1397 lines
34 KiB
Groff
1397 lines
34 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: ddb.4,v 1.154 2013/05/15 05:22:43 msaitoh Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1997 - 2009 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
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.\" by Luke Mewburn
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" ---
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.\" This manual page was derived from a -man.old document which bore
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.\" the following copyright message:
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.\" ---
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.\"
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.\" Mach Operating System
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.\" Copyright (c) 1991,1990 Carnegie Mellon University
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.\" All Rights Reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
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.\" documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
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.\" notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
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.\" software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
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.\" thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
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.\"
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.\" CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
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.\" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
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.\" ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.\" Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
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.\"
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.\" Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
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.\" School of Computer Science
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.\" Carnegie Mellon University
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.\" Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
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.\"
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.\" any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon
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.\" the rights to redistribute these changes.
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.\"
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.Dd May 15, 2013
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.Dt DDB 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ddb
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.Nd in-kernel debugger
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Cd options DDB
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.Pp
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To enable history editing:
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.Cd options DDB_HISTORY_SIZE=integer
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.Pp
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To disable entering
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.\" XXX: hack; .Nm automatically introduces newline in SYNOPSIS
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.Ic ddb
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upon kernel panic:
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.Cd options DDB_ONPANIC=0
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.Pp
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To enable teeing all
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.\" XXX: hack; .Nm automatically introduces newline in SYNOPSIS
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.Ic ddb
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output to the kernel msgbuf:
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.Cd options DDB_TEE_MSGBUF=1
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.Pp
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To specify commands which will be executed on each entry to
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.Ic ddb :
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.Cd options DDB_COMMANDONENTER="trace;show registers"
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In this case, "trace" and then "show registers" will be executed automatically.
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.Pp
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To enable extended online help:
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.Cd options DDB_VERBOSE_HELP .
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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is the in-kernel debugger.
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It may be entered at any time via a special key sequence, and
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optionally may be invoked when the kernel panics.
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.Sh ENTERING THE DEBUGGER
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Unless
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.Dv DDB_ONPANIC
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is set to 0,
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.Nm
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will be activated whenever the kernel would otherwise panic.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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may also be activated from the console.
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In general, sending a break on a serial console will activate
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.Nm .
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There are also key sequences for each port that will activate
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.Nm
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from the keyboard:
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.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "xen domU" -compact
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.It alpha
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt] on PC style keyboards.
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.It amd64
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It amiga
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\*[Lt]LAlt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]LAmiga\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]F10\*[Gt]
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.It atari
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\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]LeftShift\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]F9\*[Gt]
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.It hp300
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\*[Lt]Shift\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Reset\*[Gt]
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.It hp700
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt] on PC style keyboards.
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.It ""
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+++++
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(five plus signs) on PDC console
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It hpcarm
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.It hpcmips
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.It hpcsh
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.It i386
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It mac68k
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\*[Lt]Command\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Power\*[Gt], or the Interrupt switch.
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.It macppc
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Some models:
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\*[Lt]Command\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Option\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Power\*[Gt]
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.It mvme68k
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Abort switch on CPU card.
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.It pmax
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\*[Lt]Do\*[Gt] on
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.Tn LK-201
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rcons console.
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It sparc
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\*[Lt]L1\*[Gt]-A, or \*[Lt]Stop\*[Gt]-A on a
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.Tn Sun
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keyboard.
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It sparc64
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\*[Lt]L1\*[Gt]-A, or \*[Lt]Stop\*[Gt]-A on a
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.Tn Sun
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keyboard.
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It sun3
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\*[Lt]L1\*[Gt]-A, or \*[Lt]Stop\*[Gt]-A on a
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.Tn Sun
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keyboard.
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.It ""
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\*[Lt]Break\*[Gt] on serial console.
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.It vax
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\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Shift\*[Gt]-D on serial console.
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.It x68k
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Interrupt switch on the body.
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.It xen dom0
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt] on PC style keyboards.
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.It ""
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+++++
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(five plus signs) on serial console.
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.It xen domU
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+++++
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(five plus signs) on serial console.
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.It zaurus
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\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Alt\*[Gt]-\*[Lt]Esc\*[Gt]
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.El
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.Pp
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The key sequence to activate
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.Nm
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can be changed by modifying
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.Dq hw.cnmagic
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with
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.Xr sysctl 8 .
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If the console is not dedicated to
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.Nm
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the sequence should not be easily typed by accident.
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In addition,
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.Nm
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may be explicitly activated by the debugging code in the kernel
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if
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.Cm DDB
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is configured.
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.Pp
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Commands can be automatically run when
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.Nm
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is entered by using
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.Cd options DDB_COMMANDONENTER
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or by setting
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.Ar ddb.commandonenter
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with
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.Xr sysctl 8 .
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Multiple commands can be separated by a semi-colon.
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.Sh COMMAND SYNTAX
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The general command syntax is:
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent
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.Ic command Ns Op Cm / Ns Ar modifier
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.Ar address
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.Op Cm , Ns Ar count
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The current memory location being edited is referred to as
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.Ar dot ,
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and the next location is
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.Ar next .
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They are displayed as hexadecimal numbers.
