1080 lines
40 KiB
Plaintext
1080 lines
40 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (c) 1980 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)vi.apwh.ms 6.3 (Berkeley) 4/17/91
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.\"
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.TL
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Vi Command & Function Reference
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.AU CB 2675
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Alan P.W. Hewett
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.sp
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Revised for version 2.12 by Mark Horton
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.CB
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.NH 1
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Author's Disclaimer
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.LP
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This document does not claim to be 100% complete. There are a
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few commands listed in the original document that I was unable
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to test either because I do not speak \fBlisp\fR, because they
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required programs we don't have, or because I wasn't able to make
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them work. In these cases I left the command out. The commands
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listed in this document have been tried and are known to work.
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It is expected that prospective users of this document will read
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it once to get the flavor of everything that \fBvi\fR can do
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and then use it as a reference document. Experimentation is
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recommended. If you don't understand a command, try it and
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see what happens.
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.LP
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[Note: In revising this document, I have attempted to make it
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completely reflect version 2.12 of
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.B vi .
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It does not attempt to document the VAX version (version 3),
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but with one or two exceptions (wrapmargin, arrow keys)
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everything said about 2.12 should apply to 3.1.
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.I "Mark Horton" ]
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.NH 1
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Notation
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.LP
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\fB[option]\fR is used to denote optional parts of a command.
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Many \fBvi\fR commands have an optional count. \fB[cnt]\fR
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means that an optional number may precede the command to
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multiply or iterate the command.
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\fB{variable item}\fR is used to denote parts of the command
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which must appear, but can take a number of different values.
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\fB<character [-character]>\fR means that the character or
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one of the characters in the range described between the
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two angle brackets is to be typed.
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For example \fB<esc>\fR means
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the \fBescape\fR key is to be typed. \fB<a-z>\fR means that a
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lower case letter is to be typed. \fB^<character>\fR means that
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the character is to be typed as a \fBcontrol\fR character, that is,
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with the \fB<cntl>\fR key held down while simultaneously typing
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the specified character. In this document control characters will
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be denoted using the \fIupper case\fR character, but
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^<uppercase chr> and ^<lowercase chr> are equivalent. That is, for
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example, \fB<^D>\fR is equal to \fB<^d>\fR.
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The most common character abbreviations
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used in this list are as follows:
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.VL 8
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.IP <esc> 8
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escape, octal 033
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.IP <cr> 8
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carriage return, ^M, octal 015
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.IP <lf> 8
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linefeed ^J, octal 012
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.IP <nl> 8
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newline, ^J, octal 012 (same as linefeed)
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.IP <bs> 8
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backspace, ^H, octal 010
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.IP <tab> 8
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tab, ^I, octal 011
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.IP <bell> 8
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bell, ^G, octal 07
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.IP <ff> 8
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formfeed, ^L, octal 014
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.IP <sp> 8
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space, octal 040
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.IP <del> 8
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delete, octal 0177
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.LE
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.sp 1
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.NH 1
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Basics
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.LP
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To run \fBvi\fR the shell variable \fBTERM\fR must be defined and
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exported to your environment.
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How you do this depends on which shell you are using.
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You can tell which shell you have by the character it
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prompts you for commands with.
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The Bourne shell prompts with `$', and the C shell prompts with `%'.
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For these examples, we will suppose
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that you are using an HP 2621 terminal, whose termcap name is ``2621''.
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.NH 2
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Bourne Shell
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.LP
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To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type:
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.DS
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TERM=2621
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export TERM
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.DE
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.PP
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There are various ways of having this automatically or
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semi-automatically done when you log in.
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Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621.
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You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it
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work when you use a hardwired terminal.
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The recommended way, if you have the
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.B tset
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program, is to use the sequence
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.DS
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tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$
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\&. tset$$
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rm tset$$
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.DE
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in your .login (for csh) or the same thing using `.' instead of `source'
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in your .profile (for sh).
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The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621,
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but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal
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type from an on-line list.
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.NH 2
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The C Shell
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.LP
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To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type:
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.DS
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setenv TERM 2621
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.DE
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.PP
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There are various ways of having this automatically or
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semi-automatically done when you log in.
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Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621.
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You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it
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work when you use a hardwired terminal.
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The recommended way, if you have the
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.B tset
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program, is to use the sequence
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.DS
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tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$
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source tset$$
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rm tset$$
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.DE
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in your .login.*
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.FS
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* On a version 6 system
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without environments, the invocation of tset
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is simpler, just add the line ``tset \-d 2621''
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to your .login or .profile.
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.FE
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The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621,
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but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal
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type from an on-line list.
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.NH 1
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Normal Commands
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.LP
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\fBVi\fR is a visual editor with a window on the file. What
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you see on the screen is \fBvi\fR's current notion of
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what your file will contain,
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(at this point in the file),
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when it is written out.
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Most commands do not cause any change in the screen until the
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complete command is typed. Should you get confused while
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typing a command, you can abort the command by typing an
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<del> character. You will know you are back to command level
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when you hear a <bell>. Usually typing an <esc> will produce the
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same result. When \fBvi\fR gets an improperly formatted command
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it rings the <bell>.
