440 lines
14 KiB
Groff
440 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: disklabel.5,v 1.28 2016/09/11 01:59:10 sevan Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)disklabel.5.5 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\"
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.Dd September 11, 2016
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.Dt DISKLABEL 5
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm disklabel
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.Nd disk pack label
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/disklabel.h
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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Each disk or disk pack on a system may contain a disk label
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which provides detailed information
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about the geometry of the disk and the partitions into which the disk
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is divided.
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It should be initialized when the disk is formatted,
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and may be changed later with the
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.Xr disklabel 8
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program.
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This information is used by the system disk driver and by the bootstrap
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program to determine how to program the drive
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and where to find the file systems on the disk partitions.
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Additional information is used by the file system in order
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to use the disk most efficiently and to locate important file system information.
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The description of each partition contains an identifier for the partition
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type (standard file system, swap area, etc.).
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The file system updates the in-core copy of the label if it contains
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incomplete information about the file system.
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.Pp
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The label is located in the sector number returned by the
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.Xr getlabelsector 3
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function, usually sector 0 where it may be found
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without any information about the disk geometry.
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It is at an offset (specified by the
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.Xr getlabeloffset 3
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function)
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from the beginning of the sector, to allow room for the initial bootstrap.
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The disk sector containing the label is normally made read-only
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so that it is not accidentally overwritten by pack-to-pack copies
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or swap operations;
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the
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.Dv DIOCWLABEL
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.Xr ioctl 2 ,
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which is done as needed by the
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.Xr disklabel 8
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program.
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.Pp
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A copy of the in-core label for a disk can be obtained with the
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.Dv DIOCGDINFO
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.Xr ioctl 2 ;
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this works with a file descriptor for a block or character (``raw'') device
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for any partition of the disk.
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The in-core copy of the label is set by the
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.Dv DIOCSDINFO
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.Xr ioctl 2 .
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The offset of a partition cannot generally be changed while it is open,
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nor can it be made smaller while it is open.
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One exception is that any change is allowed if no label was found
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on the disk, and the driver was able to construct only a skeletal label
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without partition information.
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Finally, the
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.Dv DIOCWDINFO
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.Xr ioctl 2
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operation sets the in-core label and then updates the on-disk label;
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there must be an existing label on the disk for this operation to succeed.
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Thus, the initial label for a disk or disk pack must be installed
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by writing to the raw disk.
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All of these operations are normally done using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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.Pp
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The format of the disk label, as specified in
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.Pa sys/disklabel.h ,
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is
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.Bd -literal
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/*
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* Disk description table, see disktab(5)
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*/
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#define _PATH_DISKTAB "/etc/disktab"
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/*
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* Each disk has a label which includes information about the hardware
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* disk geometry, file system partitions, and drive specific information.
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* The location of the label, as well as the number of partitions the
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* label can describe and the number of the "whole disk" (raw)
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* partition are machine dependent.
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*/
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#include \*[Lt]machine/disklabel.h\*[Gt]
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/*
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* The absolute maximum number of disk partitions allowed.
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* This is the maximum value of MAXPARTITIONS for which 'struct disklabel'
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* is \*[Le] DEV_BSIZE bytes long. If MAXPARTITIONS is greater than this, beware.
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*/
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#define MAXMAXPARTITIONS 22
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#if MAXPARTITIONS \*[Gt] MAXMAXPARTITIONS
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#warning beware: MAXPARTITIONS bigger than MAXMAXPARTITIONS
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#endif
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#define DISKMAGIC ((u_int32_t)0x82564557) /* The disk magic number */
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#ifndef _LOCORE
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struct disklabel {
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u_int32_t d_magic; /* the magic number */
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u_int16_t d_type; /* drive type */
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u_int16_t d_subtype; /* controller/d_type specific */
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char d_typename[16]; /* type name, e.g "eagle" */
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/*
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* d_packname contains the pack identifier and is returned when
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* the disklabel is read off the disk or in-core copy.
