463 lines
12 KiB
Groff
463 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: sort.1,v 1.33 2013/01/20 21:02:11 apb Exp $
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 2000-2003 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
|
|
.\" All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
|
|
.\" by Ben Harris and Jaromir Dolecek.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
|
|
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
|
|
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
|
|
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
|
|
.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
|
|
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
|
|
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
|
|
.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
|
|
.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
|
|
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
|
|
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
|
|
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
|
|
.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" @(#)sort.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd January 20, 2013
|
|
.Dt SORT 1
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm sort
|
|
.Nd sort or merge text files
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm sort
|
|
.Op Fl bcdfHilmnrSsu
|
|
.Oo
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
.Ar field1 Ns Op Li \&, Ns Ar field2
|
|
.Oc
|
|
.Op Fl o Ar output
|
|
.Op Fl R Ar char
|
|
.Op Fl T Ar dir
|
|
.Op Fl t Ar char
|
|
.Op Ar
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility sorts text files by lines.
|
|
Comparisons are based on one or more sort keys extracted
|
|
from each line of input, and are performed lexicographically.
|
|
By default, if keys are not given,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
regards each input line as a single field.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options are available:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl c
|
|
Check that the single input file is sorted.
|
|
If the file is not sorted,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
produces the appropriate error messages and exits with code 1; otherwise,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
returns 0.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Fl c
|
|
produces no output.
|
|
.It Fl H
|
|
Ignored for compatibility with earlier versions of
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.It Fl m
|
|
Merge only; the input files are assumed to be pre-sorted.
|
|
.It Fl o Ar output
|
|
The argument given is the name of an
|
|
.Ar output
|
|
file to be used instead of the standard output.
|
|
This file can be the same as one of the input files.
|
|
.It Fl S
|
|
Don't use stable sort.
|
|
Default is to use stable sort.
|
|
.It Fl s
|
|
Use stable sort, keeps records with equal keys in their original order.
|
|
This is the default.
|
|
Provided for compatibility with other
|
|
.Nm
|
|
implementations only.
|
|
.It Fl T Ar dir
|
|
Use
|
|
.Ar dir
|
|
as the directory for temporary files.
|
|
The default is the value specified in the environment variable
|
|
.Ev TMPDIR or
|
|
.Pa /tmp
|
|
if
|
|
.Ev TMPDIR
|
|
is not defined.
|
|
.It Fl u
|
|
Unique: suppress all but one in each set of lines having equal keys.
|
|
If used with the
|
|
.Fl c
|
|
option, check that there are no lines with duplicate keys.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options override the default ordering rules.
|
|
When ordering options appear independent of key field
|
|
specifications, the requested field ordering rules are
|
|
applied globally to all sort keys.
|
|
When attached to a specific key (see
|
|
.Fl k ) ,
|
|
the ordering options override
|
|
all global ordering options for that key.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl d
|
|
Only blank space and alphanumeric characters
|
|
.\" according
|
|
.\" to the current setting of LC_CTYPE
|
|
are used
|
|
in making comparisons.
|
|
.It Fl f
|
|
Considers all lowercase characters that have uppercase
|
|
equivalents to be the same for purposes of comparison.
|
|
.It Fl i
|
|
Ignore all non-printable characters.
|
|
.It Fl l
|
|
Sort by the string length of the field, not by the field itself.
|
|
.It Fl n
|
|
An initial numeric string, consisting of optional blank space, optional
|
|
plus or minus sign, and zero or more digits (including decimal point)
|
|
.\" with
|
|
.\" optional radix character and thousands
|
|
.\" separator
|
|
.\" (as defined in the current locale),
|
|
is sorted by arithmetic value.
|
|
(The
|
|
.Fl n
|
|
option no longer implies the
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option.)
|
|
.It Fl r
|
|
Reverse the sense of comparisons.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The treatment of field separators can be altered using these options:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl b
|
|
Ignores leading blank space when determining the start
|
|
and end of a restricted sort key.
|
|
A
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option specified before the first
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
option applies globally to all
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
options.
|
|
Otherwise, the
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option can be attached independently to each
|
|
.Ar field
|
|
argument of the
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
option (see below).
|
|
Note that the
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option has no effect unless key fields are specified.
|
|
.It Fl t Ar char
|
|
.Ar char
|
|
is used as the field separator character.
|
|
The initial
|
|
.Ar char
|
|
is not considered to be part of a field when determining
|
|
key offsets (see below).
|
|
Each occurrence of
|
|
.Ar char
|
|
is significant (for example,
|
|
.Dq Ar charchar
|
|
delimits an empty field).
|
|
If
|
|
.Fl t
|
|
is not specified, the default field separator is a sequence of
|
|
blank-space characters, and consecutive blank spaces do
|
|
.Em not
|
|
delimit an empty field; further, the initial blank space
|
|
.Em is
|
|
considered part of a field when determining key offsets.
|
|
.It Fl R Ar char
|
|
.Ar char
|
|
is used as the record separator character.
|
|
This should be used with discretion;
|
|
.Fl R Ar \*[Lt]alphanumeric\*[Gt]
|
|
usually produces undesirable results.
|
|
The default record separator is newline.
|
|
.It Fl k Ar field1 Ns Op Li \&, Ns Ar field2
|
|
Designates the starting position,
|
|
.Ar field1 ,
|
|
and optional ending position,
|
|
.Ar field2 ,
|
|
of a key field.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
option replaces the obsolescent options
|
|
.Cm \(pl Ns Ar pos1
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl Ns Ar pos2 .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following operands are available:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ar
|
|
.It Ar file
|
|
The pathname of a file to be sorted, merged, or checked.