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Following are the \fBvi\fR commands broken down by function.
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.NH 2
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Entry and Exit
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.LP
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To enter
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.B vi
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on a particular
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.I file ,
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type
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.DS
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\fBvi\fP \fIfile\fP
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.DE
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The file will be read in and the cursor will be placed at the beginning
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of the first line.
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The first screenfull of the file will be displayed on the terminal.
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.PP
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To get out of the editor, type
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.DS
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ZZ
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.DE
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If you are in some special mode, such as input mode
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or the middle of a multi-keystroke command, it may
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be necessary to type <esc> first.
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.NH 2
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Cursor and Page Motion
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.LP
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.VL 16
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.B NOTE:
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The arrow keys (see the next four commands)
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on certain kinds of terminals will not work with the
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PDP-11 version of vi. The control versions or the hjkl versions will
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work on any terminal. Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because
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they are always right under their fingers. Beginners often prefer
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the arrow keys, since they do not require memorization of which hjkl
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key is which.
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The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking at the keyboard of an adm3a.
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.sp
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.IP "[cnt]<bs> or [cnt]h or [cnt]\(<-" 16
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.br
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Move the cursor to the left one character. Cursor stops at the left
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margin of the page.
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If cnt is given, these commands move that many spaces.
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.IP "[cnt]^N or [cnt]j or [cnt]\(da or [cnt]<lf>" 16
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.br
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Move down one line.
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Moving off the screen scrolls the window to force a new line
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onto the screen.
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Mnemonic: \fBN\fRext
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.IP "[cnt]^P or [cnt]k or [cnt]\(ua" 16
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.br
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Move up one line.
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Moving off the top of the screen forces new text onto the screen.
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Mnemonic: \fBP\fRrevious
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.IP "[cnt]<sp> or [cnt]l or [cnt]\(->" 16
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.br
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Move to the right one character.
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Cursor will not go beyond the end of the line.
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.IP [cnt]- 16
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Move the cursor up the screen to the beginning of the next line.
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Scroll if necessary.
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.IP "[cnt]+ or [cnt]<cr>" 16
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.sp 1
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Move the cursor down the screen to the beginning of the next line.
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Scroll up if necessary.
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.IP "[cnt]$" 16
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Move the cursor to the end of the line.
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If there is a count, move to the end of the line "cnt" lines
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forward in the file.
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.IP "^" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the first word on the line.
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.IP "0" 16
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Move the cursor to the left margin of the current line.
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.IP "[cnt]|" 16
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Move the cursor to the column specified by the count. The default is
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column zero.
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.IP "[cnt]w" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word. If there
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is a count, then move forward that many words and
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position the cursor at the beginning of the word.
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Mnemonic: next-\fBw\fRord
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.IP "[cnt]W" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word which follows
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a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>). Ignore other punctuation.
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.IP "[cnt]b" 16
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Move the cursor to the preceding word. Mnemonic: \fBb\fRackup-word
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.IP "[cnt]B" 16
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Move the cursor to the preceding word that is separated from the
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current word by a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>).
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.IP "[cnt]e" 16
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Move the cursor to the end of the current word or the end of the
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"cnt"'th word hence. Mnemonic: \fBe\fRnd-of-word
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.IP "[cnt]E" 16
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Move the cursor to the end of the current word which is delimited by
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"white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>).
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.IP "[line number]G" 16
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.br
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Move the cursor to the line specified. Of particular use are the
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sequences "1G" and "G", which move the cursor to the beginning and
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the end of the file respectively. Mnemonic: \fBG\fRo-to
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.LP
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.B NOTE:
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The next four commands (^D, ^U, ^F, ^B)
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are not true motion commands, in that they
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cannot be used as the object of commands such as delete or change.
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.IP "[cnt]^D" 16
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Move the cursor down in the file by "cnt" lines (or the last "cnt"
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if a new count isn't given. The initial default is half a page.) The
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screen is simultaneously scrolled up. Mnemonic: \fBD\fRown
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.IP "[cnt]^U" 16
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Move the cursor up in the file by "cnt" lines. The screen is simultaneously
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scrolled down. Mnemonic: \fBU\fRp
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.IP "[cnt]^F" 16
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Move the cursor to the next page. A count moves that many pages.
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Two lines of the previous page are kept on the screen for continuity if
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possible. Mnemonic: \fBF\fRorward-a-page
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.IP "[cnt]^B" 16
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Move the cursor to the previous page. Two lines of the current page
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are kept if possible. Mnemonic: \fBB\fRackup-a-page
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.IP "[cnt](" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the next sentence.
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A sentence is defined as ending with a ".", "!", or "?"
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followed by two spaces or a <nl>.
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.IP "[cnt])" 16
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Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a sentence.
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.IP "[cnt]}" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph. This command
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works best inside \fBnroff\fR documents. It understands two sets of
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\fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, for which the
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commands ".IP", ".LP", ".PP", ".QP", "P", as well as the nroff command ".bp"
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are considered to be paragraph delimiters.
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A blank line also delimits a paragraph.
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The \fBnroff\fR macros that it accepts as paragraph delimiters is
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adjustable. See \fBparagraphs\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section.
