2195 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
2195 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (c) 1986 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
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.\" provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
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.\" duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
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.\" advertising materials, and other materials related to such
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.\" distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
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.\" by the University of California, Berkeley. The name of the
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.\" University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
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.\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
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.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ref.me 6.4 (Berkeley) 7/17/89
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.\"
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.\" Modified by jjc@jclark.com for groff.
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.\"UC 7
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.ll 6.5i
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.lt 6.5i
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.\"pn 0
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.ds MO @VERSION@
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.de TL \" *** title line
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.lp
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.di XX
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..
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.ie \n(.g \{\
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.de DE
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\?\h'|\\n(DIu'\c\?
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..
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.\}
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.el \{\
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.de DE
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\\\\h'|\\\\n(DIu'\\\\c
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..
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.\}
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.am DE
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.br
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.di
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.in +\\n(DIu
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.ti 0
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.cu 1000
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.XX
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.rm XX
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.cu 0
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..
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.ds G \s-1GROFF\s0
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.ds N \s-1NROFF\s0
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.ds T \s-1TROFF\s0
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.nr DI 1.5i
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.he '\-ME REFERENCE MANUAL''%'
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.de NR
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.b "\en\\$1" "\\$2"
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..
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.de ST
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.b "\e*\\$1" "\\$2"
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..
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.\"sc
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.\"eh 'USD:23-%''\-me Reference Manual'
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.\"oh '\-me Reference Manual''USD:23-%'
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.+c
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.ce 20
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.sz 14
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.b "\-ME REFERENCE MANUAL"
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.sz
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.sp
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.i "\*G Version \*(MO\(dg"
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.(f
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\(dgBased on Berkeley Release 2.31.
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.)f
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.sp 2
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.ul
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Eric P. Allman*
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.(f
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*Author's current address:
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Britton Lee, Inc.,
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1919 Addison Suite 105,
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Berkeley, California 94704.
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.)f
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.sp
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Project INGRES
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Electronics Research Laboratory
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University of California, Berkeley
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Berkeley, California 94720
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.sp 2
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.i "Modified for \*G by James Clark"
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.ce 0
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.sp 4
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.pp
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This document describes
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in extremely terse form
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the features
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of the
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.b \-me
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macro package
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|
for \*G.
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Some familiarity is assumed
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with
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\*G.
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|
Specifically,
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the reader should understand
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breaks,
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fonts,
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|
pointsizes,
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|
the use and definition of number registers
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|
and strings,
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|
how to define macros,
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|
and scaling factors for ens, points,
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|
.b v 's
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|
(vertical line spaces),
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|
etc.
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|
.pp
|
|
For a more casual introduction
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|
to text processing
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|
using \*G,
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|
refer to the document
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|
.ul
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Writing Papers with \*G using \-me.
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|
.pp
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|
There are a number of macro parameters
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|
that may be adjusted.
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|
Fonts may be set to a font number only.
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Font 0 is no font change;
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the font of the surrounding text
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|
is used instead.
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|
Notice that font 0 is a
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.q pseudo-font ;
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|
that is,
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|
it is simulated by the macros.
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|
This means that although it is legal to set a font register
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to zero,
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|
it is not legal to use the escape character form,
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|
such as:
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|
.(b
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|
\ef0
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|
.)b
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.pp
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All distances
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are in basic units,
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so it is nearly always necessary
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to use a scaling factor.
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|
For example,
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|
the request
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|
to set the paragraph indent
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to eight one-en spaces is:
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|
.(b
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\&.nr pi 8n
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.)b
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and not
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|
.(b
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\&.nr pi 8
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.)b
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which would set the paragraph indent to eight basic units,
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or about 0.02 inch.
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Default parameter values are given in brackets
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|
in the remainder of this document.
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|
.pp
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|
Registers and strings
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of the form
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.b $ \c
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.i x
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may be used in expressions
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|
but should not be changed.
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|
Macros of the form
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|
.b $ \c
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|
.i x
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|
perform some function
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|
(as described)
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and may be redefined
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to change this function.
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This may be a sensitive operation;
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|
look at the body of the original macro
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before changing it.
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.pp
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All names in \-me
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follow a rigid naming convention.
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The user may define number registers,
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strings,
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and macros,
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provided that s/he
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uses single character upper case names
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or double character names
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|
consisting of letters and digits,
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|
with at least one upper case letter.
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|
In no case should special characters
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be used in user-defined names.
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|
Locally defined macros
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|
should all be of the form
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.b .* \c
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.i X ,
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where
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.i X
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is any letter
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|
(upper or lower case)
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or digit.
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|
.pp
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|
This documentation was \*G'ed
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|
on \*(td
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and applies to \*G version
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\*(MO
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of the \-me macros.
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.sh 1 "Paragraphing"
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.pp
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|
These macros are used
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to begin paragraphs.
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The standard paragraph macro
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is
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.b .pp ;
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the others are all variants
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to be used for special purposes.
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.pp
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After the first call to one of the paragraphing macros
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defined in this section
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or the
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.b .sh
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macro
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|
(defined in the next session),
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the effects of changing parameters
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which will have a global effect
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|
on the format of the page
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|
(notably page length and header and footer margins)
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|
are not well defined
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|
and should be avoided.
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|
.TL
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.b .lp
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.DE
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|
Begin left-justified paragraph.
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|
Centering and underlining
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|
are turned off if they were on,
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the font is set to
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.NR (pf
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[1]
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the type size
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is set to
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.NR (pp
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|
[10p],
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and a
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.NR (ps
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space is inserted
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before the paragraph
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|
[0.35v]
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|
The indent is reset
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|
to
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.NR ($i
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[0]
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plus
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.NR (po
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|
[0]
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|
unless the paragraph
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|
is inside a display.
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|
(see
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|
.b .ba ).
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|
At least
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|
the first two lines
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|
of the paragraph
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|
are kept together
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|
on a page.
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.TL
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.b .pp
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.DE
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|
Like
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|
.b .lp ,
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|
except that it puts
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.NR (pi
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[5n]
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|
units of indent.
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This is the standard paragraph macro.
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.TL
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|
.b .ip
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|
.i T
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|
.i I
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.DE
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|
Indented paragraph
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|
with hanging tag.
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|
The body of the following paragraph
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|
is indented
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|
.i I
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|
spaces
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|
(or
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|
.NR (ii
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|
[5n]
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|
spaces
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|
if
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.i I
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|
is not specified)
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|
more than a non-indented paragraph
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|
(such as with
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|
.b .pp )
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|
is.
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|
The title
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.i T
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|
is exdented (opposite of indented).
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|
The result is a paragraph
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with an even left edge
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|
and
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.i T
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printed in the margin.
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|
Any spaces in
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.i T
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|
must be unpaddable.