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.Pp
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Commands that examine and/or modify memory update
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.Ar dot
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to the address of the last line examined or the last location
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modified, and set
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.Ar next
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to the next location to be examined or modified.
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Other commands don't change
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.Ar dot ,
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and set
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.Ar next
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to be the same as
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.Ar dot .
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.Pp
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A blank line repeats the previous command from the address
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.Ar next
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with the previous
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.Cm count
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and no modifiers.
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Specifying
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.Cm address
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sets
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.Em dot
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to the address.
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If
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.Cm address
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is omitted,
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.Em dot
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is used.
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A missing
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.Cm count
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is taken to be 1 for printing commands, and infinity for stack traces.
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.Pp
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The syntax:
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent
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.Cm , Ns Ar count
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.Ed
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.Pp
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repeats the previous command, just as a blank line does, but with
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the specified
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.Cm count .
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.Pp
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.Nm
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has a
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.Xr more 1 Ns -like
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functionality; if a number of lines in a command's output exceeds the number
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defined in the
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.Va lines
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variable, then
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.Nm
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displays
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.Dq "--db more--"
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and waits for a response, which may be one of:
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.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "\*[Lt]return\*[Gt]"
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.It Aq return
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one more line.
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.It Aq space
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one more page.
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.It Ic q
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abort the current command, and return to the command input mode.
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.El
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.Pp
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You can set
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.Va lines
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variable to zero to disable this feature.
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.Pp
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If
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.Nm
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history editing is enabled (by defining the
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.D1 Cd options DDB_HISTORY_SIZE=num
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kernel option), then a history of the last
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.Cm num
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commands is kept.
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|
The history can be manipulated with the following key sequences:
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|
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "\*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-P"
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.It \*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-P
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retrieve previous command in history (if any).
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.It \*[Lt]Ctrl\*[Gt]-N
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retrieve next command in history (if any).
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.El
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.Sh COMMANDS
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.Nm
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supports the following commands:
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.Bl -tag -width 5n
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.It Ic \&! Ns Ar address Ns Oo Cm ( Ar expression Ns Oo Ar ,... Oc Ns Cm ) Oc
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A synonym for
|
|
.Ic call .
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.It Ic break Ns Oo Cm /u Oc Ar address Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar count
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Set a breakpoint at
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.Ar address .
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If
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.Ar count
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is supplied, continues
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.Pq Ar count Ns \-1
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times before stopping at the breakpoint.
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If the breakpoint is set, a breakpoint number is printed with
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.Sq \&# .
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This number can be used to
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.Ic delete
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the breakpoint, or to add
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conditions to it.
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.Pp
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If
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.Cm /u
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is specified,
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set a breakpoint at a user-space address.
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Without
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.Cm /u ,
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.Ar address
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is considered to be in the kernel-space, and an address in the wrong
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space will be rejected, and an error message will be emitted.
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This modifier may only be used if it is supported by machine dependent
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routines.
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.Pp
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Warning: if a user text is shadowed by a normal user-space debugger,
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user-space breakpoints may not work correctly.
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Setting a breakpoint at the low-level code paths may also cause
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strange behavior.
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|
.It Ic bt Ns Oo Cm /ul Oc Oo Ar frame-address Oc Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
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A synonym for
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.Ic trace .
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.It Ic bt/t Ns Oo Cm /ul Oc Oo Ar pid Oc Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
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A synonym for
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.Ic trace/t .
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.It Ic bt/a Ns Oo Cm /ul Oc Oo Ar lwpaddr Oc Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
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A synonym for
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.Ic trace/a .
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.It Ic call Ar address Ns Oo Cm ( Ns Ar expression Ns Oo Ar ,... Oc Ns Cm ) Oc
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Call the function specified by
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.Ar address
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with the argument(s) listed in parentheses.
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Parentheses may be omitted if the function takes no arguments.
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The number of arguments is currently limited to 10.
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.It Ic continue Ns Op Cm /c
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Continue execution until a breakpoint or watchpoint.
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If
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.Cm /c
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is specified, count instructions while executing.
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Some machines (e.g., pmax) also count loads and stores.
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.Pp
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Warning: when counting, the debugger is really silently
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single-stepping.
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This means that single-stepping on low-level may cause strange
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behavior.
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|
.It Ic delete Ar "address" | Cm # Ns Ar number
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Delete a breakpoint.
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The target breakpoint may be specified by
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.Ar address ,
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as per
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.Ic break ,
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or by the breakpoint number returned by
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.Ic break
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if it's prefixed with
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.Sq Cm \&# .
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|
.It Ic dmesg Op Ar count
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Prints the contents of the kernel message buffer.
