278 lines
9.1 KiB
Groff
278 lines
9.1 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: mpls.4,v 1.7 2011/07/17 23:50:05 dholland Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2010 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.Dd June 29, 2010
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.Dt MPLS 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm mpls
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.Nd Multiprotocol Label Switching
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Cd options MPLS
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.Cd pseudo-device ifmpls
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.In sys/types.h
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.In netmpls/mpls.h
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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MultiProtocol Label Switching represents a mechanism which directs
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and carries data in high-performance networks, its techniques being
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applicable to any network layer protocol.
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.Pp
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In an MPLS domain the assignment of a particular packet a particular
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Forward Equivalence Class is done just once, as the packet enters the
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network.
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The FEC to which the packet is assigned is encoded as a
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short fixed length value known as a
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.Dq label .
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When a packet is forwarded to the next hop, the label is sent along
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with it; that is, the packets are
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.Dq labeled
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before they are forwarded.
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.Pp
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A router capable of receiving and forwarding MPLS frames is called
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.Dq Label Switch Router
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or LSR.
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Label scope is generally router-wide meaning that a certain
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label has a specific meaning only for a certain LSR.
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.Pp
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Currently,
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.Nx
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supports MPLS over Ethernet interfaces and GRE tunnels.
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For these kind of interfaces, a label is contained by a fixed
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sized
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.Dq shim
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that precedes any network layer headers, just after data
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link layer headers.
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.Ss MPLS shim header structure
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In network bit order:
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.Bd -literal
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-------------------------------------------
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| Label | Exp. | BoS | TTL |
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| 20 bits | 3 bits | 1 bit | 8 bits |
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| | | | |
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-------------------------------------------
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.Ed
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.Bl -tag -width "Bottom of Stack"
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.It Label
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20 bits representing FEC, consequently the only information
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used to forward the frame to next-hop
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.It Experimental
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3 bits that are sometimes used for specifying a type of service
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.It Bottom of Stack
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1 bit that is set for the last entry in the shim
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stack and 0 for all others.
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This way, multiple labels can
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be prepended to a single packet.
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.It TTL
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8 bits, representing Time to Live, decremented at every LSR.
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.El
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.Sh USAGE
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The MPLS behavior is controlled by the
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.Li net.mpls
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.Xr sysctl 8
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tree:
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.Bl -tag -width "net.mpls.inet6_map_prec"
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.It Li net.mpls.accept
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If zero, MPLS frames are dropped on sight on ingress interfaces.
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.It Li net.mpls.forwarding
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If zero, MPLS frames are not forwarded to next-hop.
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.It Li net.mpls.ttl
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The default ttl for self generated MPLS frames.
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.It Li net.mpls.inet_mapttl
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If set, TTL field from IP header will be mapped
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into the MPLS shim on encapsulation, and the TTL field from MPLS shim
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will be copied into IP header on decapsulation.
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.It Li net.mpls.inet6_mapttl
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The IPv6 version of the above.
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.It Li net.mpls.inet_map_prec
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If set, precedence field from IP header will be
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mapped into MPLS shim EXP bits on encapsulation, and the MPLS EXP
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field will be copied into IP Precedence field on decapsulation.
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.It Li net.mpls.inet6_map_prec
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The IPv6 version of the above.
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.It Li net.mpls.icmp_respond
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Returns ICMP TTL exceeded in transit when an MPLS
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frame is dropped because of TTL = 0 on egress interface.
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.El
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In order to encapsulate and decapsulate to and from MPLS, an mpls
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pseudo-interface must be created and packets that should be encapsulated
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must be routed to that interface.
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.Pp
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.Dq Pure
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MPLS routes can be created using
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.Dv AF_MPLS
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.Li sa_family
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sockaddrs for destination and tag fields.
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Other protocols can be encapsulated using
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routes pointing to mpls pseudo-interfaces, and
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.Dv AF_MPLS
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sockaddrs for tags.
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Decapsulation can be made using values of reserved labels set in
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the tag field (see below).
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For more information about doing this using
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userland utilities see the
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.Sx EXAMPLES
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section of this manual page.
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr netstat 1
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and
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.Xr route 8
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utilities should be used to manage routes from userland.
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.Pp
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.Xr ldpd 8
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should be used in order to automatically import, manage and
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distribute labels among LSRs in the same MPLS domain.
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.Ss RESERVED LABELS
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MPLS labels 0 through 15 are reserved.
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Out of those, only four are currently defined:
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.Bl -tag -width X
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.It 0
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IPv4 Explicit NULL label.