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If
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.i T
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will not fit in the space provided,
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.b .ip
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|
will start a new line.
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.TL
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|
.b .np
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.DE
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|
A variant of .ip which numbers paragraphs.
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|
Numbering is reset
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|
after a
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|
.b .lp ,
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|
.b .pp ,
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|
or
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|
.b .sh .
|
|
The current paragraph number
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|
is in
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|
.NR ($p .
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|
.TL
|
|
.b .bu
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|
.DE
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|
Like
|
|
.b .np
|
|
except that paragraphs are marked with bullets (\(bu).
|
|
Leading space is eliminated to create compact lists.
|
|
.sh 1 "Section Headings"
|
|
.pp
|
|
Numbered sections
|
|
are similar to paragraphs
|
|
except that a
|
|
section number
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|
is automatically
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|
generated for each one.
|
|
The section numbers are of the form
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|
.b 1.2.3 .
|
|
The
|
|
.i depth
|
|
of the section
|
|
is the count of numbers
|
|
(separated by decimal points)
|
|
in the section number.
|
|
.pp
|
|
Unnumbered section headings are similar,
|
|
except that no number is attached
|
|
to the heading.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
.i +N
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|
.i T
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|
.i "a b c d e f"
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|
.DE
|
|
Begin numbered section
|
|
of depth
|
|
.i N .
|
|
If
|
|
.i N
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|
is missing
|
|
the current depth
|
|
(maintained in
|
|
the number register
|
|
.NR ($0 )
|
|
is used.
|
|
The values of
|
|
the individual parts of the section number
|
|
are maintained in
|
|
.NR ($1
|
|
through
|
|
.NR ($6 .
|
|
There is a
|
|
.NR (ss
|
|
[1v]
|
|
space before the section.
|
|
.i T
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|
is printed
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|
as a section title
|
|
in font
|
|
.NR (sf
|
|
[8]
|
|
and size
|
|
.NR (sp
|
|
[10p].
|
|
The
|
|
.q name
|
|
of the section may be accessed via
|
|
.ST ($n .
|
|
If
|
|
.NR (si
|
|
is non-zero,
|
|
the base indent
|
|
is set to
|
|
.NR (si
|
|
times the section depth,
|
|
and the section title
|
|
is exdented.
|
|
(See
|
|
.b .ba .)
|
|
Also,
|
|
an additional indent of
|
|
.NR (so
|
|
[0]
|
|
is added to the section title
|
|
(but not to the body of the section).
|
|
The font is then set
|
|
to the paragraph font,
|
|
so that more information may occur
|
|
on the line
|
|
with the section number
|
|
and title.
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
insures that there is enough room
|
|
to print the section head
|
|
plus the beginning of a paragraph
|
|
(about 3 lines total).
|
|
If
|
|
.i a
|
|
through
|
|
.i f
|
|
are specified,
|
|
the section number is set to that number
|
|
rather than incremented automatically.
|
|
If any of
|
|
.i a
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|
through
|
|
.i f
|
|
are a hyphen
|
|
that number is not reset.
|
|
If
|
|
.i T
|
|
is a single underscore
|
|
(\c
|
|
.q _ )
|
|
then the section depth and numbering is reset,
|
|
but the base indent is not reset
|
|
and nothing is printed out.
|
|
This is useful to automatically
|
|
coordinate section numbers with
|
|
chapter numbers.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .sx
|
|
.i +N
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|
.DE
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|
Go to section depth
|
|
.i N
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|
[\c
|
|
.b \-1 ],
|
|
but do not print the number
|
|
and title,
|
|
and do not increment the section number
|
|
at level
|
|
.i N .
|
|
This has the effect
|
|
of starting a new paragraph
|
|
at level
|
|
.i N .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .uh
|
|
.i T
|
|
.DE
|
|
Unnumbered section heading.
|
|
The title
|
|
.i T
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|
is printed
|
|
with the same rules for spacing,
|
|
font, etc.,
|
|
as for
|
|
.b .sh .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$p
|
|
.i T
|
|
.i B
|
|
.i N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Print section heading.
|
|
May be redefined
|
|
to get fancier headings.
|
|
.i T
|
|
is the title passed on the
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
or
|
|
.b .uh
|
|
line;
|
|
.i B
|
|
is the section number for this section,
|
|
and
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the depth of this section.
|
|
These parameters are not always present;
|
|
in particular,
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
passes all three,
|
|
.b .uh
|
|
passes only the first,
|
|
and
|
|
.b .sx
|
|
passes three,
|
|
but the first two
|
|
are null strings.
|
|
Care should be taken if this macro
|
|
is redefined;
|
|
it is quite complex and subtle.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$0
|
|
.i T
|
|
.i B
|
|
.i N
|
|
.DE
|
|
This macro is called automatically
|
|
after every call to
|
|
.b .$p .
|
|
It is normally undefined,
|
|
but may be used
|
|
to automatically put
|
|
every section title
|
|
into the table of contents
|
|
or for some similar function.
|
|
.i T
|
|
is the section title
|
|
for the section title which was just printed,
|
|
.i B
|
|
is the section number,
|
|
and
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the section depth.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$1
|
|
\-
|
|
.b .$6
|
|
.DE
|
|
Traps called just before printing that depth section.
|
|
May be defined to
|
|
(for example)
|
|
give variable spacing
|
|
before sections.
|
|
These macros are called from
|
|
.b .$p ,
|
|
so if you redefine that macro
|
|
you may lose this feature.
|
|
.sh 1 "Headers and Footers"
|
|
.ds TP \fI\(aal\|\(aam\^\(aar\^\(aa\fP
|
|
.pp
|
|
Headers and footers
|
|
are put at the top and bottom
|
|
of every page
|
|
automatically.
|
|
They are set in font
|
|
.NR (tf
|
|
[3]
|
|
and size
|
|
.NR (tp
|
|
[10p].
|
|
Each of the definitions
|
|
apply as of the
|
|
.i next
|
|
page.
|
|
Three-part titles
|
|
must be quoted
|
|
if there are two blanks adjacent
|
|
anywhere in the title
|
|
or more than eight blanks total.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The spacing
|
|
of headers and footers
|
|
are controlled by three number registers.
|
|
.NR (hm
|
|
[4v]
|
|
is the distance from the top of the page
|
|
to the top of the header,
|
|
.NR (fm
|
|
[3v]
|
|
is the distance from the bottom of the page
|
|
to the bottom of the footer,
|
|
.NR (tm
|
|
[7v]
|
|
is the distance from the top of the page
|
|
to the top of the text,
|
|
and
|
|
.NR (bm
|
|
[6v]
|
|
is the distance from the bottom of the page
|
|
to the bottom of the text
|
|
(nominal).
