29cfcc518e
XXX: Someone needs to go through all standard I/O functions in the libc,
update the list, and keep it updated. While at it, please convert the
list to use .Xr so that we can have links in HTML pages.
321 lines
9.9 KiB
Groff
321 lines
9.9 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: stdio.3,v 1.24 2010/05/05 04:13:16 jruoho Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)stdio.3 8.7 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\"
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.Dd May 5, 2010
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.Dt STDIO 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm stdio
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.Nd standard input/output library functions
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In stdio.h
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.Vt FILE *stdin;
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.Vt FILE *stdout;
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.Vt FILE *stderr;
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The standard
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.Tn I/O
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library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream
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.Tn I/O
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interface.
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Input and output is mapped into logical data streams
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and the physical
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.Tn I/O
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characteristics are concealed.
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.Pp
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A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical
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device) by
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.Em opening
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a file, which may involve creating a new file.
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Creating an existing file causes its former contents to be discarded.
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If a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as opposed
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to a terminal) then a
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.Em file position indicator
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associated with the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte
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zero), unless the file is opened with append mode.
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If append mode
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is used, the position indicator will be placed the end-of-file.
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The position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes
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and positioning requests.
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All input occurs as if the characters
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were read by successive calls to the
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.Xr fgetc 3
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function; all output takes place as if all characters were
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read by successive calls to the
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.Xr fputc 3
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function.
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.Pp
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A file is disassociated from a stream by
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.Em closing
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the file.
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Output streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred
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to the host environment) before the stream is disassociated from the file.
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The value of a pointer to a
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.Dv FILE
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object is indeterminate after a file is closed (garbage).
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.Pp
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A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program
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execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned
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at the start).
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If the main function returns to its original caller, or the
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.Xr exit 3
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function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output
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streams are flushed) before program termination.
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Other methods of program termination, such as
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.Xr abort 3
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do not bother about closing files properly.
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.Pp
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This implementation needs and makes
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no distinction between
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.Dq text
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and
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.Dq binary
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streams.
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In effect, all streams are binary.
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No translation is performed and no extra padding appears on any stream.
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.Pp
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At program startup, three streams are predefined and need not be
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opened explicitly:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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.Em standard input
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for reading conventional input,
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.It
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.Em standard output
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for writing conventional output, and
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.It
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.Em standard error
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for writing diagnostic output.
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.El
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.Pp
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These streams are abbreviated
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.Em stdin ,
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.Em stdout ,
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and
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.Em stderr .
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.Pp
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Initially, the standard error stream
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is unbuffered; the standard input and output streams are
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fully buffered if and only if the streams do not refer to
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an interactive or
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.Dq terminal
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device, as determined by the
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.Xr isatty 3
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function.
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In fact,
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.Em all
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freshly-opened streams that refer to terminal devices
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default to line buffering, and
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pending output to such streams is written automatically
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whenever an such an input stream is read.
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Note that this applies only to
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.Dq "true reads" ;
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if the read request can be satisfied by existing buffered data,
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no automatic flush will occur.
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In these cases,
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or when a large amount of computation is done after printing
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part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to
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.Xr fflush 3
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the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
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will appear.
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Alternatively, these defaults may be modified via the
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.Xr setvbuf 3
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function.
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.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
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In multi-threaded applications, operations on streams perform implicit
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locking, except for the
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.Fn getc_unlocked ,
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.Fn getchar_unlocked ,
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.Fn putc_unlocked ,
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and
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.Fn putchar_unlocked
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functions.
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Explicit control of stream locking is available through the
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.Fn flockfile ,
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.Fn ftrylockfile ,
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and
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.Fn funlockfile
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functions .
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.Pp
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The following are defined as macros; these names may not be re-used
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without first removing their current definitions with
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.Dv #undef :
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.Dv BUFSIZ ,
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.Dv EOF ,
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.Dv FILENAME_MAX ,
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.Dv FOPEN_MAX ,
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.Dv L_cuserid ,
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.Dv L_ctermid ,
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.Dv L_tmpnam ,
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.Dv NULL ,
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.Dv SEEK_END ,
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.Dv SEEK_SET ,
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.Dv SEE_CUR ,
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.Dv TMP_MAX ,
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.Fn clearerr ,
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.Fn feof ,
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.Fn ferror ,
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.Fn fileno ,
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.Fn freopen ,
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.Fn fwopen ,
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.Fn getc ,
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.Fn getc_unlocked ,
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.Fn getchar ,
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.Fn getchar_unlocked ,
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.Fn putc ,
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.Fn putc_unlocked ,
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.Fn putchar ,
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.Fn putchar_unlocked ,
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.Dv stderr ,
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.Dv stdin ,
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.Dv stdout .
