642 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
642 lines
23 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.0//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.0/docbookx.dtd"
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[<!ENTITY mdash "—">]>
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<!--
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- Copyright (C) 2004, 2005 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
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- Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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-
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- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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- purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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- copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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-
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- THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
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- REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
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- AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
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- INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
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- LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
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- OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
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- PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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-->
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<!-- Id: dig.docbook,v 1.4.2.7.4.12 2005/08/30 00:50:29 marka Exp -->
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<refentry>
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<refentryinfo>
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<date>Jun 30, 2000</date>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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<refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>
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</refmeta>
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<docinfo>
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<copyright>
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<year>2004</year>
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<year>2005</year>
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<holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
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</copyright>
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<copyright>
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<year>2000</year>
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<year>2001</year>
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<year>2002</year>
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<year>2003</year>
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<holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>
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</copyright>
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</docinfo>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>dig</refname>
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<refpurpose>DNS lookup utility</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>dig</command>
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<arg choice="opt">@server</arg>
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<arg><option>-b <replaceable class="parameter">address</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-k <replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port#</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-t <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-x <replaceable class="parameter">addr</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-y <replaceable class="parameter">name:key</replaceable></option></arg>
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<arg><option>-4</option></arg>
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<arg><option>-6</option></arg>
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<arg choice="opt">name</arg>
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<arg choice="opt">type</arg>
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<arg choice="opt">class</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">queryopt</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>dig</command>
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<arg><option>-h</option></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>dig</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">global-queryopt</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">query</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
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<para>
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<command>dig</command> (domain information groper) is a flexible tool
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for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and
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displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that
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were queried. Most DNS administrators use <command>dig</command> to
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troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use and
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clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality
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than <command>dig</command>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Although <command>dig</command> is normally used with command-line
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arguments, it also has a batch mode of operation for reading lookup
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requests from a file. A brief summary of its command-line arguments
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and options is printed when the <option>-h</option> option is given.
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Unlike earlier versions, the BIND9 implementation of
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<command>dig</command> allows multiple lookups to be issued from the
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command line.
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</para>
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<para>
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Unless it is told to query a specific name server,
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<command>dig</command> will try each of the servers listed in
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.
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</para>
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<para>
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When no command line arguments or options are given, will perform an
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NS query for "." (the root).
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</para>
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<para>
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It is possible to set per-user defaults for <command>dig</command> via
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<filename>${HOME}/.digrc</filename>. This file is read and any options in it
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are applied before the command line arguments.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>SIMPLE USAGE</title>
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<para>
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A typical invocation of <command>dig</command> looks like:
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<programlisting> dig @server name type </programlisting> where:
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry><term><constant>server</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>
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is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an IPv4
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address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6
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address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied
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<parameter>server</parameter> argument is a hostname,
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<command>dig</command> resolves that name before querying that name
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server. If no <parameter>server</parameter> argument is provided,
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<command>dig</command> consults <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>
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and queries the name servers listed there. The reply from the name
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server that responds is displayed.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><constant>name</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>
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is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><constant>type</constant></term>
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<listitem><para>
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indicates what type of query is required —
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ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc.
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<parameter>type</parameter> can be any valid query type. If no
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<parameter>type</parameter> argument is supplied,
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<command>dig</command> will perform a lookup for an A record.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>OPTIONS</title>
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<para>
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The <option>-b</option> option sets the source IP address of the query
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to <parameter>address</parameter>. This must be a valid address on
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one of the host's network interfaces or "0.0.0.0" or "::". An optional port
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may be specified by appending "#<port>"
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</para>
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<para>
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The default query class (IN for internet) is overridden by the
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<option>-c</option> option. <parameter>class</parameter> is any valid
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class, such as HS for Hesiod records or CH for CHAOSNET records.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <option>-f</option> option makes <command>dig </command> operate
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in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the
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file <parameter>filename</parameter>. The file contains a number of
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queries, one per line. Each entry in the file should be organised in
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the same way they would be presented as queries to
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<command>dig</command> using the command-line interface.
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</para>
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<para>
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If a non-standard port number is to be queried, the
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<option>-p</option> option is used. <parameter>port#</parameter> is
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the port number that <command>dig</command> will send its queries
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instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option would be used
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to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries
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on a non-standard port number.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <option>-4</option> option forces <command>dig</command> to only
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use IPv4 query transport. The <option>-6</option> option forces
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<command>dig</command> to only use IPv6 query transport.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <option>-t</option> option sets the query type to
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<parameter>type</parameter>. It can be any valid query type which is
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supported in BIND9. The default query type "A", unless the
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<option>-x</option> option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup.