|
|
The macros
|
|
.b .m1 ,
|
|
.b .m2 ,
|
|
.b .m3 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.b .m4
|
|
are also supplied for compatibility
|
|
with
|
|
\s-1ROFF\s0 documents.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .he
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define three-part header,
|
|
to be printed on the top
|
|
of every page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .fo
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define footer,
|
|
to be printed at the bottom
|
|
of every page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .eh
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define header,
|
|
to be printed at the top of every
|
|
even-numbered page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .oh
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define header,
|
|
to be printed at the top of every
|
|
odd-numbered page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ef
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define footer,
|
|
to be printed at the bottom
|
|
of every even-numbered page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .of
|
|
\*(TP
|
|
.DE
|
|
Define footer,
|
|
to be printed at the bottom
|
|
of every odd-numbered page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .hx
|
|
.DE
|
|
Suppress headers and footers
|
|
on the next page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .m1
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the space between the top of the page
|
|
and the header
|
|
[4v].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .m2
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the space between the header
|
|
and the first line of text
|
|
[2v].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .m3
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the space
|
|
between the bottom of the text
|
|
and the footer
|
|
[2v].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .m4
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the space
|
|
between the footer
|
|
and the bottom of the page
|
|
[4v].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ep
|
|
.DE
|
|
End this page,
|
|
but do not begin the next page.
|
|
Useful for forcing out footnotes,
|
|
but other than
|
|
that hardly every used.
|
|
Must be followed by a
|
|
.b .bp
|
|
or the end of input.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$h
|
|
.DE
|
|
Called at every page
|
|
to print the header.
|
|
May be redefined
|
|
to provide fancy
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
multi-line)
|
|
headers,
|
|
but doing so
|
|
loses the function of the
|
|
.b .he ,
|
|
.b .fo ,
|
|
.b .eh ,
|
|
.b .oh ,
|
|
.b .ef ,
|
|
and
|
|
.b .of
|
|
requests,
|
|
as well as the chapter-style title feature
|
|
of
|
|
.b .+c .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$f
|
|
.DE
|
|
Print footer;
|
|
same comments apply
|
|
as in
|
|
.b .$h .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$H
|
|
.DE
|
|
A normally undefined macro
|
|
which is called
|
|
at the top of each page
|
|
(after putting out
|
|
the header,
|
|
initial saved floating keeps,
|
|
etc.);
|
|
in other words,
|
|
this macro is called immediately before
|
|
printing text
|
|
on a page.
|
|
It can be used for column headings
|
|
and the like.
|
|
.sh 1 "Displays"
|
|
.pp
|
|
All displays except centered blocks
|
|
and block quotes
|
|
are preceded and followed
|
|
by an extra
|
|
.NR (bs
|
|
[same as
|
|
.NR (ps ]
|
|
space.
|
|
Quote spacing is stored in a separate register;
|
|
centered blocks have no default initial or trailing space.
|
|
The vertical spacing of all displays except quotes
|
|
and centered blocks
|
|
is stored in register
|
|
.NR ($V
|
|
instead of
|
|
.NR ($v .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(l
|
|
.i m
|
|
.i f
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin list.
|
|
Lists are single spaced,
|
|
unfilled text.
|
|
If
|
|
.i f
|
|
is
|
|
.b F ,
|
|
the list will be filled.
|
|
If
|
|
.i m
|
|
[\c
|
|
.b I ]
|
|
is
|
|
.b I
|
|
the list is indented by
|
|
.NR (bi
|
|
[4m];
|
|
if
|
|
.b M
|
|
the list is indented to the left margin;
|
|
if
|
|
.b L
|
|
the list is left justified with respect to the text
|
|
(different from
|
|
.b M
|
|
only if the base indent
|
|
(stored in
|
|
.NR ($i
|
|
and set with
|
|
.b .ba )
|
|
is not zero);
|
|
and if
|
|
.b C
|
|
the list is centered on a line-by-line basis.
|
|
The list is set in font
|
|
.NR (df
|
|
[0].
|
|
Must be matched by a
|
|
.b .)l .
|
|
This macro is almost like
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
except that no attempt is made
|
|
to keep the display on one page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)l
|
|
.DE
|
|
End list.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(q
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin major quote.
|
|
These are single spaced,
|
|
filled,
|
|
moved in from the text
|
|
on both sides
|
|
by
|
|
.NR (qi
|
|
[4n],
|
|
preceded and followed
|
|
by
|
|
.NR (qs
|
|
[same as
|
|
.NR (bs ]
|
|
space,
|
|
and are set in point size
|
|
.NR (qp
|
|
[one point smaller than surrounding text].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)q
|
|
.DE
|
|
End major quote.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
.i m
|
|
.i f
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin block.
|
|
Blocks are a form of
|
|
.i keep ,
|
|
where the text of a keep
|
|
is kept together on one page
|
|
if possible
|
|
(keeps are useful
|
|
for tables and figures
|
|
which should not be broken
|
|
over a page).
|
|
If the block will not fit
|
|
on the current page
|
|
a new page is begun,
|
|
.i unless
|
|
that would leave more than
|
|
.NR (bt
|
|
[0]
|
|
white space
|
|
at the bottom of the text.
|
|
If
|
|
.NR (bt
|
|
is zero, the threshold feature
|
|
is turned off.
|
|
Blocks are not filled
|
|
unless
|
|
.i f
|
|
is
|
|
.b F ,
|
|
when they are filled.
|
|
The block will be left-justified
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b L ,
|
|
indented by
|
|
.NR (bi
|
|
[4m]
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b I
|
|
or absent,
|
|
centered
|
|
(line-for-line)
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b C ,
|
|
and left justified to the margin
|
|
(not to the base indent)
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b M .
|
|
The block is set in font
|
|
.NR (df
|
|
[0].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)b
|
|
.DE
|
|
End block.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(z
|
|
.i m
|
|
.i f
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin floating keep.
|
|
Like
|
|
.b .(b
|
|
except that the keep is
|
|
.i floated
|
|
to the bottom of the page
|
|
or the top of the next page.
|
|
Therefore,
|
|
its position relative to the text changes.
|
|
The floating keep is preceded and followed
|
|
by
|
|
.NR (zs
|
|
[1v]
|
|
space.
|
|
Also,
|
|
it defaults to mode
|
|
.b M .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)z
|
|
.DE
|
|
End floating keep.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(c
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin centered block.
|
|
The next keep
|
|
is centered as a block,
|
|
rather than on a line-by-line basis
|
|
as with
|
|
.b ".(b C" .
|
|
This call may be nested
|
|
inside keeps.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)c
|
|
.DE
|
|
End centered block.
|
|
.sh 1 Annotations
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(d
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin delayed text.