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.IP "[cnt]{" 16
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Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a paragraph.
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.IP "]]" 16
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Move the cursor to the next "section", where a section is defined by
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two sets of \fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, in which
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".NH", ".SH", and ".H" delimit a section. A line beginning with a <ff><nl>
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sequence, or a line beginning with a "{" are also considered to
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be section delimiters. The last option makes it
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useful for finding the beginnings of C functions.
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The \fBnroff\fR macros that are used for section delimiters can be adjusted.
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See \fBsections\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section.
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.IP "[[" 16
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Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a section.
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.IP "%" 16
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Move the cursor to the matching parenthesis
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or brace. This is very useful in C or lisp code. If the
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cursor is sitting on a \fB( ) {\fR or \fB}\fR the cursor
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is moved to the matching character at the other end of the
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section. If the cursor is not sitting on a brace or a
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parenthesis, \fBvi\fR searches forward until it finds one
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and then jumps to the match mate.
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.IP "[cnt]H" 16
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If there is no count move the cursor to the top left position on the screen.
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If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line
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"cnt" lines from the top of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBH\fRome
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.IP "[cnt]L" 16
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If there is no count move the cursor to the beginning
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of the last line on the screen.
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If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line
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"cnt" lines from the bottom of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBL\fRast
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.IP "M" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the middle line on the screen.
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Mnemonic: \fBM\fRiddle
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.IP "m<a-z>" 16
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This command does not move the cursor, but it \fBmarks\fR the place
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in the file and the character "<a-z>" becomes the label for referring
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to this location in the file. See the next two commands. Mnemonic:
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\fBm\fRark
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.B NOTE:
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The mark command is not a motion, and cannot be used as the target
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of commands such as delete.
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.IP "\(aa<a-z>" 16
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Move the cursor to the beginning of the line that is marked with the label
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"<a-z>".
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.IP "\(ga<a-z>" 16
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Move the cursor to the exact position on the line that was marked with
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with the label "<a-z>".
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.IP "\(aa\(aa" 16
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Move the cursor back to the beginning of the line where it was before the
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last "non-relative" move. A "non-relative" move is something such as a
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search or a jump to a specific line in the file, rather than moving the
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cursor or scrolling the screen.
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.IP "\(ga\(ga" 16
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Move the cursor back to the exact spot on the line where it was located
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before the last "non-relative" move.
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.LE
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.NH 2
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Searches
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.LP
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The following commands allow you to search for items in a file.
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.VL 16
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.IP [cnt]f{chr} 16
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.sp 1
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Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
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the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character
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of interest. Mnemonic: \fBf\fRind character
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.IP [cnt]F{chr} 16
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.sp 1
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Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
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the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character
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of interest.
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.IP [cnt]t{chr} 16
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.sp 1
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Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
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the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR
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the character of interest. Mnemonic: move cursor up \fBt\fRo character
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.IP [cnt]T{chr} 16
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.sp 1
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Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of
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the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR
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the character of interest.
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.IP "[cnt];" 16
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Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command.
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.IP "[cnt]," 16
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Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command, but in the opposite
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search direction. This is useful if you overshoot.
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.IP "[cnt]/[string]/<nl>" 16
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.br
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Search forward for the next occurrence of "string".
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Wrap around at the end of the file
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does occur.
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The final \fB</>\fR is not required.
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.IP "[cnt]?[string]?<nl>" 16
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.br
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Search backwards for the next occurrence of "string". If a count is
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specified, the count becomes the new window size. Wrap around at the beginning
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of the file does occur.
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The final \fB<?>\fR is not required.
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.IP n 16
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Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search. Mnemonic: \fBn\fRext
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occurrence.
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.IP N 16
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Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search, but in the reverse
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direction.
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.IP ":g/[string]/[editor command]<nl>" 16
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.sp 1
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Using the \fB:\fR syntax it is possible to do global searches ala the
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standard UNIX "ed" editor.
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.LE
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.NH 2
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Text Insertion
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.LP
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|
The following commands allow for the insertion of text. All multicharacter
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text insertions are terminated with an <esc> character.
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The last change
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can always be \fBundone\fR by typing a \fBu\fR.
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The text insert in insertion mode can contain newlines.
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.VL 16
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.IP a{text}<esc> 16
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Insert text immediately following the cursor position.
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Mnemonic: \fBa\fRppend
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.IP A{text}<esc> 16
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Insert text at the end of the current line.
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Mnemonic: \fBA\fRppend
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.IP i{text}<esc> 16
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Insert text immediately preceding the cursor position.
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Mnemonic: \fBi\fRnsert
|
|
.IP I{text}<esc> 16
|
|
Insert text at the beginning of the current line.
|
|
.IP o{text}<esc> 16
|
|
Insert a new line after the line on which the cursor appears and
|
|
insert text there. Mnemonic: \fBo\fRpen new line
|
|
.IP O{text}<esc> 16
|
|
Insert a new line preceding the line on which the cursor appears
|
|
and insert text there.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Text Deletion
|
|
.LP
|
|
The following commands allow the user to delete text in various ways.
|
|
All changes can always be \fBundone\fR by typing the \fBu\fR command.