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|
The optional
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.Ar count
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argument will limit printing to at most the last
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.Ar count
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bytes of the message buffer.
|
|
.It Ic dwatch Ar address
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Delete the watchpoint at
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.Ar address
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that was previously set with
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.Ic watch
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command.
|
|
.It Ic examine Ns Oo Cm / Ns Ar modifier Oc Ar address Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar count
|
|
Display the address locations according to the format in
|
|
.Ar modifier .
|
|
Multiple modifier formats display multiple locations.
|
|
If
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|
.Ar modifier
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isn't specified, the modifier from the last use of
|
|
.Ic examine
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|
is used.
|
|
.Pp
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|
The valid format characters for
|
|
.Ar modifier
|
|
are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width 2n -compact
|
|
.It Cm b
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|
examine bytes (8 bits).
|
|
.It Cm h
|
|
examine half-words (16 bits).
|
|
.It Cm l
|
|
examine words (legacy
|
|
.Dq long ,
|
|
32 bits).
|
|
.It Cm L
|
|
examine long words (implementation dependent)
|
|
.It Cm a
|
|
print the location being examined.
|
|
.It Cm A
|
|
print the location with a line number if possible.
|
|
.It Cm x
|
|
display in unsigned hex.
|
|
.It Cm z
|
|
display in signed hex.
|
|
.It Cm o
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|
display in unsigned octal.
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
display in signed decimal.
|
|
.It Cm u
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|
display in unsigned decimal.
|
|
.It Cm r
|
|
display in current radix, signed.
|
|
.It Cm c
|
|
display low 8 bits as a character.
|
|
Non-printing characters as displayed as an octal escape code
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
.Sq \e000 ) .
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
display the NUL terminated string at the location.
|
|
Non-printing characters are displayed as octal escapes.
|
|
.It Cm m
|
|
display in unsigned hex with a character dump at the end of each line.
|
|
The location is displayed as hex at the beginning of each line.
|
|
.It Cm i
|
|
display as a machine instruction.
|
|
.It Cm I
|
|
display as a machine instruction, with possible alternative formats
|
|
depending upon the machine:
|
|
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "sparc" -compact
|
|
.It alpha
|
|
print register operands
|
|
.It m68k
|
|
use Motorola syntax
|
|
.It vax
|
|
don't assume that each external label is a procedure entry mask
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic kill Ar pid Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar signal_number
|
|
Send a signal to the process specified by the
|
|
.Ar pid .
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Ar pid
|
|
is interpreted using the current radix (see
|
|
.Cm trace/t
|
|
command for details).
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar signal_number
|
|
isn't specified, the SIGTERM signal is sent.
|
|
.It Ic match Ns Op Cm /p
|
|
A synonym for
|
|
.Ic next .
|
|
.It Ic next Ns Op Cm /p
|
|
Stop at the matching return instruction.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /p
|
|
is specified, print the call nesting depth and the
|
|
cumulative instruction count at each call or return.
|
|
Otherwise, only print when the matching return is hit.
|
|
.It Ic print Ns Oo Cm /axzodurc Oc Ar address Op Ar address ...
|
|
Print addresses
|
|
.Ar address
|
|
according to the modifier character, as per
|
|
.Ic examine .
|
|
Valid modifiers are:
|
|
.Cm /a ,
|
|
.Cm /x ,
|
|
.Cm /z ,
|
|
.Cm /o ,
|
|
.Cm /d ,
|
|
.Cm /u ,
|
|
.Cm /r ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm /c
|
|
(as per
|
|
.Ic examine ) .
|
|
If no modifier is specified, the most recent one specified is used.
|
|
.Ar address
|
|
may be a string, and is printed
|
|
.Dq as-is .
|
|
For example:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
print/x "eax = " $eax "\enecx = " $ecx "\en"
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
will produce:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
eax = xxxxxx
|
|
ecx = yyyyyy
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.It Ic ps Ns Oo Cm /a Oc Ns Oo Cm /n Oc Ns Oo Cm /w Oc Ns Oo Cm /l Oc
|
|
A synonym for
|
|
.Ic show all procs .
|
|
.It Ic reboot Op Ar flags
|
|
Reboot, using the optionally supplied boot
|
|
.Ar flags ,
|
|
which is a bitmask supporting the same values as for
|
|
.Xr reboot 2 .
|
|
Some of the more useful flags:
|
|
.Bl -column "Value" "RB_POWERDOWN" "Description"
|
|
.It Sy "Value" Ta Sy "Name" Ta Sy "Description"
|
|
.It 0x1 Ta RB_ASKNAME Ta Ask for file name to reboot from
|
|
.It 0x2 Ta RB_SINGLE Ta Reboot to single user mode
|
|
.It 0x4 Ta RB_NOSYNC Ta Don't sync before reboot
|
|
.It 0x8 Ta RB_HALT Ta Halt instead of reboot
|
|
.It 0x40 Ta RB_KDB Ta Boot into kernel debugger
|
|
.It 0x100 Ta RB_DUMP Ta Dump unconditionally before reboot
|
|
.It 0x808 Ta RB_POWERDOWN Ta Power off (or at least halt)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note: Limitations of the command line interface preclude
|
|
specification of a boot string.
|
|
.It Ic search Ns Oo Cm /bhl Oc Ar address Ar value \
|
|
Oo Ar mask Oc Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
|
|
Search memory from
|
|
.Ar address
|
|
for
|
|
.Ar value .
|
|
The unit size is specified with a modifier character, as per
|
|
.Ic examine .
|
|
Valid modifiers are:
|
|
.Cm /b ,
|
|
.Cm /h ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm /l .
|
|
If no modifier is specified,
|
|
.Cm /l
|
|
is used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This command might fail in interesting ways if it doesn't find
|
|
.Ar value .
|
|
This is because
|
|
.Nm
|
|
doesn't always recover from touching bad memory.