|
|
Everything in the next keep
|
|
is saved for output
|
|
later with
|
|
.b .pd ,
|
|
in a manner
|
|
similar to footnotes.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)d
|
|
.i n
|
|
.DE
|
|
End delayed text.
|
|
The delayed text number register
|
|
.NR ($d
|
|
and the associated string
|
|
.ST #
|
|
are incremented if
|
|
.ST #
|
|
has been referenced.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .pd
|
|
.DE
|
|
Print delayed text.
|
|
Everything diverted via
|
|
.b .(d
|
|
is printed and truncated.
|
|
This might be used
|
|
at the end of each chapter.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(f
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin footnote.
|
|
The text of the footnote
|
|
is floated to the bottom
|
|
of the page
|
|
and set in font
|
|
.NR (ff
|
|
[1]
|
|
and size
|
|
.NR (fp
|
|
[8p].
|
|
Each entry
|
|
is preceded by
|
|
.NR (fs
|
|
[0.2v]
|
|
space,
|
|
is indented
|
|
.NR (fi
|
|
[3n]
|
|
on the first line,
|
|
and is indented
|
|
.NR (fu
|
|
[0]
|
|
from the right margin.
|
|
Footnotes line up underneath
|
|
two column output.
|
|
If the text of the footnote
|
|
will not all fit on one page
|
|
it will be carried over
|
|
to the next page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)f
|
|
.i n
|
|
.DE
|
|
End footnote.
|
|
The number register
|
|
.NR ($f
|
|
and the associated string
|
|
.ST *
|
|
are incremented
|
|
if they have been referenced.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$s
|
|
.DE
|
|
The macro to output the footnote separator.
|
|
This macro may be redefined
|
|
to give other size lines or other types
|
|
of separators.
|
|
Currently
|
|
it draws a 1.5i line.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .(x
|
|
.i x
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin index entry.
|
|
Index entries are saved in the index
|
|
.i x
|
|
[\c
|
|
.b x ]
|
|
until called up with
|
|
.b .xp.
|
|
Each entry is preceded
|
|
by a
|
|
.NR (xs
|
|
[0.2v]
|
|
space.
|
|
Each entry is
|
|
.q undented
|
|
by
|
|
.NR (xu
|
|
[0.5i];
|
|
this register tells how far the page number
|
|
extends into the right margin.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .)x
|
|
.i P
|
|
.i A
|
|
.DE
|
|
End index entry.
|
|
The index entry
|
|
is finished with a row of dots
|
|
with
|
|
.i A
|
|
[null]
|
|
right justified on the last line
|
|
(such as for an author's name),
|
|
followed by P
|
|
[\c
|
|
.NR % ].
|
|
If
|
|
.i A
|
|
is specified,
|
|
.i P
|
|
must be specified;
|
|
.NR %
|
|
can be used to print the current page number.
|
|
If
|
|
.i P
|
|
is an underscore,
|
|
no page number
|
|
and no row of dots
|
|
are printed.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .xp
|
|
.i x
|
|
.DE
|
|
Print index
|
|
.i x
|
|
[\c
|
|
.b x ].
|
|
The index is formatted in the font, size, and so forth
|
|
in effect at the time it is printed,
|
|
rather than at the time it is collected.
|
|
.sh 1 "Columned Output"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .2c
|
|
.i +S
|
|
.i N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Enter two-column mode.
|
|
The column separation is set to
|
|
.i +S
|
|
[4n, 0.5i in ACM mode]
|
|
(saved in
|
|
.NR ($s ).
|
|
The column width,
|
|
calculated to fill the single column line length
|
|
with both columns,
|
|
is stored in
|
|
.NR ($l .
|
|
The current column
|
|
is in
|
|
.NR ($c .
|
|
You can test register
|
|
.NR ($m
|
|
[1]
|
|
to see if you are in single column
|
|
or double column mode.
|
|
Actually,
|
|
the request enters
|
|
.i N
|
|
[2]
|
|
column output.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .1c
|
|
.DE
|
|
Revert to single-column mode.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .bc
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin column.
|
|
This is like
|
|
.b .bp
|
|
except that it begins a new column
|
|
on a new page
|
|
only if necessary,
|
|
rather than forcing a whole new page
|
|
if there is another column left
|
|
on the current page.
|
|
.sh 1 "Fonts and Sizes"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .sz
|
|
.i +P
|
|
.DE
|
|
The pointsize is set to
|
|
.i P
|
|
[10p],
|
|
and the line spacing is set proportionally.
|
|
The line spacing as a percentage of the pointsize expressed in units
|
|
is stored in
|
|
.NR ($v .
|
|
The percentage used internally
|
|
by displays and annotations
|
|
is stored in
|
|
.NR ($V
|
|
(although this is not used by
|
|
.b .sz ).
|
|
This size is
|
|
.i not
|
|
sticky beyond many macros:
|
|
in particular,
|
|
.NR (pp
|
|
(paragraph pointsize)
|
|
modifies the pointsize every time a new paragraph is begun
|
|
using the
|
|
.b \&.pp ,
|
|
.b \&.lp ,
|
|
.b \&.ip ,
|
|
.b \&.np ,
|
|
or
|
|
.b \&.bu
|
|
macros.
|
|
Also,
|
|
.NR (fp
|
|
(footnote pointsize),
|
|
.NR (qp
|
|
(quote pointsize),
|
|
.NR (sp
|
|
(section header pointsize),
|
|
and
|
|
.NR (tp
|
|
(title pointsize)
|
|
may modify the pointsize.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .r
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set
|
|
.i W
|
|
in roman font,
|
|
appending
|
|
.i X
|
|
in the previous font.
|
|
To append different font requests,
|
|
use
|
|
.i X
|
|
=
|
|
.b \ec .
|
|
If no parameters,
|
|
change to roman font.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .i
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set
|
|
.i W
|
|
in italics,
|
|
appending
|
|
.i X
|
|
in the previous font.
|
|
If no parameters,
|
|
change to italic font.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .b
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set
|
|
.i W
|
|
in bold font
|
|
and append
|
|
.i X
|
|
in the previous font.
|
|
If no parameters,
|
|
switch to bold font.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .u
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Underline
|
|
.i W
|
|
and append
|
|
.i X .
|
|
This is a true underlining,
|
|
as opposed to the
|
|
.b .ul
|
|
request,
|
|
which changes to
|
|
.q "underline font"
|
|
(usually italics in \*G).
|
|
It won't work right
|
|
if
|
|
.i W
|
|
is spread or broken (including hyphenated).
|
|
In other words,
|
|
it is safe in nofill mode only.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .q
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Quote
|
|
.i W
|
|
and append
|
|
.i X .