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* d_boot0 and d_boot1 are the (optional) names of the
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* primary (block 0) and secondary (block 1-15) bootstraps
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* as found in /usr/mdec. These are returned when using
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* getdiskbyname(3) to retrieve the values from /etc/disktab.
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*/
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union {
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char un_d_packname[16]; /* pack identifier */
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struct {
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char *un_d_boot0; /* primary bootstrap name */
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char *un_d_boot1; /* secondary bootstrap name */
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} un_b;
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} d_un;
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#define d_packname d_un.un_d_packname
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#define d_boot0 d_un.un_b.un_d_boot0
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#define d_boot1 d_un.un_b.un_d_boot1
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/* disk geometry: */
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u_int32_t d_secsize; /* # of bytes per sector */
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u_int32_t d_nsectors; /* # of data sectors per track */
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u_int32_t d_ntracks; /* # of tracks per cylinder */
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u_int32_t d_ncylinders; /* # of data cylinders per unit */
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u_int32_t d_secpercyl; /* # of data sectors per cylinder */
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u_int32_t d_secperunit; /* # of data sectors per unit */
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/*
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* Spares (bad sector replacements) below are not counted in
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* d_nsectors or d_secpercyl. Spare sectors are assumed to
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* be physical sectors which occupy space at the end of each
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* track and/or cylinder.
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*/
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u_int16_t d_sparespertrack; /* # of spare sectors per track */
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u_int16_t d_sparespercyl; /* # of spare sectors per cylinder */
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/*
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* Alternative cylinders include maintenance, replacement,
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* configuration description areas, etc.
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*/
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u_int32_t d_acylinders; /* # of alt. cylinders per unit */
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/* hardware characteristics: */
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/*
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* d_interleave, d_trackskew and d_cylskew describe perturbations
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* in the media format used to compensate for a slow controller.
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* Interleave is physical sector interleave, set up by the
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* formatter or controller when formatting. When interleaving is
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* in use, logically adjacent sectors are not physically
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* contiguous, but instead are separated by some number of
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* sectors. It is specified as the ratio of physical sectors
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* traversed per logical sector. Thus an interleave of 1:1
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* implies contiguous layout, while 2:1 implies that logical
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* sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1.
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* d_trackskew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to
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* sector 0 on track N-1 on the same cylinder. Finally, d_cylskew
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* is the offset of sector 0 on cylinder N relative to sector 0
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* on cylinder N-1.
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*/
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u_int16_t d_rpm; /* rotational speed */
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u_int16_t d_interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */
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u_int16_t d_trackskew; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
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u_int16_t d_cylskew; /* sector 0 skew, per cylinder */
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u_int32_t d_headswitch; /* head switch time, usec */
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u_int32_t d_trkseek; /* track-to-track seek, usec */
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u_int32_t d_flags; /* generic flags */
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#define NDDATA 5
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u_int32_t d_drivedata[NDDATA]; /* drive-type specific information */
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#define NSPARE 5
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u_int32_t d_spare[NSPARE]; /* reserved for future use */
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u_int32_t d_magic2; /* the magic number (again) */
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u_int16_t d_checksum; /* xor of data incl. partitions */
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/* file system and partition information: */
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u_int16_t d_npartitions; /* number of partitions in following */
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u_int32_t d_bbsize; /* size of boot area at sn0, bytes */
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u_int32_t d_sbsize; /* max size of fs superblock, bytes */
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struct partition { /* the partition table */
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u_int32_t p_size; /* number of sectors in partition */
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u_int32_t p_offset; /* starting sector */
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u_int32_t p_fsize; /* file system basic fragment size */
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u_int8_t p_fstype; /* file system type, see below */
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u_int8_t p_frag; /* file system fragments per block */
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union {
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u_int16_t cpg; /* UFS: FS cylinders per group */
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u_int16_t sgs; /* LFS: FS segment shift */
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} __partition_u1;
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#define p_cpg __partition_u1.cpg
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#define p_sgs __partition_u1.sgs
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} d_partitions[MAXPARTITIONS]; /* actually may be more */
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};
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#else /* _LOCORE */
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/*
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* offsets for asm boot files.