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP "[cnt]x" 16
|
|
Delete the character or characters starting at the cursor position.
|
|
.IP "[cnt]X" 16
|
|
Delete the character or characters starting at the character preceding
|
|
the cursor position.
|
|
.IP "D" 16
|
|
Deletes the remainder of the line starting at the cursor.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete the rest of line
|
|
.IP "[cnt]d{motion}" 16
|
|
.br
|
|
Deletes one or more occurrences of the specified motion.
|
|
Any motion from sections 4.1 and 4.2 can be used here.
|
|
The d can be stuttered (e.g. [cnt]dd) to delete cnt lines.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Text Replacement
|
|
.LP
|
|
The following commands allow the user to simultaneously delete and
|
|
insert new text. All such actions can be \fBundone\fR by typing
|
|
\fBu\fR following the command.
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP "r<chr>" 16
|
|
Replaces the character at the current cursor position with <chr>. This
|
|
is a one character replacement. No <esc> is required for termination.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBr\fReplace character
|
|
.IP "R{text}<esc>" 16
|
|
Starts overlaying the characters on the screen with whatever you type.
|
|
It does not stop until an <esc> is typed.
|
|
.IP "[cnt]s{text}<esc>" 16
|
|
Substitute for "cnt" characters beginning at the current cursor
|
|
position. A "$" will appear at the position in the text where the
|
|
"cnt"'th character appears so you will know how much you are erasing.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBs\fRubstitute
|
|
.IP "[cnt]S{text}<esc>" 16
|
|
Substitute for the entire current line (or lines). If no count is given,
|
|
a "$" appears at the end of the current line. If a count of more than
|
|
1 is given, all the lines to be replaced are deleted before the insertion
|
|
begins.
|
|
.IP "[cnt]c{motion}{text}<esc>" 16
|
|
.br
|
|
Change the specified "motion" by replacing it with the
|
|
insertion text. A "$" will appear at the end of the last item
|
|
that is being deleted unless the deletion involves whole lines.
|
|
Motion's can be any motion from sections 4.1 or 4.2.
|
|
Stuttering the c (e.g. [cnt]cc) changes cnt lines.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Moving Text
|
|
.LP
|
|
\fBVi\fR provides a number of ways of moving chunks of text around.
|
|
There are nine buffers into which each piece of text which is deleted
|
|
or "yanked" is put in addition to the "undo" buffer.
|
|
The most recent deletion or yank is in the "undo" buffer and also
|
|
usually in buffer
|
|
1, the next most recent in buffer 2, and so forth. Each new deletion
|
|
pushes down all the older deletions. Deletions older than 9
|
|
disappear. There is also
|
|
a set of named registers, a-z, into which text can optionally
|
|
be placed. If any delete or replacement type command is preceded
|
|
by \fB"<a-z>\fR, that named buffer will contain the text deleted
|
|
after the command is executed. For example, \fB"a3dd\fR will delete
|
|
three lines starting at the current line and put them in buffer \fB"a\fR.*
|
|
.FS
|
|
* Referring to an upper case letter as a buffer name (A-Z) is the
|
|
same as referring to the lower case letter, except that text placed
|
|
in such a buffer is appended to it instead of replacing it.
|
|
.FE
|
|
There are two more basic commands and
|
|
some variations useful in getting and putting text into a file.
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]y{motion} 16
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
Yank the specified item or "cnt" items and put in the "undo" buffer or
|
|
the specified buffer. The variety of "items" that can be yanked
|
|
is the same as those that can be deleted with the "d" command or
|
|
changed with the "c" command. In the same way that "dd" means
|
|
delete the current line and "cc" means replace the current line,
|
|
"yy" means yank the current line.
|
|
.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]Y 16
|
|
Yank the current line or the "cnt" lines starting from the current
|
|
line. If no buffer is specified, they will go into the "undo" buffer,
|
|
like any delete would. It is equivalent to "yy".
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBY\fRank
|
|
.IP ["<a-z>]p 16
|
|
Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBafter\fR the cursor.
|
|
If whole lines were yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be
|
|
put down on the line following the line the cursor is on. If
|
|
something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will
|
|
be inserted immediately following the cursor.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBp\fRut buffer
|
|
.IP
|
|
It should be noted that text in the named buffers remains there when you
|
|
start editing a new file with the \fB:e file<esc>\fR command. Since
|
|
this is so, it is possible to copy or delete text from one file and
|
|
carry it over to another file in the buffers.
|
|
However, the undo buffer and the ability to undo are lost when
|
|
changing files.
|
|
.IP ["<a-z>]P 16
|
|
Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBbefore\fR the cursor.
|
|
If whole lines where yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be
|
|
put down on the line preceding the line the cursor is on. If
|
|
something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will
|
|
be inserted immediately preceding the cursor.
|
|
.IP [cnt]>{motion} 16
|
|
The shift operator will right shift all the text from the line on which
|
|
the cursor is located to the line where the \fBmotion\fR is located.
|
|
The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.)
|
|
\fB>>\fR means right shift the current line or lines.