|
|
In \*G
|
|
this surrounds
|
|
.i W
|
|
with
|
|
.b \*(lq ,
|
|
and
|
|
.b \*(rq .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .bi
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set
|
|
.i W
|
|
in bold italics
|
|
and append
|
|
.i X .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .bx
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Sets
|
|
.i W
|
|
in a box,
|
|
with
|
|
.i X
|
|
appended.
|
|
It won't work right
|
|
if
|
|
.i W
|
|
is spread or broken (including hyphenated).
|
|
In other words,
|
|
it is safe in nofill mode only.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b sm
|
|
.i W
|
|
.i X
|
|
.DE
|
|
Sets
|
|
.i W
|
|
in a smaller pointsize,
|
|
with
|
|
.i X
|
|
appended.
|
|
.sh 1 "Roff Support"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ix
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Indent,
|
|
no break.
|
|
Equivalent to
|
|
.b \(aain
|
|
.i N .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .bl
|
|
.i N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Leave
|
|
.i N
|
|
contiguous white space,
|
|
on the next page if not enough room
|
|
on this page.
|
|
Equivalent to a
|
|
.b .sp
|
|
.i N
|
|
inside a block.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .pa
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Equivalent to
|
|
.b .bp .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ro
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set page number
|
|
in roman numerals.
|
|
Equivalent to
|
|
.b ".af % i" .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ar
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set page number in Arabic.
|
|
Equivalent to
|
|
.b ".af % 1" .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .n1
|
|
.DE
|
|
Number lines in margin from one
|
|
on each page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .n2
|
|
.i N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Number lines from
|
|
.i N ,
|
|
stop if
|
|
.i N
|
|
= 0.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .sk
|
|
.DE
|
|
Leave the next output page blank,
|
|
except for headers and footers.
|
|
This is used to leave space
|
|
for a full-page diagram
|
|
which is produced externally
|
|
and pasted in later.
|
|
To get a partial-page paste-in display,
|
|
say
|
|
.b .sv \ \c
|
|
.i N ,
|
|
where
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the amount of space
|
|
to leave;
|
|
this space will be output immediately
|
|
if there is room,
|
|
and will otherwise be output
|
|
at the top of the next page.
|
|
However, be warned:
|
|
if
|
|
.i N
|
|
is greater than the amount of available space
|
|
on an empty page,
|
|
no space will ever be output.
|
|
.sh 1 "Preprocessor Support"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .EQ
|
|
.i m
|
|
.i T
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin equation.
|
|
The equation is centered
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b C
|
|
or omitted,
|
|
indented
|
|
.NR (bi
|
|
[4m]
|
|
if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b I ,
|
|
and left justified if
|
|
.i m
|
|
is
|
|
.b L .
|
|
.i T
|
|
is a title printed on the right margin
|
|
next to the equation.
|
|
See
|
|
.i "Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide"
|
|
by Brian W. Kernighan
|
|
and Lorinda L. Cherry.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .EN
|
|
.i c
|
|
.DE
|
|
End equation.
|
|
If
|
|
.i c
|
|
is
|
|
.b C
|
|
the equation must be continued
|
|
by immediately following
|
|
with another
|
|
.b .EQ ,
|
|
the text of which
|
|
can be centered
|
|
along with this one.
|
|
Otherwise,
|
|
the equation is printed,
|
|
always on one page,
|
|
with
|
|
.NR (es
|
|
[0.5v]
|
|
space
|
|
above and below it.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .TS
|
|
.i h
|
|
.DE
|
|
Table start.
|
|
Tables are single spaced
|
|
and kept on one page
|
|
if possible.
|
|
If you have a large table
|
|
which will not fit on one page,
|
|
use
|
|
.i h
|
|
=
|
|
.b H
|
|
and follow the header part
|
|
(to be printed on every page of the table)
|
|
with a
|
|
.b .TH .
|
|
See
|
|
.i "Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables"
|
|
by M. E. Lesk.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .TH
|
|
.DE
|
|
With
|
|
.b ".TS H" ,
|
|
ends the header portion of the table.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .TE
|
|
.DE
|
|
Table end.
|
|
Note that this table
|
|
does not float,
|
|
in fact,
|
|
it is not even guaranteed to stay on one page
|
|
if you use requests such as
|
|
.b .sp
|
|
intermixed with the text
|
|
of the table.
|
|
If you want it to float
|
|
(or if you use requests
|
|
inside the table),
|
|
surround the entire table
|
|
(including the
|
|
.b .TS
|
|
and
|
|
.b .TE
|
|
requests)
|
|
with the requests
|
|
.b .(z
|
|
and
|
|
.b .)z .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .PS
|
|
.i h
|
|
.i w
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin
|
|
.i pic
|
|
picture.
|
|
.i H
|
|
is the height and
|
|
.i w
|
|
is the width,
|
|
both in basic units.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .PE
|
|
.DE
|
|
End picture.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .IS
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin
|
|
.i ideal
|
|
picture.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .IE
|
|
.DE
|
|
End
|
|
.i ideal
|
|
picture.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .IF
|
|
.DE
|
|
End
|
|
.i ideal
|
|
picture (alternate form).
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .GS
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin
|
|
.i gremlin
|
|
picture.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .GE
|
|
.DE
|
|
End
|
|
.i gremlin
|
|
picture.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .GF
|
|
.DE
|
|
End
|
|
.i gremlin
|
|
picture (alternate form).
|
|
.sh 1 "Miscellaneous"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .re
|
|
.DE
|
|
Reset tabs every 0.5i.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ba
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the base indent
|
|
to
|
|
.i +N
|
|
[0]
|
|
(saved in
|
|
.NR ($i ).
|
|
All paragraphs,
|
|
sections,
|
|
and displays
|
|
come out indented by this amount.
|
|
Titles and footnotes
|
|
are unaffected.
|
|
The
|
|
.b .sh
|
|
request performs a
|
|
.b .ba
|
|
request
|
|
if
|
|
.NR (si
|
|
[0] is not zero,
|
|
and sets the base indent to
|
|
.NR (si \c
|
|
.b * \c
|
|
.NR ($0 .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .xl
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set the line length to
|
|
.i N
|
|
[6.0i].
|
|
This differs
|
|
from
|
|
.b .ll
|
|
because it only affects the current environment.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .ll
|
|
.i +N
|
|
.DE
|
|
Set line length in all environments
|
|
to
|
|
.i N
|
|
[6.0i].
|
|
This should not be used
|
|
after output has begun,
|
|
and particularly not in two-column output.
|
|
The current line length is stored in
|
|
.NR ($l .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .hl
|
|
.DE
|
|
Draws a horizontal line
|
|
the length of the page.
|
|
This is useful
|
|
inside floating keeps
|
|
to differentiate
|
|
between the text
|
|
and the figure.