|
|
The optional
|
|
.Ar count
|
|
limits the search.
|
|
.It Ic set Cm $ Ns Ar variable Oo Cm = Oc Ar expression
|
|
Set the named variable or register to the value of
|
|
.Ar expression .
|
|
Valid variable names are described in
|
|
.Sx VARIABLES .
|
|
.It Ic show all callout
|
|
Display information about callouts in the system.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr callout 9
|
|
for more information on callouts.
|
|
.It Ic show all pages
|
|
Display basic information about all physical pages managed by the VM system.
|
|
For more detailed information about a single page, use
|
|
.Ic show page .
|
|
.It Ic show all pools Ns Op Cm /clp
|
|
Display all pool information.
|
|
Modifiers are the same as
|
|
.Ic show pool .
|
|
.It Ic "show\ all\ procs" Ns Oo Cm /a Oc Ns Oo Cm /n Oc Ns Oo Cm /w Oc Ns \
|
|
Oo Cm /l Oc
|
|
Display all process information.
|
|
Valid modifiers:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 3n
|
|
.It Cm /n
|
|
show process information in a
|
|
.Xr ps 1
|
|
style format.
|
|
Information printed includes: process ID, parent process ID,
|
|
process group, UID, process status, process flags, number of LWPs,
|
|
command name, and process wait channel message.
|
|
.It Cm /a
|
|
show each process ID, command name, kernel virtual addresses of
|
|
each process' proc structure, u-area, and vmspace structure.
|
|
The vmspace address is also the address of the process'
|
|
vm_map structure, and can be used in the
|
|
.Ic show map
|
|
command.
|
|
.It Cm /w
|
|
show each LWP ID, process ID, command name, system call emulation,
|
|
priority, wait channel message and wait channel address.
|
|
LWPs currently running on a CPU are marked with the '\&>' sign.
|
|
.It Cm /l
|
|
show each LWP ID, process ID, process status, CPU ID the LWP runs on,
|
|
process flags, kernel virtual address of LWP structure,
|
|
LWP name and wait channel message.
|
|
LWPs currently running on a CPU are marked with the '\&>' sign.
|
|
This is the default.
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic show arptab
|
|
Dump the entire
|
|
.Dv AF_INET
|
|
routing table.
|
|
This command is available only on systems which support inet and ARP.
|
|
.It Ic show breaks
|
|
Display all breakpoints.
|
|
.It Ic show buf Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the struct buf at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
does nothing at this time.
|
|
.It Ic show event Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ns Oo Cm /i Oc Ns Oo Cm /m Oc Ns \
|
|
Oo Cm /t Oc
|
|
Print all the non-zero
|
|
.Xr evcnt 9
|
|
event counters.
|
|
Valid modifiers:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 3n
|
|
.It Cm /f
|
|
event counters with a count of zero are printed as well.
|
|
.It Cm /i
|
|
interrupted counters will be displayed.
|
|
.It Cm /m
|
|
misc counters will be displayed.
|
|
.It Cm /t
|
|
trap counters will be displayed.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If none of
|
|
.Cm /i ,
|
|
.Cm /m
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm /t
|
|
are specified, all are shown.
|
|
You can combine any of these.
|
|
For example, the modifier
|
|
.Cm /itf
|
|
will select both interrupt and trap events, including those that are non-zero.
|
|
.It Ic show files Ar address
|
|
Display information about the vnodes of the files that are currently
|
|
open by the process associated with the proc structure at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
This address can be found using the
|
|
.Ic show all procs /a
|
|
command.
|
|
If the kernel is compiled with
|
|
.Cd options LOCKDEBUG
|
|
then details about the locking of the underlying uvm object will also
|
|
be displayed.
|
|
.It Ic show lock Ar address
|
|
Display information about a lock at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
This command is useful only if a kernel is compiled with
|
|
.Cd options LOCKDEBUG .
|
|
.It Ic show malloc Ar address
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar address
|
|
is supplied, display the kernel memory allocator's idea on the
|
|
allocation status for it.
|
|
Also, print out global statistics for the memory allocator.
|
|
This command is useful only if a kernel is compiled with
|
|
.Cd options MALLOC_DEBUG .
|
|
.It Ic show map Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the vm_map at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
is specified, the complete map is printed.
|
|
.It Ic show mount Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the mount structure at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
is specified, the complete vnode list is printed.
|
|
.It Ic show mbuf Ns Oo Cm /c Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the mbuf structure at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /c
|
|
is specified, the mbufs in the chain are followed.
|
|
.It Ic show ncache Ar address
|
|
Dump the namecache list associated with vnode at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
.It Ic show object Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the vm_object at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
is specified, the complete object is printed.
|
|
.It Ic show page Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the vm_page at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
is specified, the complete page is printed.
|
|
.It Ic show panic
|
|
Print the current "panic" string.
|
|
.It Ic show pool Ns Oo Cm /clp Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the pool at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
Valid modifiers:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -compact
|
|
.It Cm /c
|
|
Print the cachelist and its statistics for this pool.
|
|
.It Cm /l
|
|
Print the log entries for this pool.
|
|
.It Cm /p
|
|
Print the pagelist for this pool.
