170 lines
5.5 KiB
Perl
170 lines
5.5 KiB
Perl
.\" $NetBSD: 0.t,v 1.4 2005/12/26 20:04:46 perry Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)0.t 8.3 (Berkeley) 5/26/94
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.\"
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.if n .ND
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.TL
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Berkeley Software Architecture Manual
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.br
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4.4BSD Edition
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.AU
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M. Kirk McKusick, Michael Karels
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.AU
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Samuel Leffler, William Joy
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.AU
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Robert Fabry
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.AI
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Computer Systems Research Group
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Computer Science Division
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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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University of California, Berkeley
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Berkeley, CA 94720
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.EH 'PSD:5-%''4.4BSD Architecture Manual'
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.OH '4.4BSD Architecture Manual''PSD:5-%'
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.AB
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This document summarizes the system calls
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provided by the 4.4BSD operating system.
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It does not attempt to act as a tutorial for use of the system,
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nor does it attempt to explain or justify the design of the
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system facilities.
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It gives neither motivation nor implementation details,
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in favor of brevity.
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.PP
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The first section describes the basic kernel functions
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provided to a process: process naming and protection,
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memory management, software interrupts,
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time and statistics functions,
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object references (descriptors),
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and resource controls.
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These facilities, as well as facilities for
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bootstrap, shutdown and process accounting,
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are provided solely by the kernel.
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.PP
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The second section describes the standard system
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abstractions for
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files and filesystems,
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communication,
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terminal handling,
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and process control and debugging.
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These facilities are implemented by the operating system or by
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network server processes.
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.AE
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.LP
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.bp +3
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.sy echo -n >toc
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.de Sh
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.sy echo >>toc '.L\\$1 "\\$2" \\n%'
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.ie \\$1=0 \{\
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\fB\\$2\fP
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.\}
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.el \{\
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.NH \\$1
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\\$2
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.LP
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.\}
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..
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.de Fn
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\fI\\$1\fP\\$2
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..
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.de Xr
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\\$1\\$2
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..
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.de Fd
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.sy echo >>toc '.Nm \\$1 \\$2 "\\$3'
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..
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.Sh 0 "Notation and Types
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.PP
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The notation used to describe system calls is a variant of a
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C language function call, consisting of a prototype call followed by
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the declaration of parameters and results.
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An additional keyword \fBresult\fP, not part of the normal C language,
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is used to indicate which of the declared entities receive results.
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As an example, consider the \fIread\fP call, as described in
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section
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.Xr 2.1.1 :
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.DS
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cc = read(fd, buf, nbytes);
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result ssize_t cc; int fd; result void *buf; size_t nbytes;
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.DE
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The first line shows how the \fIread\fP routine is called, with
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three parameters.
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As shown on the second line,
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the return value \fIcc\fP is a size_t and \fIread\fP
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also returns information in the parameter \fIbuf\fP.
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.PP
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The descriptions of error conditions arising from each system call
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are not provided here; they appear in section
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.Xr 2
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of the Programmer's Reference Manual.
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In particular, when accessed from the C language,
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many calls return a characteristic \-1 value
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when an error occurs, returning the error code in the global variable
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\fIerrno\fP.
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Other languages may present errors in different ways.
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.PP
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A number of system standard types are defined by the include file
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.I <sys/types.h>
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and used in the specifications here and in many C programs.
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.sp
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.ft C
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.TS
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l l l.
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Type Value
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_
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caddr_t char * /* a memory address */
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clock_t unsigned long /* count of CLK_TCK's */
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gid_t unsigned long /* group ID */
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int16_t short /* 16-bit integer */
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int32_t int /* 32-bit integer */
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int64_t long long /* 64-bit integer */
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int8_t signed char /* 8-bit integer */
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mode_t unsigned short /* file permissions */
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off_t quad_t /* file offset */
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pid_t long /* process ID */
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qaddr_t quad_t *
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quad_t long long
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size_t unsigned int /* count of bytes */
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ssize_t int /* signed size_t */
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time_t long /* seconds since the Epoch */
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u_char unsigned char
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u_int unsigned int
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u_long unsigned long
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u_quad_t unsigned long long
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u_short unsigned short
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uid_t unsigned long /* user ID */
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uint unsigned int /* System V compatibility */
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uint16_t unsigned short /* unsigned 16-bit integer */
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uint32_t unsigned int /* unsigned 32-bit integer */
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uint64_t unsigned long long /* unsigned 64-bit integer */
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uint8_t unsigned char /* unsigned 8-bit integer */
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ushort unsigned short /* System V compatibility */
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.TE
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.ft R
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