|
|
.sh 1 "Standard Papers"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .tp
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin title page.
|
|
Spacing at the top of the page
|
|
can occur,
|
|
and headers and footers are suppressed.
|
|
Also,
|
|
the page number
|
|
is not incremented
|
|
for this page.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .++
|
|
.i m
|
|
.i H
|
|
.DE
|
|
This request defines the section of the paper
|
|
which we are entering.
|
|
The section type is defined by
|
|
.i m .
|
|
.b C
|
|
means that we are entering the chapter portion
|
|
of the paper,
|
|
.b A
|
|
means that we are entering the appendix portion
|
|
of the paper,
|
|
.b P
|
|
means that the material following
|
|
should be the preliminary portion
|
|
(abstract, table of contents, etc.)
|
|
portion of the paper,
|
|
.b AB
|
|
means that we are entering the abstract
|
|
(numbered independently from 1
|
|
in Arabic numerals),
|
|
and
|
|
.b B
|
|
means that we are entering the bibliographic
|
|
portion at the end of the paper.
|
|
Also, the variants
|
|
.b RC
|
|
and
|
|
.b RA
|
|
are allowed,
|
|
which specify renumbering of pages
|
|
from one at the beginning of each
|
|
chapter or appendix,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
The
|
|
.i H
|
|
parameter defines the new header.
|
|
If there are any spaces in it,
|
|
the entire header must be quoted.
|
|
If you want the header to have the chapter number
|
|
in it,
|
|
Use the string
|
|
.b "\e\e\e\en(ch" .
|
|
For example, to number appendixes
|
|
.b A.1
|
|
etc.,
|
|
type
|
|
.b ".++ RA \(aa\(aa\(aa\e\e\e\en(ch.%\(aa" .
|
|
Each section
|
|
(chapter, appendix, etc.)
|
|
should be preceded by the
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
request.
|
|
It should be mentioned
|
|
that it is easier when using
|
|
\*T to put the front material
|
|
at the end of the paper,
|
|
so that the table of contents
|
|
can be collected and put out;
|
|
this material can then be physically
|
|
moved to the beginning of the paper.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
.i T
|
|
.DE
|
|
Begin chapter with title
|
|
.i T .
|
|
The chapter number
|
|
is maintained in
|
|
.NR (ch .
|
|
This register is incremented
|
|
every time
|
|
.b .+c
|
|
is called with a parameter.
|
|
The title and chapter number
|
|
are printed by
|
|
.b .$c .
|
|
The header is moved to the footer
|
|
on the first page
|
|
of each chapter.
|
|
If
|
|
.i T
|
|
is omitted,
|
|
.b .$c
|
|
is not called;
|
|
this is useful for doing your own
|
|
.q "title page"
|
|
at the beginning of papers
|
|
without a title page proper.
|
|
.b .$c
|
|
calls
|
|
.b .$C
|
|
as a hook so that chapter titles can be inserted
|
|
into a table of contents automatically.
|
|
The footnote numbering is reset to one.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$c
|
|
.i T
|
|
.DE
|
|
Print chapter number
|
|
(from
|
|
.NR (ch )
|
|
and
|
|
.i T .
|
|
This macro can be redefined to your liking.
|
|
It is defined by default
|
|
to be acceptable
|
|
for a PhD thesis
|
|
at Berkeley.
|
|
This macro calls
|
|
.b $C ,
|
|
which can be defined to make index entries,
|
|
or whatever.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.b .$C
|
|
.i K
|
|
.i N
|
|
.i T
|
|
.DE
|
|
This macro is called by
|
|
.b .$c .
|
|
It is normally undefined,
|
|
but can be used to automatically insert
|
|
index entries,
|
|
or whatever.
|
|
.i K
|
|
is a keyword,
|
|
either
|
|
.q Chapter
|
|
or
|
|
.q Appendix
|
|
(depending on the
|
|
.b .++
|
|
mode);
|
|
.i N
|
|
is the chapter or appendix number,
|
|
and
|
|
.i T
|
|
is the chapter or appendix title.
|
|
.sh 1 "Predefined Strings"
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST *
|
|
.DE
|
|
Footnote number, actually
|
|
.ST [ \c
|
|
.NR ($f \c
|
|
.ST ] .
|
|
This macro is incremented
|
|
after each call to
|
|
.b .)f .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST #
|
|
.DE
|
|
Delayed text number.
|
|
Actually
|
|
[\c
|
|
.NR ($d ].
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST {
|
|
.DE
|
|
Superscript.
|
|
This string gives upward movement
|
|
and a change to a smaller point size.
|
|
Extra space is left above the line
|
|
to allow room for the superscript.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST }
|
|
.DE
|
|
Unsuperscript.
|
|
Inverse to
|
|
.ST { .
|
|
For example,
|
|
to produce a superscript
|
|
you might type
|
|
.b x \c
|
|
.ST { \c
|
|
.b 2 \c
|
|
.ST } ,
|
|
which will produce
|
|
.b x\*{2\*} .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST <
|
|
.DE
|
|
Subscript.
|
|
Extra space is left below the line
|
|
to allow for the subscript.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST >
|
|
.DE
|
|
Inverse to
|
|
.ST < .
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST (dw
|
|
.DE
|
|
The day of the week,
|
|
as a word.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST (mo
|
|
.DE
|
|
The month,
|
|
as a word.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST (td
|
|
.DE
|
|
Today's date,
|
|
directly printable.
|
|
The date is of the form \*(td.
|
|
Other forms of the date can be used
|
|
by using
|
|
.NR (dy
|
|
(the day of the month;
|
|
for example, \n(dy),
|
|
.ST (mo
|
|
(as noted above)
|
|
or
|
|
.NR (mo
|
|
(the same,
|
|
but as an ordinal number;
|
|
for example, \*(mo is \n(mo),
|
|
and
|
|
.NR (yr
|
|
(the last two digits of the current year).