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A zone transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When
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an incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required,
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<parameter>type</parameter> is set to <literal>ixfr=N</literal>.
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The incremental zone transfer will contain the changes made to the zone
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since the serial number in the zone's SOA record was
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<parameter>N</parameter>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Reverse lookups - mapping addresses to names - are simplified by the
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<option>-x</option> option. <parameter>addr</parameter> is an IPv4
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address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address.
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When this option is used, there is no need to provide the
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<parameter>name</parameter>, <parameter>class</parameter> and
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<parameter>type</parameter> arguments. <command>dig</command>
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automatically performs a lookup for a name like
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<literal>11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa</literal> and sets the query type and
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class to PTR and IN respectively. By default, IPv6 addresses are
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looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.
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To use the older RFC1886 method using the IP6.INT domain
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specify the <option>-i</option> option. Bit string labels (RFC2874)
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are now experimental and are not attempted.
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</para>
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<para>
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To sign the DNS queries sent by <command>dig</command> and their
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responses using transaction signatures (TSIG), specify a TSIG key file
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using the <option>-k</option> option. You can also specify the TSIG
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key itself on the command line using the <option>-y</option> option;
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<parameter>name</parameter> is the name of the TSIG key and
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<parameter>key</parameter> is the actual key. The key is a base-64
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encoded string, typically generated by <citerefentry>
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<refentrytitle>dnssec-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
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</citerefentry>.
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Caution should be taken when using the <option>-y</option> option on
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multi-user systems as the key can be visible in the output from
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<citerefentry> <refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1
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</manvolnum> </citerefentry> or in the shell's history file. When
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using TSIG authentication with <command>dig</command>, the name
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server that is queried needs to know the key and algorithm that is
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being used. In BIND, this is done by providing appropriate
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<command>key</command> and <command>server</command> statements in
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<filename>named.conf</filename>.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>QUERY OPTIONS</title>
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<para>
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<command>dig</command> provides a number of query options which affect
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the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of
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these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which
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sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout
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and retry strategies.
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</para>
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<para>
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Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign
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(<literal>+</literal>). Some keywords set or reset an option. These may be preceded
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by the string <literal>no</literal> to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other
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keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They
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have the form <option>+keyword=value</option>.
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The query options are:
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]tcp</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default
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behaviour is to use UDP unless an AXFR or IXFR query is requested, in
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which case a TCP connection is used.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]vc</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Use [do not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate
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syntax to <parameter>+[no]tcp</parameter> is provided for backwards
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compatibility. The "vc" stands for "virtual circuit".
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]ignore</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Ignore truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By
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default, TCP retries are performed.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+domain=somename</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Set the search list to contain the single domain
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<parameter>somename</parameter>, as if specified in a
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<command>domain</command> directive in
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>, and enable search list
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processing as if the <parameter>+search</parameter> option were given.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]search</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Use [do not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain
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directive in <filename>resolv.conf</filename> (if any).
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The search list is not used by default.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]defname</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Deprecated, treated as a synonym for <parameter>+[no]search</parameter>
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]aaonly</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Sets the "aa" flag in the query.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]aaflag</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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A synonym for <parameter>+[no]aaonly</parameter>.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]adflag</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Set [do not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. The AD bit
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currently has a standard meaning only in responses, not in queries,
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but the ability to set the bit in the query is provided for
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completeness.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]cdflag</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Set [do not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This
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requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]cl</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Display [do not display] the CLASS when printing the record.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]ttlid</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Display [do not display] the TTL when printing the record.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]recurse</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Toggle the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query.
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This bit is set by default, which means <command>dig</command>
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normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled
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when the <parameter>+nssearch</parameter> or
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<parameter>+trace</parameter> query options are used.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]nssearch</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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When this option is set, <command>dig</command> attempts to find the
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authoritative name servers for the zone containing the name being
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looked up and display the SOA record that each name server has for the
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zone.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]trace</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Toggle tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers for
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the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When
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tracing is enabled, <command>dig</command> makes iterative queries to
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resolve the name being looked up. It will follow referrals from the
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root servers, showing the answer from each server that was used to
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resolve the lookup.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]cmd</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output identifying
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the version of <command>dig</command> and the query options that have
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been applied. This comment is printed by default.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]short</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Provide a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a
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verbose form.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]identify</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Show [or do not show] the IP address and port number that supplied the
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answer when the <parameter>+short</parameter> option is enabled. If
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short form answers are requested, the default is not to show the
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source address and port number of the server that provided the answer.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]comments</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Toggle the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to
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print comments.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]stats</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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This query option toggles the printing of statistics: when the query
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was made, the size of the reply and so on. The default behaviour is
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to print the query statistics.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]qr</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Print [do not print] the query as it is sent.