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This label value is only legal at the bottom of the label stack.
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It indicates that the label stack must be popped,
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and the forwarding of the packet must then be based on the IPv4 header.
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.It 1
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Router Alert Label.
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Currently not implemented in
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.Nx .
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.It 2
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IPv6 Explicit NULL label.
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It indicates that the label stack must be popped, and the forwarding
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of the packet must then be based on the IPv6 header.
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.It 3
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Implicit NULL label.
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This is a label that an LSR may assign and
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distribute, but which never actually appears in the encapsulation.
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When an LSR would otherwise replace the label at the top of the stack
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with a new label, but the new label is
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.Dq Implicit NULL ,
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the LSR will pop the stack instead of doing the replacement.
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Bl -enum
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.It
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Create an MPLS interface and set an IP address:
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.Bd -literal
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# ifconfig mpls0 create up
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# ifconfig mpls0 inet 192.168.0.1/32
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.Ed
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.It
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Route IP packets into MPLS domain with a specific tag
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.Bd -literal
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# route add 10.0.0.0/8 -ifp mpls0 -tag 25 -inet 192.168.1.100
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.Ed
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.It
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Create a static MPLS forwarding rule - swap the incoming
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label 50 to 33 and forward the frame to 192.168.1.101 and verify
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the route
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.Bd -literal
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# route add -mpls 50 -tag 33 -inet 192.168.1.101
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add host 50: gateway 192.168.1.101
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# route -n get -mpls 50
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route to: 50
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destination: 50
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gateway: 192.168.1.101
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Tag: 33
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local addr: 192.168.1.180
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interface: sk0
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flags: \*[Lt]UP,GATEWAY,HOST,DONE,STATIC\*[Gt]
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recvpipe sendpipe ssthresh rtt,msec rttvar hopcount mtu expire
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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sockaddrs: \*[Lt]DST,GATEWAY,IFP,IFA,TAG\*[Gt]
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.Ed
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.It
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Route IP packets into MPLS domain but use a different source
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address for local generated packets.
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.Bd -literal
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# route add 10.0.0.0/8 -ifa 192.168.1.180 -ifp mpls0 -tag 25 -inet 192.168.1.100
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.Ed
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For the latter example, setting an IP address for the mpls0 interface
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is not necessary.
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.It
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Route MPLS packets encapsulated with label 60 to 192.168.1.100 and POP label
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.Bd -literal
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# route add -mpls 60 -tag 3 -inet 192.168.1.100
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.Ed
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.It
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Route IP packets into MPLS domain and prepend more tags
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.Bd -literal
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# route add 10/8 -ifa 192.168.1.200 -ifp mpls0 -tag 20,30,40 -inet 192.168.1.100
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.Ed
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For the above example, tag 20 will be inserted at Bottom of Stack, while tag 40
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will be set into the outermost shim.
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.It
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Replace label 60 with label 30, prepend two more labels: 40 and 41 (in this order)
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and forward the result to 192.168.1.100
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.Bd -literal
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# route add -mpls 60 -tag 30,40,41 -inet 192.168.1.100
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.Ed
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr netstat 1 ,
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.Xr route 4 ,
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.Xr ldpd 8 ,
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.Xr route 8 ,
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.Xr sysctl 8
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.Rs
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.%R RFC 3031
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.%T Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture
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.Re
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.Rs
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.%R RFC 3032
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.%T MPLS Label Stack Encoding
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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support appeared in
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.Nx 6.0 .
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.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
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User must be aware that encapsulating IP packets in MPLS implies a
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major security effect when using firewalls.
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Currently neither
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.Xr ipf 4
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nor
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.Xr pf 4
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implement the heuristics in order to look inside an MPLS frame.
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Moreover, it's technically impossible in most cases for an LSR to
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know information related to encapsulated packet.
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Therefore, MPLS Domains should be strictly controlled and, in most
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cases, limited to trusted connections inside the same Autonomous
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System.
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.Pp
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Users must be aware that the MPLS forwarding domain is entirely separated
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from the inner (IP, IPv6 etc.) forwarding domain and once a packet is
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encapsulated in MPLS, the former forwarding is used.
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This could result in a different path for MPLS encapsulated packets
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than the original non-MPLS one.
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.Pp
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IP or IPv6 forwarding is not necessary for MPLS forwarding.
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Your system may still forward IP or IPv6 packets encapsulated into
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MPLS if
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.Li net.mpls.forwarding
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is set.
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