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.Pp
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Function versions of the macro functions
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.Fn feof ,
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.Fn ferror ,
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.Fn clearerr ,
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.Fn fileno ,
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.Fn getc ,
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.Fn getc_unlocked ,
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.Fn getchar ,
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.Fn getchar_unlocked ,
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.Fn putc ,
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.Fn putc_unlocked ,
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.Fn putchar ,
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and
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.Fn putchar_unlocked
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exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr close 2 ,
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.Xr open 2 ,
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.Xr read 2 ,
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.Xr write 2
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm
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library conforms to
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.St -ansiC .
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.Sh LIST OF FUNCTIONS
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.Bl -column "putchar_unlocked" "Description"
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.It Sy Function Description
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.It clearerr check and reset stream status
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.It fclose close a stream
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.It fdopen stream open functions
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.It feof check and reset stream status
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.It ferror check and reset stream status
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.It fflush flush a stream
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.It fgetc get next character or word from input stream
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.It fgetln get a line from a stream
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.It fgetpos reposition a stream
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.It fgets get a line from a stream
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.It fgetwc get next wide character from input stream
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.It fileno check and reset stream status
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.It flockfile lock a stream
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.It fopen stream open functions
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.It fprintf formatted output conversion
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.It fpurge flush a stream
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.It fputc output a character or word to a stream
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.It fputs output a line to a stream
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.It fputwc output a wide character to a stream
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.It fread binary stream input/output
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.It freopen stream open functions
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.It fropen open a stream
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.It fscanf input format conversion
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.It fseek reposition a stream
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.It fsetpos reposition a stream
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.It ftell reposition a stream
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.It ftrylockfile lock a stream (non-blocking)
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.It funlockfile unlock a stream
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.It funopen open a stream
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.It fwide set/get orientation of a stream
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.It fwopen open a stream
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.It fwrite binary stream input/output
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.It getc get next character or word from input stream
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.It getc_unlocked get next character or word from input stream
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.It Ta (no implicit locking)
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.It getchar get next character or word from input stream
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.It getchar_unlocked get next character or word from input stream
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.It Ta (no implicit locking)
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.It getdelim get a delimited record from a stream
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.It getline get a line from a stream
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.It gets get a line from a stream
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.It getw get next character or word from input stream
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.It getwc get next wide character from input stream
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.It getwchar get next wide character from input stream
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.It mkstemp create unique temporary file
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.It mktemp create unique temporary file
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.It perror system error messages
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.It printf formatted output conversion
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.It putc output a character or word to a stream
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.It putc_unlocked output a character or word to a stream
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.It Ta (no implicit locking)
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.It putchar output a character or word to a stream
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.It putchar_unlocked output a character or word to a stream
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.It Ta (no implicit locking)
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.It puts output a line to a stream
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.It putw output a character or word to a stream
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.It putwc output a wide character to a stream
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.It putwchar output a wide character to a stream
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.It remove remove directory entry
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.It rewind reposition a stream
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.It scanf input format conversion
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.It setbuf stream buffering operations
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.It setbuffer stream buffering operations
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.It setlinebuf stream buffering operations
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.It setvbuf stream buffering operations
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.It snprintf formatted output conversion
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.It sprintf formatted output conversion
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.It sscanf input format conversion
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.It strerror system error messages
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.It sys_errlist system error messages
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.It sys_nerr system error messages
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.It tempnam temporary file routines
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.It tmpfile temporary file routines
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.It tmpnam temporary file routines
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.It ungetc un-get character from input stream
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.It ungetwc un-get wide character from input stream
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.It vfprintf formatted output conversion
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.It vfscanf input format conversion
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.It vprintf formatted output conversion
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.It vscanf input format conversion
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.It vsnprintf formatted output conversion
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.It vsprintf formatted output conversion
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.It vsscanf input format conversion
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.El
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.Sh BUGS
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The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
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library and system functions, especially
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.Xr vfork 2
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and
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.Xr abort 3 .
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