyte character set support.
Free
TRE is released under a license which is essentially the same as
the "2 clause" BSD-style license used in NetBSD. See the file
LICENSE for details.
Roadmap
There are currently two features, both related to collating
elements, missing from 100% POSIX compliance. These are:
* Support for collating elements (e.g. [[.<X>.]], where <X> is a
collating element). It is not possible to support
multi-character collating elements portably, since POSIX does
not define a way to determine whether a character sequence is a
multi-character collating element or not.
* Support for equivalence classes, for example [[=<X>=]], where
<X> is a collating element. An equivalence class matches any
character which has the same primary collation weight as
<X>. Again, POSIX provides no portable mechanism for
determining the primary collation weight of a collating
element.
Note that other portable regexp implementations don't support
collating elements either. The single exception is Regex++, which
comes with its own database for collating elements for different
locales. Support for collating elements and equivalence classes has
not been widely requested and is not very high on the TODO list at
the moment.
These are other features I'm planning to implement real soon now:
* All the missing GNU extensions enabled in GNU regex, such as
[[:<:]] and [[:>:]]
* A REG_SHORTEST regexec() flag for returning the shortest match
instead of the longest match.
* Perl-compatible syntax
[:^class:]
Matches anything but the characters in class. Note that
[^[:class:]] works already, this would be just a
convenience shorthand.
\A
Match only at beginning of string
\Z
Match only at end of string, or before newline at the end
\z
Match only at end of string
\l
Lowercase next char (think vi)
\u
Uppercase next char (think vi)
\L
Lowercase till \E (think vi)
\U
Uppercase till \E (think vi)
(?=pattern)
Zero-width positive look-ahead assertions.
(?!pattern)
Zero-width negative look-ahead assertions.
(?<=pattern)
Zero-width positive look-behind assertions.
(?<!pattern)
Zero-width negative look-behind assertions.
Documentation especially for the nonstandard features of TRE, such
as approximate matching, is a work in progress (with "progress"
loosely defined...)
Mailing lists
tre-general@lists.laurikari.net
This list is for any discussion on the TRE software, including
reporting bugs, feature requests, requests for help, and other
things.
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Ville Laurikari <vl@iki.fi>
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