|
|
.IP [cnt]<{motion} 16
|
|
The shift operator will left shift all the text from the line on which
|
|
the cursor is located to the line where the \fBitem\fR is located.
|
|
The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.)
|
|
\fB<<\fR means left shift the current line or lines.
|
|
Once the line has reached the left margin it is not further affected.
|
|
.IP [cnt]={motion} 16
|
|
Prettyprints the indicated area according to
|
|
.B lisp
|
|
conventions.
|
|
The area should be a lisp s-expression.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Miscellaneous Commands
|
|
.LP
|
|
\fBVi\fR has a number of miscellaneous commands that are very
|
|
useful. They are:
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP ZZ 16
|
|
This is the normal way to exit from vi.
|
|
If any changes have been made, the file is written out.
|
|
Then you are returned to the shell.
|
|
.IP ^L 16
|
|
Redraw the current screen. This is useful if someone "write"s you
|
|
while you are in "vi" or if for any reason garbage gets onto the
|
|
screen.
|
|
.IP ^R 16
|
|
On dumb terminals, those not having the "delete line" function
|
|
(the vt100 is such a terminal), \fBvi\fR saves redrawing the
|
|
screen when you delete a line by just marking the line with an
|
|
"@" at the beginning and blanking the line. If you want to
|
|
actually get rid of the lines marked with "@" and see what the
|
|
page looks like, typing a ^R will do this.
|
|
.IP \s+4.\s0 16
|
|
"Dot" is a particularly useful command. It repeats the last
|
|
text modifying command. Therefore you can type a command once and
|
|
then to another place and repeat it by just typing ".".
|
|
.IP u 16
|
|
Perhaps the most important command in the editor,
|
|
u undoes the last command that changed the buffer.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBu\fRndo
|
|
.IP U 16
|
|
Undo all the text modifying commands performed on the current line
|
|
since the last time you moved onto it.
|
|
.IP [cnt]J 16
|
|
Join the current line and the following line. The <nl> is deleted
|
|
and the two lines joined, usually with a space between the
|
|
end of the first line and the beginning of what was the second
|
|
line. If the first line ended with a "period", then two spaces
|
|
are inserted.
|
|
A count joins the next cnt lines.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBJ\fRoin lines
|
|
.IP Q 16
|
|
Switch to \fBex\fR editing mode.
|
|
In this mode \fBvi\fR will behave very much like \fBed\fR.
|
|
The editor in this mode will operate on single lines normally and
|
|
will not attempt to keep the "window" up to date.
|
|
Once in this mode it is also possible to switch to the \fBopen\fR
|
|
mode of editing. By entering the command \fB[line number]open<nl>\fR
|
|
you enter this mode. It is similar to the normal visual mode
|
|
except the window is only \fBone\fR line long.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBQ\fRuit visual mode
|
|
.IP ^] 16
|
|
An abbreviation for a tag command.
|
|
The cursor should be positioned at the beginning of a word.
|
|
That word is taken as a tag name, and the tag with that
|
|
name is found as if it had been typed in a :tag command.
|
|
.IP [cnt]!{motion}{UNIX\ cmd}<nl> 16
|
|
.br
|
|
Any UNIX filter
|
|
(e.g. command that reads the standard input and outputs something
|
|
to the standard output) can be sent a section of the current file and
|
|
have the output of the command replace the original text. Useful
|
|
examples are programs like \fBcb\fR, \fBsort\fR, and
|
|
\fBnroff\fR. For instance, using \fBsort\fR it would be possible to
|
|
sort a section of the current file into a new list.
|
|
Using \fB!!\fR means take a line or lines starting at the line the
|
|
cursor is currently on and pass them to the UNIX command.
|
|
.B NOTE:
|
|
To just escape to the shell for one command,
|
|
use :!{cmd}<nl>, see section 5.
|
|
.IP z{cnt}<nl> 16
|
|
This resets the current window size to "cnt" lines and redraws the screen.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
Special Insert Characters
|
|
.LP
|
|
There are some characters that have special meanings during
|
|
insert modes. They are:
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP ^V 16
|
|
During inserts, typing a ^V allows you to quote control characters
|
|
into the file. Any character typed after the ^V will be inserted
|
|
into the file.
|
|
.IP [^]^D\ or\ [0]^D 16
|
|
<^D> without any argument backs up one \fBshiftwidth\fR. This is necessary
|
|
to remove indentation that was inserted by the \fBautoindent\fR feature.
|
|
^<^D> temporarily removes all the autoindentation, thus placing the cursor
|
|
at the left margin. On the next line, the previous indent level will be
|
|
restored. This is useful for putting "labels" at the left margin.
|
|
0<^D> says remove all autoindents and stay that way. Thus the cursor
|
|
moves to the left margin and stays there on successive lines until
|
|
<tab>'s are typed. As with the <tab>, the <^D> is only effective before
|
|
any other "non-autoindent" controlling characters are typed.
|
|
Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete a shiftwidth
|
|
.IP ^W 16
|
|
If the cursor is sitting on a word, <^W> moves the cursor back to the beginning
|
|
of the word, thus erasing the word from the insert.
|
|
Mnemonic: erase \fBW\fRord
|
|
.IP <bs> 16
|
|
The backspace always serves as an erase during insert modes in addition
|
|
to your normal "erase" character. To insert a <bs> into your file, use
|
|
the <^V> to quote it.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
\fB:\fR Commands
|
|
.LP
|
|
Typing a ":" during command mode causes \fBvi\fR to put the cursor at
|
|
the bottom on the screen in preparation for a command. In the
|
|
":" mode, \fBvi\fR can be given most \fBed\fR commands. It is
|
|
also from this mode that you exit from \fBvi\fR or switch to different
|
|
files. All commands of this variety are terminated by a <nl>, <cr>,
|
|
or <esc>.