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic show proc Ns Oo Cm /ap Oc Ar address | pid
|
|
Show information about a process and its LWPs.
|
|
LWPs currently running on a CPU are marked with the '\&>' sign.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 4n -compact
|
|
.It Cm /a
|
|
The argument passed is the kernel virtual address
|
|
of LWP structure.
|
|
.It Cm /p
|
|
The argument passed is a PID.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Ar pid
|
|
is interpreted using the current radix (see
|
|
.Cm trace/t
|
|
command for details).
|
|
This is the default.
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic show registers Ns Op Cm /u
|
|
Display the register set.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /u
|
|
is specified, display user registers instead of kernel registers
|
|
or the currently save one.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: support for
|
|
.Cm /u
|
|
is machine dependent.
|
|
If not supported, incorrect information will be displayed.
|
|
.It Ic show sched_qs
|
|
Print the state of the scheduler's run queues.
|
|
For each run queue that has an LWP, the run queue index and the list
|
|
of LWPs will be shown.
|
|
If the run queue has LWPs, but the sched_whichqs bit is not set for that
|
|
queue, the queue index will be prefixed with a
|
|
.Sq \&! .
|
|
.It Ic show uvmexp
|
|
Print a selection of UVM counters and statistics.
|
|
.It Ic show kernhist
|
|
Dumps the kernel histories.
|
|
This command is available only if a kernel is compiled with
|
|
.Cd options KERNHIST
|
|
or
|
|
.Cd options UVMHIST .
|
|
.It Ic show vnode Ns Oo Cm /f Oc Ar address
|
|
Print the vnode at
|
|
.Ar address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /f
|
|
is specified, the complete vnode is printed.
|
|
.It Ic show watches
|
|
Display all watchpoints.
|
|
.It Ic sifting Ns Oo Cm /F Oc Ar string
|
|
Search the symbol tables for all symbols of which
|
|
.Ar string
|
|
is a substring, and display them.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /F
|
|
is specified, a character is displayed immediately after each symbol
|
|
name indicating the type of symbol.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For
|
|
.Xr a.out 5 Ns -format
|
|
symbol tables,
|
|
absolute symbols display
|
|
.Sy @ ,
|
|
text segment symbols display
|
|
.Sy * ,
|
|
data segment symbols display
|
|
.Sy + ,
|
|
.Tn BSS
|
|
segment symbols display
|
|
.Sy - ,
|
|
and filename symbols display
|
|
.Sy / .
|
|
For
|
|
.Tn ELF Ns -format
|
|
symbol tables,
|
|
object symbols display
|
|
.Sy + ,
|
|
function symbols display
|
|
.Sy * ,
|
|
section symbols display
|
|
.Sy \*[Am] ,
|
|
and file symbols display
|
|
.Sy / .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To sift for a string beginning with a number, escape the first
|
|
character with a backslash as:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
sifting \\386
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.It Ic step Ns Oo Cm /p Oc Op Cm , Ns Ar count
|
|
Single-step
|
|
.Ar count
|
|
times.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /p
|
|
is specified, print each instruction at each step.
|
|
Otherwise, only print the last instruction.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: depending on the machine type, it may not be possible
|
|
to single-step through some low-level code paths or user-space
|
|
code.
|
|
On machines with software-emulated single-stepping (e.g., pmax),
|
|
stepping through code executed by interrupt handlers will probably
|
|
do the wrong thing.
|
|
.It Ic sync
|
|
Sync the disks, force a crash dump, and then reboot.
|
|
.It Ic trace Ns Oo Cm /u Ns Oo Cm l Oc Oc Oo Ar frame-address Oc Ns \
|
|
Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
|
|
Stack trace from
|
|
.Ar frame-address .
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /u
|
|
is specified, trace user-space, otherwise trace kernel-space.
|
|
.Ar count
|
|
is the number of frames to be traced.
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar count
|
|
is omitted, all frames are printed.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /l
|
|
is specified, the trace is printed and also stored in the kernel
|
|
message buffer.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: user-space stack trace is valid only if the machine dependent
|
|
code supports it.
|
|
.It Ic trace/t Ns Oo Cm l Oc Oo Ar pid Oc Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
|
|
Stack trace by
|
|
.Dq thread
|
|
(process, on
|
|
.Nx )
|
|
rather than by stack frame address.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Ar pid
|
|
is interpreted using the current radix, whilst
|
|
.Ic ps
|
|
displays pids in decimal; prefix
|
|
.Ar pid
|
|
with
|
|
.Sq 0t
|
|
to force it to be interpreted as decimal (see
|
|
.Sx VARIABLES
|
|
section for radix).