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST (lq
|
|
.DE
|
|
Left quote marks.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST (rq
|
|
.DE
|
|
Right quote.
|
|
.TL
|
|
.ST \-
|
|
.DE
|
|
.ie \w'\(34'>0 \(34
|
|
.el 3/4
|
|
em dash.
|
|
.sh 1 "Special Characters and Marks"
|
|
.pp
|
|
There are a number of special characters
|
|
and diacritical marks
|
|
(such as accents)
|
|
available through \-me.
|
|
.ta 15 +5 +6
|
|
.nf
|
|
Name Usage Example
|
|
Acute accent \e*\(aa a\e*\(aa a\*'
|
|
Grave accent \e*\(ga e\e*\(ga e\*`
|
|
Umlaut \e*: u\e*: u\*:
|
|
Tilde \e*~ n\e*~ n\*~
|
|
Caret \e*^ e\e*^ e\*^
|
|
Cedilla \e*, c\e*, c\*,
|
|
Czech \e*v e\e*v e\*v
|
|
Circle \e*o A\e*o A\*o
|
|
There exists \e*(qe \*(qe
|
|
For all \e*(qa \*(qa
|
|
.fi
|
|
.sp 1i
|
|
.b Acknowledgments
|
|
.pp
|
|
I would like to thank
|
|
Bob Epstein,
|
|
Bill Joy,
|
|
and Larry Rowe
|
|
for having the courage
|
|
to use the \-me macros
|
|
to produce non-trivial papers
|
|
during the development stages;
|
|
Ricki Blau,
|
|
Pamela Humphrey,
|
|
and Jim Joyce
|
|
for their help with the documentation phase;
|
|
peter kessler
|
|
for numerous complaints,
|
|
most accompanied by fixes;
|
|
and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas
|
|
and have given support for the project.
|
|
.bp
|
|
.b Summary
|
|
.pp
|
|
This alphabetical list summarizes all macros, strings, and number registers
|
|
available in the \-me macros.
|
|
Selected
|
|
.i troff
|
|
commands, registers, and functions are included as well;
|
|
those listed can generally be used with impunity.
|
|
.pp
|
|
The columns are the name of the
|
|
command, macro, register, or string;
|
|
the type of the object,
|
|
and the description.
|
|
Types are
|
|
.b M
|
|
for macro or builtin command
|
|
(invoked with
|
|
.b \&.
|
|
or
|
|
.b \&\'
|
|
in the first input column),
|
|
.b S
|
|
for a string
|
|
(invoked with
|
|
.b \e*
|
|
or
|
|
.b \e*( ),
|
|
.b R
|
|
for a number register
|
|
(invoked with
|
|
.b \en
|
|
or
|
|
.b \en( ),
|
|
and
|
|
.b F
|
|
for a
|
|
.i troff
|
|
builtin function
|
|
(invoked by preceding it with a single backslash).
|
|
.pp
|
|
Lines marked with \(sc are
|
|
.i troff
|
|
internal codes.
|
|
Lines marked with \(dg or \(dd
|
|
may be defined by the user to get special functions;
|
|
\(dd indicates that these are defined by default
|
|
and changing them may have unexpected side effects.
|
|
Lines marked with \(de
|
|
are specific to
|
|
.i ditroff
|
|
(device-independent
|
|
.i troff ).
|
|
.de $H
|
|
.ev 1
|
|
.ta \w'\e(space)\(sc\ 'u +\w'TYPE 'u
|
|
NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION
|
|
.ev
|
|
..
|
|
.(l
|
|
.$H
|
|
\e(space) F\(sc unpaddable space
|
|
\e" F\(sc comment (to end of line)
|
|
\e*# S optional delayed text tag string
|
|
\e$\fI\&N\fP F\(sc interpolate argument \fI\&N\fP
|
|
\en($0 R section depth
|
|
\&.$0 M\(dg invoked after section title printed
|
|
\en($1 R first section number
|
|
\&.$1 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 1 section
|
|
\en($2 R second section number
|
|
\&.$2 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 2 section
|
|
\en($3 R third section number
|
|
\&.$3 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 3 section
|
|
\en($4 R fourth section number
|
|
\&.$4 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 4 section
|
|
\en($5 R fifth section number
|
|
\&.$5 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 5 section
|
|
\en($6 R sixth section number
|
|
\&.$6 M\(dg invoked before printing depth 6 section
|
|
\&.$C M\(dg called at beginning of chapter
|
|
\&.$H M\(dg text header
|
|
\en($V R\(dd relative vertical spacing in displays
|
|
\en($c R current column number
|
|
\&.$c M\(dd print chapter title
|
|
\en($d R delayed text number
|
|
\en($f R footnote number
|
|
\&.$f M\(dd print footer
|
|
\&.$h M\(dd print header
|
|
\en($i R paragraph base indent
|
|
\en($l R column width
|
|
\en($m R number of columns in effect
|
|
\e*($n S section name
|
|
\en($p R numbered paragraph number
|
|
\&.$p M\(dd print section heading (internal macro)
|
|
\en($s R column indent
|
|
\&.$s M\(dd footnote separator (from text)
|
|
\en($v R\(dd relative vertical spacing in text
|
|
\en% R\(sc current page number
|
|
\e& F\(sc zero width character, useful for hiding controls
|
|
\e(\fI\&xx\fP F\(sc interpolate special character \fI\&xx\fP
|
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\&.(b M begin block
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\&.(c M begin centered block
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\&.(d M begin delayed text
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\&.(f M begin footnote
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\&.(l M begin list
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\&.(q M begin quote
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\&.(x M begin index entry
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\&.(z M begin floating keep
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\&.)b M end block
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\&.)c M end centered block
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\&.)d M end delayed text
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\&.)f M end footnote
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\&.)l M end list
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\&.)q M end quote
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\&.)x M end index entry
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\&.)z M end floating keep
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\e*\fI\&x\fP F\(sc interpolate string \fI\&x\fP
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\e*(\fI\&xx\fP F\(sc interpolate string \fI\&xx\fP
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\e** S optional footnote tag string
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\&.++ M set paper section type
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\&.+c M begin chapter
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\e*, S cedilla
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\e\- F\(sc minus sign
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\e*\- S 3/4 em dash
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\e0 F\(sc unpaddable digit-width space
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\&.1c M revert to single column output
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\&.2c M begin two column output
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\e*: S umlat
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\e*< S begin subscript
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\e*> S end subscript
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\&.EN M end equation
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\&.EQ M begin equation
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\eL\'\fI\&d\fP\' F\(sc vertical line drawing function for distance \fI\&d\fP
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\&.GE M\(de end \fIgremlin\fP picture
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\&.GF M\(de end \fIgremlin\fP picture (with flyback)
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\&.GS M\(de start \fIgremlin\fP picture
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\&.IE M\(de end \fIideal\fP picture
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\&.IF M\(de end \fIideal\fP picture (with flyback)
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\&.IS M\(de start \fIideal\fP picture
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\&.PE M\(de end \fIpic\fP picture
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\&.PF M\(de end \fIpic\fP picture (with flyback)
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\&.PS M\(de start \fIpic\fP picture
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\&.TE M end table
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\&.TH M end header of table
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\&.TS M begin table
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\e*{ S begin superscript
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\en(\&.$ R\(sc number of arguments to macro
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\en(\&.i R\(sc current indent
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\en(\&.l R\(sc current line length
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\en(\&.s R\(sc current point size
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\e*(\&\' S acute accent
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\e*(\&\` S grave accent
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\e(\' F\(sc acute accent
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\e(\` F\(sc grave accent
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\e*} S end superscript
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\e^ F\(sc 1/12 em narrow space
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\e*^ S caret
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\&.ad M\(sc set text adjustment
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\&.af M\(sc assign format to register
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\&.am M\(sc append to macro
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\&.ar M set page numbers in Arabic
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\&.as M\(sc append to string
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\&.b M bold font
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\&.ba M set base indent
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\&.bc M begin new column
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\&.bi M bold italic
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\en(bi R display (block) indent
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\&.bl M blank lines (even at top of page)
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\en(bm R bottom title margin
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\&.bp M\(sc begin page
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\&.br M\(sc break (start new line)
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\en(bs R display (block) pre/post spacing
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\en(bt R block keep threshold