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP ":w[!] [file]" 16
|
|
Causes \fBvi\fR to write out the current text to the disk. It is
|
|
written to the file you are editing unless "file" is supplied. If
|
|
"file" is supplied, the write is directed to that file instead. If
|
|
that file already exists, \fBvi\fR will not perform the write unless
|
|
the "!" is supplied indicating you
|
|
.I really
|
|
want to destroy the older copy of the file.
|
|
.IP :q[!] 16
|
|
Causes \fBvi\fR to exit. If you have modified the file you are
|
|
looking at currently and haven't written it out, \fBvi\fR will
|
|
refuse to exit unless the "!" is supplied.
|
|
.IP ":e[!] [+[cmd]] [file]" 16
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
Start editing a new file called "file" or start editing the current
|
|
file over again. The command ":e!" says "ignore the changes I've made
|
|
to this file and start over from the beginning". It is useful if
|
|
you really mess up the file. The optional "+" says instead of starting
|
|
at the beginning, start at the "end", or,
|
|
if "cmd" is supplied, execute "cmd" first.
|
|
Useful cases of this are where cmd is "n" (any integer) which starts
|
|
at line number n,
|
|
and "/text", which searches for "text" and starts at the line where
|
|
it is found.
|
|
.IP "^^" 16
|
|
Switch back to the place you were before your last tag command.
|
|
If your last tag command stayed within the file, ^^ returns to that tag.
|
|
If you have no recent tag command, it will return to the
|
|
same place in the previous file that it was showing when you switched
|
|
to the current file.
|
|
.IP ":n[!]" 16
|
|
Start editing the next file in the argument list. Since \fBvi\fR
|
|
can be called with multiple file names, the ":n" command tells it to
|
|
stop work on the current file and switch to the next file. If the
|
|
current file was modifies, it has to be written out before the ":n"
|
|
will work or else the "!" must be supplied, which says discard the
|
|
changes I made to the current file.
|
|
.IP ":n[!] file [file file ...]" 16
|
|
.sp
|
|
Replace the current argument list with a new list of files and start
|
|
editing the first file in this new list.
|
|
.IP ":r file" 16
|
|
Read in a copy of "file" on the line after the cursor.
|
|
.IP ":r !cmd" 16
|
|
Execute the "cmd" and take its output and put it into the file after
|
|
the current line.
|
|
.IP ":!cmd" 16
|
|
Execute any UNIX shell command.
|
|
.IP ":ta[!] tag" 16
|
|
.B Vi
|
|
looks in the file named
|
|
.B tags
|
|
in the current directory.
|
|
.B Tags
|
|
is a file of lines in the format:
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.ti +8
|
|
tag filename \fBvi\fR-search-command
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
If \fBvi\fR finds the tag you specified in the \fB:ta\fR command,
|
|
it stops editing the current file if necessary and if the current file is
|
|
up to date on the disk and switches to the file specified and uses the
|
|
search pattern specified to find the "tagged" item of interest. This
|
|
is particularly useful when editing multi-file C programs such as the
|
|
operating system. There is a program called \fBctags\fR which will
|
|
generate an appropriate \fBtags\fR file for C and f77
|
|
programs so that by saying
|
|
\fB:ta function<nl>\fR you will be switched to that function.
|
|
It could also be useful when editing multi-file documents, though the
|
|
\fBtags\fR file would have to be generated manually.
|
|
.LE
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Special Arrangements for Startup
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBVi\fR takes the value of \fB$TERM\fR and looks up the characteristics
|
|
of that terminal in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
|
|
If you don't know \fBvi\fR's name for the terminal you are working
|
|
on, look in \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
|
|
.PP
|
|
When \fBvi\fR starts, it attempts to read the variable EXINIT
|
|
from your environment.*
|
|
If that exists, it takes the values in it as the default values
|
|
for certain of its internal constants. See the section on "Set Values"
|
|
for further details.
|
|
If EXINIT doesn't exist you will get all the normal defaults.
|
|
.FS
|
|
* On version 6 systems
|
|
Instead of EXINIT, put the startup commands in the file .exrc
|
|
in your home directory.
|
|
.FE
|
|
.PP
|
|
Should you inadvertently hang up the phone while inside
|
|
.B vi ,
|
|
or should the computer crash,
|
|
all may not be lost.
|
|
Upon returning to the system, type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
vi \-r file
|
|
.DE
|
|
This will normally recover the file. If there is more than one
|
|
temporary file for a specific file name, \fBvi\fR recovers the
|
|
newest one. You can get an older version by recovering the
|
|
file more than once.
|
|
The command "vi -r" without a file name gives you the list of files
|
|
that were saved in the last system crash
|
|
(but
|
|
.I not
|
|
the file just saved when the phone was hung up).