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /l
|
|
is specified, the trace is printed and also stored in the kernel
|
|
message buffer.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: trace by pid is valid only if the machine dependent code
|
|
supports it.
|
|
.It Ic trace/a Ns Oo Cm l Oc Oo Ar lwpaddr Oc Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar count Oc
|
|
Stack trace by light weight process (LWP) address
|
|
rather than by stack frame address.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /l
|
|
is specified, the trace is printed and also stored in the kernel
|
|
message buffer.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: trace by LWP address is valid only if the machine dependent
|
|
code supports it.
|
|
.It Ic until Ns Op Cm /p
|
|
Stop at the next call or return instruction.
|
|
If
|
|
.Cm /p
|
|
is specified, print the call nesting depth and the
|
|
cumulative instruction count at each call or return.
|
|
Otherwise, only print when the matching return is hit.
|
|
.It Ic watch Ar address Ns Oo Cm , Ns Ar size Oc
|
|
Set a watchpoint for a region.
|
|
Execution stops when an attempt to modify the region occurs.
|
|
.Ar size
|
|
defaults to 4.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If you specify a wrong space address, the request is
|
|
rejected with an error message.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: attempts to watch wired kernel memory may cause
|
|
an unrecoverable error in some systems such as i386.
|
|
Watchpoints on user addresses work the best.
|
|
.It Ic whatis Ar address
|
|
Describe what an address is.
|
|
.It Ic write Ns Oo Cm /bhlBHL Oc Ar address Ar expression Oo Ar expression ... Oc
|
|
Write the
|
|
.Ar expression Ns s
|
|
at succeeding locations.
|
|
The unit size is specified with a modifier character, as per
|
|
.Ic examine .
|
|
Valid modifiers are:
|
|
.Cm /b ,
|
|
.Cm /h ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm /l .
|
|
If no modifier is specified,
|
|
.Cm /l
|
|
is used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Specifying the modifiers in upper case,
|
|
.Cm /B ,
|
|
.Cm /H ,
|
|
.Cm /L ,
|
|
will prevent
|
|
.Nm
|
|
from reading the memory location first, which is useful for avoiding
|
|
side effects when writing to I/O memory regions.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Warning: since there is no delimiter between
|
|
.Ar expression Ns s ,
|
|
strange things may occur.
|
|
It's best to enclose each
|
|
.Ar expression
|
|
in parentheses.
|
|
.It Ic x Ns Oo Cm / Ns Ar modifier Oc Ar address Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar count
|
|
A synonym for
|
|
.Ic examine .
|
|
.\" XXX - these commands aren't implemented; jhawk 19 May 2000
|
|
.\" .It Ic xf
|
|
.\" Examine forward.
|
|
.\" .Ic xf
|
|
.\" re-executes the most recent
|
|
.\" .Ic execute
|
|
.\" command with the same parameters except that
|
|
.\" .Ar address
|
|
.\" is set to
|
|
.\" .Ar next .
|
|
.\" .It Ic xb
|
|
.\" Examine backward.
|
|
.\" .Ic xb
|
|
.\" re-executes the most recent
|
|
.\" .Ic execute
|
|
.\" command with the same parameters, except that
|
|
.\" .Ar address
|
|
.\" is set to the last start address minus its size.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh MACHINE-SPECIFIC COMMANDS
|
|
The "glue" code that hooks
|
|
.Nm
|
|
into the
|
|
.Nx
|
|
kernel for any given port can also add machine specific commands
|
|
to the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command parser.
|
|
All of these commands are preceded by the command word
|
|
.Em machine
|
|
to indicate that they are part of the machine-specific command
|
|
set (e.g.
|
|
.Ic machine reboot ) .
|
|
Some of these commands are:
|
|
.Ss ACORN26
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic bsw
|
|
Writes one or two bytes to the IObus.
|
|
Takes an address and a value.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq b
|
|
modifier to write a single byte and the
|
|
.Dq h
|
|
modifier to write two bytes.
|
|
.It Ic frame
|
|
Given a trap frame address, print out the trap frame.
|
|
.It Ic irqstat
|
|
Display the IRQ statistics
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss ALPHA
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.\" .It Ic halt
|
|
.\" Call the PROM monitor to halt the CPU.
|
|
.\" .It Ic reboot
|
|
.\" Call the PROM monitor to reboot the CPU.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss AMD64
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss ARM32
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic frame
|
|
Given a trap frame address, print out the trap frame.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss HP700
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic frame
|
|
Without an address the default trap frame is printed.
|
|
Otherwise, the trap frame address can be given, or, when the
|
|
.Dq l
|
|
modifier is used, an LWP address.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss I386
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss IA64
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic vector
|
|
Without a vector, information about all 256 vectors is shown.
|
|
Otherwise, the given vector is shown.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss MIPS
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cp0
|
|
Dump CP0 (coprocessor 0) register values.
|
|
.It Ic kvtop
|
|
Print the physical address for a given kernel virtual address.
|
|
.It Ic tlb
|
|
Print out the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB).
|
|
Only works in
|
|
.Nx
|
|
kernels compiled with
|
|
.Dv DEBUG
|
|
option.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss POWERPC 4xx
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic ctx
|
|
Print process MMU context information.
|
|
.It Ic pv
|
|
Print PA-\*[Gt]VA mapping information.
|
|
.It Ic reset
|
|
Reset the system.
|
|
.It Ic tf
|
|
Display the contents of the trapframe.
|
|
.It Ic tlb
|
|
Display instruction translation storage buffer information.
|
|
.It Ic dcr
|
|
Set the DCR register.
|
|
Must be between 0x00 and 0x3ff.
|
|
.It Ic user
|
|
Display user memory.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq i
|
|
modifier to get instruction decoding.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss POWERPC OEA
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic bat
|
|
Print BAT registers and translations.