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*/
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.set d_secsize,40
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.set d_nsectors,44
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.set d_ntracks,48
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.set d_ncylinders,52
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.set d_secpercyl,56
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.set d_secperunit,60
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.set d_end_,276 /* size of disk label */
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#endif /* _LOCORE */
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/* d_type values: */
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#define DTYPE_SMD 1 /* SMD, XSMD; VAX hp/up */
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#define DTYPE_MSCP 2 /* MSCP */
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#define DTYPE_DEC 3 /* other DEC (rk, rl) */
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#define DTYPE_SCSI 4 /* SCSI */
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#define DTYPE_ESDI 5 /* ESDI interface */
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#define DTYPE_ST506 6 /* ST506 etc. */
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#define DTYPE_HPIB 7 /* CS/80 on HP-IB */
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#define DTYPE_HPFL 8 /* HP Fiber-link */
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#define DTYPE_FLOPPY 10 /* floppy */
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#define DTYPE_CCD 11 /* concatenated disk device */
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#define DTYPE_VND 12 /* vnode pseudo-disk */
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#define DTYPE_ATAPI 13 /* ATAPI */
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#define DTYPE_RAID 14 /* RAIDframe */
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#define DTYPE_LD 15 /* logical disk */
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#define DTYPE_JFS2 16 /* IBM JFS2 */
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#define DTYPE_CGD 17 /* cryptographic pseudo-disk */
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#define DTYPE_VINUM 18 /* vinum volume obsolete */
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#define DTYPE_FLASH 19 /* flash memory device */
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#ifdef DKTYPENAMES
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static const char *const dktypenames[] = {
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"unknown",
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"SMD",
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"MSCP",
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"old DEC",
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"SCSI",
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"ESDI",
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"ST506",
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"HP-IB",
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"HP-FL",
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"type 9",
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"floppy",
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"ccd",
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"vnd",
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"ATAPI",
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"RAID",
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"ld",
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"jfs",
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"cgd",
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"obsolete vinum",
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"flash",
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NULL
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};
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#define DKMAXTYPES (sizeof(dktypenames) / sizeof(dktypenames[0]) - 1)
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#endif
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/*
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* Filesystem type and version.
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* Used to interpret other file system-specific
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* per-partition information.
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*/
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#define FS_UNUSED 0 /* unused */
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#define FS_SWAP 1 /* swap */
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#define FS_V6 2 /* Sixth Edition */
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#define FS_V7 3 /* Seventh Edition */
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#define FS_SYSV 4 /* System V */
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#define FS_V71K 5 /* V7 with 1K blocks (4.1, 2.9) */
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#define FS_V8 6 /* Eighth Edition, 4K blocks */
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#define FS_BSDFFS 7 /* 4.2BSD fast file system */
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#define FS_MSDOS 8 /* MSDOS file system */
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#define FS_BSDLFS 9 /* 4.4BSD log-structured file system */
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#define FS_OTHER 10 /* in use, but unknown/unsupported */
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#define FS_HPFS 11 /* OS/2 high-performance file system */
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#define FS_ISO9660 12 /* ISO 9660, normally CD-ROM */
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#define FS_BOOT 13 /* partition contains bootstrap */
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#define FS_ADOS 14 /* AmigaDOS fast file system */
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#define FS_HFS 15 /* Macintosh HFS */
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#define FS_FILECORE 16 /* Acorn Filecore Filing System */
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#define FS_EX2FS 17 /* Linux Extended 2 file system */
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#define FS_NTFS 18 /* Windows/NT file system */
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#define FS_RAID 19 /* RAIDframe component */
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#define FS_CCD 20 /* concatenated disk component */
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#define FS_JFS2 21 /* IBM JFS2 */
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#define FS_APPLEUFS 22 /* Apple UFS */
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#define FS_VINUM 23 /* Vinum */
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#ifdef FSTYPENAMES
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static const char *const fstypenames[] = {
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"unused",
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"swap",
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"Version 6",
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"Version 7",
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"System V",
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"4.1BSD",
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"Eighth Edition",