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
Set Commands
|
|
.LP
|
|
\fBVi\fR has a number of internal variables and switches which can be
|
|
set to achieve special affects.
|
|
These options come in three forms, those that are switches, which toggle
|
|
from off to on and back, those that require a numeric value, and those
|
|
that require an alphanumeric string value.
|
|
The toggle options are set by a command of the form:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set option<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
and turned off with the command:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set nooption<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
Commands requiring a value are set with a command of the form:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set option=value<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
To display the value of a specific option type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set option?<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
To display only those that you have changed type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
and to display the long table of all the settable parameters and
|
|
their current values type:
|
|
.DS
|
|
:set all<nl>
|
|
.DE
|
|
.PP
|
|
Most of the options have a long form and an abbreviation. Both are
|
|
listed in the following table as well as the normal default value.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To arrange to have values other than the default used every time you
|
|
enter
|
|
.B vi ,
|
|
place the appropriate
|
|
.B set
|
|
command in EXINIT in your environment, e.g.
|
|
.DS
|
|
EXINIT='set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh'
|
|
export EXINIT
|
|
.DE
|
|
or
|
|
.DS
|
|
setenv EXINIT 'set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh'
|
|
.DE
|
|
for
|
|
.B sh
|
|
and
|
|
.B csh ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
These are usually placed in your .profile or .login.
|
|
If you are running a system without environments (such as version 6)
|
|
you can place the set command in the file .exrc in your home
|
|
directory.
|
|
.VL 16
|
|
.IP autoindent\ ai 16
|
|
Default: noai Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
When in autoindent mode, vi helps you indent code by starting each
|
|
line in the same column as the preceding line.
|
|
Tabbing to the right with <tab> or <^T> will move this boundary to
|
|
the right, and it can be moved to the left with <^D>.
|
|
.IP autoprint\ ap 16
|
|
Default: ap Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Causes the current line to be printed after each ex text modifying command.
|
|
This is not of much interest in the normal \fBvi\fR visual mode.
|
|
.IP autowrite\ aw 16
|
|
Default: noaw type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Autowrite causes an automatic write to be done if there are unsaved
|
|
changes before certain commands which change files or otherwise
|
|
interact with the outside world.
|
|
These commands are :!, :tag, :next, :rewind, ^^, and ^].
|
|
.IP beautify\ bf 16
|
|
Default: nobf Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Causes all control characters except <tab>, <nl>, and <ff> to be discarded.
|
|
.IP directory\ dir 16
|
|
Default: dir=/tmp Type: string
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the directory in which \fBvi\fR puts its temporary file.
|
|
.IP errorbells\ eb 16
|
|
Default: noeb Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Error messages are preceded by a <bell>.
|
|
.IP hardtabs\ ht 16
|
|
Default: hardtabs=8 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
This option contains the value of hardware tabs in your terminal, or
|
|
of software tabs expanded by the Unix system.
|
|
.IP ignorecase\ ic 16
|
|
Default: noic Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
All upper case characters are mapped to lower case in regular expression
|
|
matching.
|
|
.IP lisp 16
|
|
Default: nolisp Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Autoindent for \fBlisp\fR code. The commands \fB( ) [[\fR and \fB]]\fR
|
|
are modified appropriately to affect s-expressions and functions.
|
|
.IP list 16
|
|
Default: nolist Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
All printed lines have the <tab> and <nl> characters displayed visually.
|
|
.IP magic 16
|
|
Default: magic Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Enable the metacharacters for matching. These include \fB. * < > [string]
|
|
[^string]\fR and \fB[<chr>-<chr>]\fR.
|
|
.IP number\ nu 16
|
|
Default: nonu Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Each line is displayed with its line number.
|
|
.IP open 16
|
|
Default: open Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
When set, prevents entering open or visual modes from ex or edit.
|
|
Not of interest from vi.
|
|
.IP optimize\ opt 16
|
|
Default: opt Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Basically of use only when using the \fBex\fR capabilities. This
|
|
option prevents automatic <cr>s from taking place,
|
|
and speeds up output of indented lines,
|
|
at the expense of losing typeahead on some versions of UNIX.
|
|
.IP paragraphs\ para 16
|
|
Default: para=IPLPPPQPP\ bp Type: string
|
|
.br
|
|
Each pair of characters in the string indicate \fBnroff\fR macros
|
|
which are to be treated as the beginning of a paragraph for the
|
|
\fB{\fR and \fB}\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR
|
|
and \fB-mm\fR macros.
|
|
To indicate one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, such as \fB.P\fR or \fB.H\fR,
|
|
quote a space in for the second character position. For example:
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
.ti +8
|
|
:set paragraphs=P\e bp<nl>
|
|
.sp 1
|
|
would cause \fBvi\fR to consider \fB.P\fR and \fB.bp\fR as paragraph
|
|
delimiters.