|
|
.It Ic mmu
|
|
Print MMU registers.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss SH3
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic tlb
|
|
Print TLB entries.
|
|
.It Ic cache
|
|
Print cache entries.
|
|
.It Ic frame
|
|
Print switch frame and trap frames.
|
|
.It Ic stack
|
|
Print kernel stack usage.
|
|
Only works in
|
|
.Nx
|
|
kernels compiled with the
|
|
.Dv KSTACK_DEBUG
|
|
option.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss SPARC
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.It Ic prom
|
|
Enter the Sun PROM monitor.
|
|
.It Ic proc
|
|
Display some information about the LWP pointed to, or curlwp.
|
|
.It Ic pcb
|
|
Display information about the
|
|
.Dq struct pcb
|
|
listed.
|
|
.It Ic page
|
|
Display the pointer to the
|
|
.Dq struct vm_page
|
|
for this physical address.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss SPARC64
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic ctx
|
|
Print process context information.
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.It Ic dtlb
|
|
Print data translation look-aside buffer context information.
|
|
.It Ic dtsb
|
|
Display data translation storage buffer information.
|
|
.It Ic kmap
|
|
Display information about the listed mapping in the kernel pmap.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq f
|
|
modifier to get a full listing.
|
|
.It Ic extract
|
|
Extract the physical address for a given virtual address from the kernel pmap.
|
|
.It Ic fpstate
|
|
Dump the FPU state.
|
|
.It Ic itlb
|
|
Print instruction translation look-aside buffer context information.
|
|
.It Ic itsb
|
|
Display instruction translation storage buffer information.
|
|
.It Ic lwp
|
|
Display a struct lwp
|
|
.It Ic pcb
|
|
Display information about the
|
|
.Dq struct pcb
|
|
listed.
|
|
.It Ic pctx
|
|
Attempt to change process context.
|
|
.It Ic page
|
|
Display the pointer to the
|
|
.Dq struct vm_page
|
|
for this physical address.
|
|
.It Ic phys
|
|
Display physical memory.
|
|
.It Ic pmap
|
|
Display the pmap.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq f
|
|
modifier to get a fuller listing.
|
|
.It Ic proc
|
|
Display some information about the process pointed to, or curproc.
|
|
.It Ic prom
|
|
Enter the OFW PROM.
|
|
.It Ic pv
|
|
Display the
|
|
.Dq struct pv_entry
|
|
pointed to.
|
|
.It Ic sir
|
|
Reset the machine and enter prom (do a Software Initiated Reset).
|
|
.It Ic stack
|
|
Dump the window stack.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq u
|
|
modifier to get userland information.
|
|
.It Ic tf
|
|
Display full trap frame state.
|
|
This is most useful for inclusion with bug reports.
|
|
.It Ic ts
|
|
Display trap state.
|
|
.It Ic traptrace
|
|
Display or set trap trace information.
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Dq r
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq f
|
|
modifiers to get reversed and full information, respectively.
|
|
.It Ic watch
|
|
Set or clear a physical or virtual hardware watchpoint.
|
|
Pass the address to be watched, or
|
|
.Dq 0
|
|
(or omit the address) to clear the watchpoint.
|
|
Optional modifiers are
|
|
.Dq p
|
|
for physical address,
|
|
.Dq r
|
|
for trap on read access (default: trap on write access only),
|
|
.Dq b
|
|
for 8 bit width,
|
|
.Dq h
|
|
for 16 bit,
|
|
.Dq l
|
|
for 32 bit or
|
|
.Dq L
|
|
for 64 bit.
|
|
.It Ic window
|
|
Print register window information.
|
|
Argument is a stack frame number (0 is
|
|
top of stack, which is used when no index is given).
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss SUN2, SUN3 and SUN3X
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic abort
|
|
Drop into monitor via abort (allows continue).
|
|
.It Ic halt
|
|
Exit to Sun PROM monitor as in
|
|
.Xr halt 8 .
|
|
.It Ic reboot
|
|
Reboot the machine as in
|
|
.Xr reboot 8 .
|
|
.It Ic pgmap
|
|
Given an address, print the address, segment map, page map, and
|
|
Page Table Entry (PTE).
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss VAX
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "traptrace" -compact
|
|
.It Ic cpu
|
|
Switch to another cpu.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh VARIABLES
|
|
.Nm
|
|
accesses registers and variables as
|
|
.Cm $ Ns Ar name .
|
|
Register names are as per the
|
|
.Ic show registers
|
|
command.
|
|
Some variables are suffixed with numbers, and may have a modifier
|
|
following a colon immediately after the variable name.
|
|
For example, register variables may have a
|
|
.Sq u
|
|
modifier to indicate user register
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
.Li "$eax:u" ) .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Built-in variables currently supported are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "maxwidth" -compact
|
|
.It Va lines
|
|
The number of lines.
|
|
This is used by the
|
|
.Ic more
|
|
feature.
|
|
When this variable is set to zero the
|
|
.Ic more
|
|
feature is disabled.
|
|
.It Va maxoff
|
|
Addresses are printed as
|
|
.Li 'symbol'+offset
|
|
unless
|
|
.Li offset
|
|
is greater than
|
|
.Va maxoff .