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"4.2BSD",
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"MSDOS",
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"4.4LFS",
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"unknown",
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"HPFS",
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"ISO9660",
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"boot",
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"ADOS",
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"HFS",
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"FILECORE",
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"Linux Ext2",
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"NTFS",
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"RAID",
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"ccd",
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"jfs",
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"Apple UFS",
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"obsolete vinum",
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NULL
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};
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#define FSMAXTYPES (sizeof(fstypenames) / sizeof(fstypenames[0]) - 1)
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#endif
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/*
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* flags shared by various drives:
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*/
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#define D_REMOVABLE 0x01 /* removable media */
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#define D_ECC 0x02 /* supports ECC */
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#define D_BADSECT 0x04 /* supports bad sector forw. */
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#define D_RAMDISK 0x08 /* disk emulator */
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#define D_CHAIN 0x10 /* can do back-back transfers */
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/*
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* Drive data for SMD.
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*/
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#define d_smdflags d_drivedata[0]
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#define D_SSE 0x1 /* supports skip sectoring */
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#define d_mindist d_drivedata[1]
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#define d_maxdist d_drivedata[2]
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#define d_sdist d_drivedata[3]
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/*
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* Drive data for ST506.
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*/
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#define d_precompcyl d_drivedata[0]
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#define d_gap3 d_drivedata[1] /* used only when formatting */
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/*
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* Drive data for SCSI.
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*/
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#define d_blind d_drivedata[0]
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#ifndef _LOCORE
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/*
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* Structure used to perform a format or other raw operation,
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* returning data and/or register values. Register identification
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* and format are device- and driver-dependent.
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*/
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struct format_op {
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char *df_buf;
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int df_count; /* value-result */
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daddr_t df_startblk;
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int df_reg[8]; /* result */
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};
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/*
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* Structure used internally to retrieve information about a partition
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* on a disk.
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*/
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struct partinfo {
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struct disklabel *disklab;
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struct partition *part;
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Disk specific ioctls are defined in
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.Pa sys/dkio.h .
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.Bd -literal
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.Pp
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/*
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* Disk-specific ioctls.
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*/
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/* get and set disklabel; DIOCGPART used internally */
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#define DIOCGDINFO _IOR('d', 101, struct disklabel) /* get */
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#define DIOCSDINFO _IOW('d', 102, struct disklabel) /* set */
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#define DIOCWDINFO _IOW('d', 103, struct disklabel) /* set, update disk */
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#define DIOCGPART _IOW('d', 104, struct partinfo) /* get partition */
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/* do format operation, read or write */
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#define DIOCRFORMAT _IOWR('d', 105, struct format_op)
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#define DIOCWFORMAT _IOWR('d', 106, struct format_op)
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#define DIOCSSTEP _IOW('d', 107, int) /* set step rate */
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#define DIOCSRETRIES _IOW('d', 108, int) /* set # of retries */
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#define DIOCKLABEL _IOW('d', 119, int) /* keep/drop label on close? */
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#define DIOCWLABEL _IOW('d', 109, int) /* write en/disable label */
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#define DIOCSBAD _IOW('d', 110, struct dkbad) /* set kernel dkbad */
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#define DIOCEJECT _IOW('d', 112, int) /* eject removable disk */
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#define DIOCLOCK _IOW('d', 113, int) /* lock/unlock pack */
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/* get default label, clear label */
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#define DIOCGDEFLABEL _IOR('d', 114, struct disklabel)
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#define DIOCCLRLABEL _IO('d', 115)
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.Ed
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr dkctl 8
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.\" .Sh HISTORY
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