|
|
.IP prompt 16
|
|
Default: prompt Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
In
|
|
.B ex
|
|
command mode the prompt character \fB:\fR will be printed when
|
|
\fBex\fR is waiting for a command. This is not of interest from vi.
|
|
.IP redraw 16
|
|
Default: noredraw Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
On dumb terminals, force the screen to always be up to date,
|
|
by sending great amounts of output. Useful only at high speeds.
|
|
.IP report 16
|
|
Default: report=5 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
This sets the threshold for the number of lines modified. When
|
|
more than this number of lines are modified, removed, or yanked,
|
|
\fBvi\fR will report the number of lines changed at the bottom of
|
|
the screen.
|
|
.IP scroll 16
|
|
Default: scroll={1/2 window} Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the number of lines that the screen scrolls up or down when
|
|
using the <^U> and <^D> commands.
|
|
.IP sections 16
|
|
Default: sections=SHNHH HU Type: string
|
|
.br
|
|
Each two character pair of this string specify \fBnroff\fR macro names
|
|
which are to be treated as the beginning of a section by the
|
|
\fB]]\fR and \fB[[\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR
|
|
and \fB-mm\fR macros.
|
|
To enter one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, use a quoted space as the
|
|
second character.
|
|
See \fBparagraphs\fR for a fuller explanation.
|
|
.IP shell\ sh 16
|
|
Default: sh=from environment SHELL or /bin/sh Type: string
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the name of the \fBsh\fR to be used for "escaped" commands.
|
|
.IP shiftwidth\ sw 16
|
|
Default: sw=8 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the number of spaces that a <^T> or <^D> will move over for
|
|
indenting, and the amount < and > shift by.
|
|
.IP showmatch\ sm 16
|
|
Default: nosm Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
When a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, show the matching \fB(\fR or \fB{\fR
|
|
by moving the cursor to it for one second if it is on the current screen.
|
|
.IP slowopen\ slow 16
|
|
Default: terminal dependent Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
On terminals that are slow and unintelligent, this option prevents the
|
|
updating of the screen some of the time to improve speed.
|
|
.IP tabstop\ ts 16
|
|
Default: ts=8 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
<tab>s are expanded to boundaries that are multiples of this value.
|
|
.IP taglength\ tl 16
|
|
Default: tl=0 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
If nonzero, tag names are only significant to this many characters.
|
|
.IP term 16
|
|
Default: (from environment \fBTERM\fP, else dumb) Type: string
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the terminal and controls the visual displays. It cannot be
|
|
changed when in "visual" mode,
|
|
you have to Q to command mode, type a
|
|
set term command, and do ``vi.'' to get back into visual.
|
|
Or exit vi, fix $TERM, and reenter.
|
|
The definitions that drive a particular
|
|
terminal type are found in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR.
|
|
.IP terse 16
|
|
Default: terse Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
When set, the error diagnostics are short.
|
|
.IP warn 16
|
|
Default: warn Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
The user is warned if she/he tries to escape to
|
|
the shell without writing out the current changes.
|
|
.IP window 16
|
|
Default: window={8 at 600 baud or less, 16 at 1200 baud, and screen
|
|
size \- 1 at 2400 baud or more} Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
This is the number of lines in the window whenever \fBvi\fR must redraw
|
|
an entire screen. It is useful to make this size smaller if you are
|
|
on a slow line.
|
|
.IP w300,\ w1200,\ w9600
|
|
.br
|
|
These set window, but only within the corresponding speed ranges.
|
|
They are useful in an EXINIT to fine tune window sizes.
|
|
For example,
|
|
.DS
|
|
set w300=4 w1200=12
|
|
.DE
|
|
causes a 4 lines window at speed up to 600 baud, a 12 line window at 1200
|
|
baud, and a full screen (the default) at over 1200 baud.
|
|
.IP wrapscan\ ws 16
|
|
Default: ws Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
Searches will wrap around the end of the file when is option is set. When
|
|
it is off, the search will terminate when it reaches the end or the
|
|
beginning of the file.
|
|
.IP wrapmargin\ wm 16
|
|
Default: wm=0 Type: numeric
|
|
.br
|
|
\fBVi\fR will automatically insert a <nl> when it finds a natural
|
|
break point (usually a <sp> between words) that occurs within
|
|
"wm" spaces of the right margin.
|
|
Therefore with "wm=0" the option is off. Setting it to 10 would
|
|
mean that any time you are within 10 spaces of the right margin
|
|
\fBvi\fR would be looking for a <sp> or <tab> which it could
|
|
replace with a <nl>. This is convenient for people who forget
|
|
to look at the screen while they type.
|
|
(In version 3, wrapmargin behaves more like nroff, in that the
|
|
boundary specified by the distance from the right edge of the screen
|
|
is taken as the rightmost edge of the area where a break is allowed,
|
|
instead of the leftmost edge.)
|
|
.IP writeany\ wa 16
|
|
Default: nowa Type: toggle
|
|
.br
|
|
\fBVi\fR normally makes a number of checks before it writes out a file.
|
|
This prevents the user from inadvertently destroying a file. When the
|
|
"writeany" option is enabled, \fBvi\fR no longer makes these checks.
|
|
.LE
|