|
|
.It Va maxwidth
|
|
The width of the displayed line.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
wraps the current line by printing new line when
|
|
.Va maxwidth
|
|
column is reached.
|
|
When this variable is set to zero
|
|
.Nm
|
|
doesn't perform any wrapping.
|
|
.It Va onpanic
|
|
If greater than zero (the default is 1),
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will be invoked when the kernel panics.
|
|
If the kernel configuration option
|
|
.D1 Cd options DDB_ONPANIC=0
|
|
is used,
|
|
.Va onpanic
|
|
will be initialized to off, causing a stack trace to be printed and
|
|
the system to be rebooted instead of
|
|
.Nm
|
|
being entered.
|
|
Other useful settings are \-1, which suppresses the stack trace before
|
|
reboot, and 2, which causes a stack trace to be printed and
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to be entered.
|
|
.It Va fromconsole
|
|
If non-zero (the default),
|
|
the kernel allows to enter
|
|
.Nm
|
|
from the console (by break signal or special key sequence).
|
|
If the kernel configuration option
|
|
.D1 Cd options DDB_FROMCONSOLE=0
|
|
is used,
|
|
.Va fromconsole
|
|
will be initialized to off.
|
|
.It Va radix
|
|
Input and output radix.
|
|
.It Va tabstops
|
|
Tab stop width.
|
|
.It Va tee_msgbuf
|
|
If explicitly set to non zero (zero is the default) all
|
|
.Nm
|
|
output will not only be displayed on screen but
|
|
also be fed to the msgbuf.
|
|
The default of the variable can be set using the kernel configuration option
|
|
.D1 Cd options DDB_TEE_MSGBUF=1
|
|
which will initialize
|
|
.Va tee_msgbuf
|
|
to be 1.
|
|
This option is especially handy for poor souls
|
|
who don't have a serial console but want to recall
|
|
.Nm
|
|
output from a crash investigation.
|
|
This option is more generic than the /l command modifier possible for
|
|
selected commands as discussed above to log the output.
|
|
Mixing both /l
|
|
and this setting can give double loggings.
|
|
.\" .It Va work Ns Sy xx
|
|
.\" Temporary work variable.
|
|
.\" .Sq Sy xx
|
|
.\" is between 0 and 31.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All built-in variables are accessible via
|
|
.Xr sysctl 3 .
|
|
.Sh EXPRESSIONS
|
|
Almost all expression operators in C are supported, except
|
|
.Sq \&~ ,
|
|
.Sq \&^ ,
|
|
and unary
|
|
.Sq \&\*[Am] .
|
|
Special rules in
|
|
.Nm
|
|
are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width "identifier"
|
|
.It Ar identifier
|
|
name of a symbol.
|
|
It is translated to the address (or value) of it.
|
|
.Sq \&.
|
|
and
|
|
.Sq \&:
|
|
can be used in the identifier.
|
|
If supported by an object format dependent routine,
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Xo
|
|
.Oo Ar filename : Oc
|
|
.Ar function
|
|
.Oo : Ar line\ number Oc ,
|
|
.Xc
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Xo
|
|
.Oo Ar filename : Oc
|
|
.Ar variable ,
|
|
.Xc
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
and
|
|
.Sm off
|
|
.Xo
|
|
.Ar filename
|
|
.Oo : Ar "line number" Oc ,
|
|
.Xc
|
|
.Sm on
|
|
can be accepted as a symbol.
|
|
The symbol may be prefixed with
|
|
.Ar symbol_table_name\^ : :
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
.Li emulator::mach_msg_trap )
|
|
to specify other than kernel symbols.
|
|
.It Ar number
|
|
number.
|
|
Radix is determined by the first two characters:
|
|
.Sq 0x
|
|
- hex,
|
|
.Sq 0o
|
|
- octal,
|
|
.Sq 0t
|
|
- decimal,
|
|
otherwise follow current radix.
|
|
.It Cm .
|
|
.Ar dot
|
|
.It Cm +
|
|
.Ar next
|
|
.It Cm ..
|
|
address of the start of the last line examined.
|
|
Unlike
|
|
.Ar dot
|
|
or
|
|
.Ar next ,
|
|
this is only changed by the
|
|
.Ic examine
|
|
or
|
|
.Ic write
|
|
commands.
|
|
.It Cm \&" \"" XXX: emacs highlighting
|
|
last address explicitly specified.
|
|
.It Cm $ Ns Ar name
|
|
register name or variable.
|
|
It is translated to the value of it.
|
|
It may be followed by a
|
|
.Sq \&:
|
|
and modifiers as described above.
|
|
.It Cm #
|
|
a binary operator which rounds up the left hand side to the next
|
|
multiple of right hand side.
|
|
.It Cm * Ns Ar expr
|
|
expression indirection.
|
|
It may be followed by a
|
|
.Sq \&:
|
|
and modifiers as described above.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr reboot 2 ,
|
|
.Xr options 4 ,
|
|
.Xr crash 8 ,
|
|
.Xr reboot 8 ,
|
|
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
|
|
.Xr cnmagic 9
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
kernel debugger was written as part of the MACH project at
|
|
Carnegie-Mellon University.
|