|
|
If no
|
|
.Ar file
|
|
operands are specified, or if
|
|
a
|
|
.Ar file
|
|
operand is
|
|
.Fl ,
|
|
the standard input is used.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A field is defined as a minimal sequence of characters followed by a
|
|
field separator or a newline character.
|
|
By default, the first
|
|
blank space of a sequence of blank spaces acts as the field separator.
|
|
All blank spaces in a sequence of blank spaces are considered
|
|
as part of the next field; for example, all blank spaces at
|
|
the beginning of a line are considered to be part of the
|
|
first field.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Fields are specified
|
|
by the
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
.Ar field1 Ns Op \&, Ns Ar field2
|
|
argument.
|
|
A missing
|
|
.Ar field2
|
|
argument defaults to the end of a line.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The arguments
|
|
.Ar field1
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar field2
|
|
have the form
|
|
.Ar m Ns Li \&. Ns Ar n
|
|
and can be followed by one or more of the letters
|
|
.Cm b , d , f , i ,
|
|
.Cm l , n ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm r ,
|
|
which correspond to the options discussed above.
|
|
A
|
|
.Ar field1
|
|
position specified by
|
|
.Ar m Ns Li \&. Ns Ar n
|
|
.Pq Ar m , n No \*[Gt] 0
|
|
is interpreted as the
|
|
.Ar n Ns th
|
|
character in the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field.
|
|
A missing
|
|
.Li \&. Ns Ar n
|
|
in
|
|
.Ar field1
|
|
means
|
|
.Ql \&.1 ,
|
|
indicating the first character of the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field; if the
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option is in effect,
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is counted from the first non-blank character in the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field;
|
|
.Ar m Ns Li \&.1b
|
|
refers to the first non-blank character in the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A
|
|
.Ar field2
|
|
position specified by
|
|
.Ar m Ns Li \&. Ns Ar n
|
|
is interpreted as
|
|
the
|
|
.Ar n Ns th
|
|
character (including separators) of the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field.
|
|
A missing
|
|
.Li \&. Ns Ar n
|
|
indicates the last character of the
|
|
.Ar m Ns th
|
|
field;
|
|
.Ar m
|
|
= \&0
|
|
designates the end of a line.
|
|
Thus the option
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Xo
|
|
.Ar v Li \&. Ar x Li \&,
|
|
.Ar w Li \&. Ar y
|
|
.Xc
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
is synonymous with the obsolescent option
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Cm \(pl Ar v-\&1 Li \&. Ar x-\&1
|
|
.Fl Ar w-\&1 Li \&. Ar y ;
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
when
|
|
.Ar y
|
|
is omitted,
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Ar v Li \&. Ar x Li \&, Ar w
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
is synonymous with
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Cm \(pl Ar v-\&1 Li \&. Ar x-\&1
|
|
.Fl Ar w+1 Li \&.0 .
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
The obsolescent
|
|
.Cm \(pl Ns Ar pos1
|
|
.Fl Ns Ar pos2
|
|
option is still supported, except for
|
|
.Fl Ns Ar w Ns Li \&.0b ,
|
|
which has no
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
equivalent.
|
|
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
|
|
If the following environment variable exists, it is used by
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ev
|
|
.It Ev TMPDIR
|
|
.Nm
|
|
uses the contents of the
|
|
.Ev TMPDIR
|
|
environment variable as the path in which to store
|
|
temporary files.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width outputNUMBER+some -compact
|
|
.It Pa /tmp/sort.*
|
|
Default temporary files.
|
|
.It Ar output Ns NUMBER
|
|
Temporary file which is used for output if
|
|
.Ar output
|
|
already exists.
|
|
Once sorting is finished, this file replaces
|
|
.Ar output
|
|
(via
|
|
.Xr link 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr unlink 2 ) .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
|
Sort exits with one of the following values:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width flag -compact
|
|
.It 0
|
|
Normal behavior.
|
|
.It 1
|
|
On disorder (or non-uniqueness) with the
|
|
.Fl c
|
|
option
|
|
.It 2
|
|
An error occurred.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr comm 1 ,
|
|
.Xr join 1 ,
|
|
.Xr uniq 1 ,
|
|
.Xr qsort 3 ,
|
|
.Xr radixsort 3
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v5 .
|
|
This
|
|
.Nm
|
|
implementation appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.4
|
|
and is used since
|
|
.Nx 1.6 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
Posix requires the locale's thousands separator be ignored in numbers.
|
|
It may be faster to sort very large files in pieces and then explicitly
|
|
merge them.
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
This
|
|
.Nm
|
|
has no limits on input line length (other than imposed by available
|
|
memory) or any restrictions on bytes allowed within lines.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To protect data
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Fl o
|
|
calls
|
|
.Xr link 2
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr unlink 2 ,
|
|
and thus fails on protected directories.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Input files should be text files.
|
|
If file doesn't end with record separator (which is typically newline), the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility silently supplies one.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The current
|
|
.Nm
|
|
uses lexicographic radix sorting, which requires
|
|
that sort keys be kept in memory (as opposed to previous versions which used quick
|
|
and merge sorts and did not.)
|
|
Thus performance depends highly on efficient choice of sort keys, and the
|
|
.Fl b
|
|
option and the
|
|
.Ar field2
|
|
argument of the
|
|
.Fl k
|
|
option should be used whenever possible.
|
|
Similarly,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Fl k1f
|
|
is equivalent to
|
|
.Nm
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
and may take twice as long.
|