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By default, the query is not printed.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]question</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Print [do not print] the question section of a query when an answer is
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returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]answer</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Display [do not display] the answer section of a reply. The default
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is to display it.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]authority</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Display [do not display] the authority section of a reply. The
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default is to display it.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]additional</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Display [do not display] the additional section of a reply.
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The default is to display it.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]all</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Set or clear all display flags.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+time=T</option></term>
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<listitem><para>
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Sets the timeout for a query to
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<parameter>T</parameter> seconds. The default time out is 5 seconds.
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An attempt to set <parameter>T</parameter> to less than 1 will result
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in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.
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</para></listitem></varlistentry>
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<varlistentry><term><option>+tries=T</option></term>
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|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to
|
|
<parameter>T</parameter> instead of the default, 3. If
|
|
<parameter>T</parameter> is less than or equal to zero, the number of
|
|
tries is silently rounded up to 1.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+retry=T</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to
|
|
<parameter>T</parameter> instead of the default, 2. Unlike
|
|
<parameter>+tries</parameter>, this does not include the initial
|
|
query.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+ndots=D</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Set the number of dots that have to appear in
|
|
<parameter>name</parameter> to <parameter>D</parameter> for it to be
|
|
considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the
|
|
ndots statement in <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>, or 1 if no
|
|
ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are interpreted as
|
|
relative names and will be searched for in the domains listed in the
|
|
<option>search</option> or <option>domain</option> directive in
|
|
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+bufsize=B</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Set the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to
|
|
<parameter>B</parameter> bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this
|
|
buffer are 65535 and 0 respectively. Values outside this range are
|
|
rounded up or down appropriately.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]multiline</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Print records like the SOA records in a verbose multi-line
|
|
format with human-readable comments. The default is to print
|
|
each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing
|
|
of the <command>dig</command> output.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]fail</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Do not try the next server if you receive a SERVFAIL. The default is
|
|
to not try the next server which is the reverse of normal stub resolver
|
|
behaviour.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]besteffort</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Attempt to display the contents of messages which are malformed.
|
|
The default is to not display malformed answers.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]dnssec</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Requests DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK bit (DO)
|
|
in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]sigchase</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
Chase DNSSEC signature chains. Requires dig be compiled with
|
|
-DDIG_SIGCHASE.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>+trusted-key=####</option></term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Specifies a file containing trusted keys to be used with
|
|
<option>+sigchase</option>. Each DNSKEY record must be
|
|
on its own line.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If not specified <command>dig</command> will look for
|
|
<filename>/etc/trusted-key.key</filename> then
|
|
<filename>trusted-key.key</filename> in the current directory.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry><term><option>+[no]topdown</option></term>
|
|
<listitem><para>
|
|
When chasing DNSSEC signature chains perform a top down validation.
|
|
Requires dig be compiled with -DDIG_SIGCHASE.
|
|
</para></listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>MULTIPLE QUERIES</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The BIND 9 implementation of <command>dig </command> supports
|
|
specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to
|
|
supporting the <option>-f</option> batch file option). Each of those
|
|
queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options and query
|
|
options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In this case, each <parameter>query</parameter> argument represent an
|
|
individual query in the command-line syntax described above. Each
|
|
consists of any of the standard options and flags, the name to be
|
|
looked up, an optional query type and class and any query options that
|
|
should be applied to that query.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
A global set of query options, which should be applied to all queries,
|
|
can also be supplied. These global query options must precede the
|
|
first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options
|
|
supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except
|
|
the <option>+[no]cmd</option> option) can be
|
|
overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
dig +qr www.isc.org any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
shows how <command>dig</command> could be used from the command line
|
|
to make three lookups: an ANY query for <literal>www.isc.org</literal>, a
|
|
reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1 and a query for the NS records of
|
|
<literal>isc.org</literal>.
|
|
|
|
A global query option of <parameter>+qr</parameter> is applied, so
|
|
that <command>dig</command> shows the initial query it made for each
|
|
lookup. The final query has a local query option of
|
|
<parameter>+noqr</parameter> which means that <command>dig</command>
|
|
will not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for
|
|
<literal>isc.org</literal>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>FILES</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<filename>${HOME}/.digrc</filename>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>SEE ALSO</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>host</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>named</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry>
|
|
<refentrytitle>dnssec-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
|
|
</citerefentry>,
|
|
<citetitle>RFC1035</citetitle>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>BUGS </title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
There are probably too many query options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
</refentry>
|