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\&.bx M boxed
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\ec F\(sc continue input
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\&.ce M\(sc center lines
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\en(ch R current chapter number
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\&.de M\(sc define macro
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\en(df R display font
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\&.ds M\(sc define string
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\en(dw R\(sc current day of week
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\e*(dw S current day of week
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\en(dy R\(sc day of month
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\ee F\(sc printable version of \e
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\&.ef M set footer (even numbered pages only)
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\&.eh M set header (even numbered pages only)
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\&.el M\(sc else part of conditional
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\&.ep M end page
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\en(es R equation pre/post space
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\ef\fI\&f\fP F\(sc inline font change to font \fI\&f\fP
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\ef(\fI\&ff\fP F\(sc inline font change to font \fI\&ff\fP
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\&.fc M\(sc set field characters
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\en(ff R footnote font
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\&.fi M\(sc fill output lines
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\en(fi R footnote indent (first line only)
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\en(fm R footer margin
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\&.fo M set footer
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\en(fp R footnote pointsize
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\en(fs R footnote prespace
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\en(fu R footnote undent (from right margin)
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\eh\'\fI\&d\fP\' F\(sc local horizontal motion for distance \fI\&d\fP
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\&.hc M\(sc set hyphenation character
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\&.he M set header
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\&.hl M draw horizontal line
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\en(hm R header margin
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\&.hx M suppress headers and footers on next page
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\&.hy M\(sc set hyphenation mode
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\&.i M italic font
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|
\&.ie M\(sc conditional with else
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\&.if M\(sc conditional
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\en(ii R indented paragraph indent
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\&.in M\(sc indent (transient, use .ba for pervasive)
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\&.ip M begin indented paragraph
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\&.ix M indent, no break
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\el\'\fI\&d\fP\' F\(sc horizontal line drawing function for distance \fI\&d\fP
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\&.lc M\(sc set leader repetition character
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\&.ll M set line length
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\&.lp M begin left justified paragraph
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\e*(lq S left quote marks
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\&.ls M\(sc set multi-line spacing
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\&.m1 M set space from top of page to header
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\&.m2 M set space from header to text
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\&.m3 M set space from text to footer
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\&.m4 M set space from footer to bottom of page
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\&.mc M\(sc insert margin character
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\&.mk M\(sc mark vertical position
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\en(mo R\(sc month of year
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\e*(mo S current month
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\en\fI\&x\fP F\(sc interpolate number register \fI\&x\fP
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\en(\fI\&xx\fP F\(sc interpolate number register \fI\&xx\fP
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\&.n1 M number lines in margin
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\&.n2 M number lines in margin
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\&.na M\(sc turn off text adjustment
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\&.ne M\(sc need vertical space
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\&.nf M\(sc don't fill output lines
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\&.nh M\(sc turn off hyphenation
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\&.np M begin numbered paragraph
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\&.nr M\(sc set number register
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\&.ns M\(sc no space mode
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\e*o S circle (e.g., for Norse A\*o)
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\&.of M set footer (odd numbered pages only)
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\&.oh M set header (odd numbered pages only)
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\&.pa M begin page
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\&.pd M print delayed text
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\en(pf R paragraph font
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|
\en(pi R paragraph indent
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|
\&.pl M\(sc set page length
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|
\&.pn M\(sc set next page number
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\&.po M\(sc page offset
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\en(po R simulated page offset
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\&.pp M begin paragraph
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\en(pp R paragraph pointsize
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\en(ps R paragraph prespace
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|
\&.q M quoted
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\e*(qa S for all
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\e*(qe S there exists
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\en(qi R quote indent (also shortens line)
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|
\en(qp R quote pointsize
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\en(qs R quote pre/post space
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\&.r M roman font
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|
\&.rb M real bold font
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|
\&.re M reset tabs
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\&.rm M\(sc remove macro or string
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\&.rn M\(sc rename macro or string
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|
\&.ro M set page numbers in roman
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\e*(rq S right quote marks
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|
\&.rr M\(sc remove register
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|
\&.rs M\(sc restore spacing
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|
\&.rt M\(sc return to vertical position
|
|
\es\fI\&S\fP F\(sc inline size change to size \fI\&S\fP
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|
\en(sf R section title font
|
|
\&.sh M begin numbered section
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|
\en(si R relative base indent per section depth
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|
\&.sk M skip next page
|
|
\&.sm M set argument in a smaller pointsize
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|
\&.so M\(sc source input file
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\en(so R additional section title offset
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\&.sp M\(sc vertical space
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\en(sp R section title pointsize
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\en(ss R section prespace
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\&.sx M change section depth
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\&.sz M set pointsize and vertical spacing
|
|
\&.ta M\(sc set tab stops
|
|
\&.tc M\(sc set tab repetition character
|
|
\e*(td S today's date
|
|
\en(tf R title font
|
|
\&.ti M\(sc temporary indent (next line only)
|
|
\&.tl M\(sc three part title
|
|
\en(tm R top title margin
|
|
\&.tp M begin title page
|
|
\en(tp R title pointsize
|
|
\&.tr M\(sc translate
|
|
\&.u M underlined
|
|
\&.uh M unnumbered section
|
|
\&.ul M\(sc underline next line
|
|
\ev\'\fI\&d\fP\' F\(sc local vertical motion for distance \fI\&d\fP
|
|
\e*v S inverted `v' for czeck ``e\*v''
|
|
\ew\'\fI\&S\fP\' F\(sc return width of string \fI\&S\fP
|
|
\&.xl M set line length (local)
|
|
\&.xp M print index
|
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\en(xs R index entry prespace
|
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\en(xu R index undent (from right margin)
|
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\en(yr R\(sc year (last two digits only)
|
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\en(zs R floating keep pre/post space
|
|
\e{ F\(sc begin conditional group
|
|
\e| F\(sc 1/6 em narrow space
|
|
\e} F\(sc end conditional group
|
|
\e*~ S tilde
|
|
.)l
|
|
.rm $H
|