782 lines
28 KiB
ObjectPascal
782 lines
28 KiB
ObjectPascal
Network Working Group M. Stahl
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Request for Comments: 1032 SRI International
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November 1987
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DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE
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STATUS OF THIS MEMO
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This memo describes procedures for registering a domain with the
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Network Information Center (NIC) of Defense Data Network (DDN), and
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offers guidelines on the establishment and administration of a domain
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in accordance with the requirements specified in RFC-920. It is
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intended for use by domain administrators. This memo should be used
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in conjunction with RFC-920, which is an official policy statement of
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the Internet Activities Board (IAB) and the Defense Advanced Research
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Projects Agency (DARPA). Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
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BACKGROUND
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Domains are administrative entities that provide decentralized
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management of host naming and addressing. The domain-naming system
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is distributed and hierarchical.
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The NIC is designated by the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) to
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provide registry services for the domain-naming system on the DDN and
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DARPA portions of the Internet.
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As registrar of top-level and second-level domains, as well as
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administrator of the root domain name servers on behalf of DARPA and
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DDN, the NIC is responsible for maintaining the root server zone
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files and their binary equivalents. In addition, the NIC is
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responsible for administering the top-level domains of "ARPA," "COM,"
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"EDU," "ORG," "GOV," and "MIL" on behalf of DCA and DARPA until it
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becomes feasible for other appropriate organizations to assume those
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responsibilities.
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It is recommended that the guidelines described in this document be
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used by domain administrators in the establishment and control of
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second-level domains.
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THE DOMAIN ADMINISTRATOR
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The role of the domain administrator (DA) is that of coordinator,
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manager, and technician. If his domain is established at the second
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level or lower in the tree, the DA must register by interacting with
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the management of the domain directly above his, making certain that
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Stahl [Page 1]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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his domain satisfies all the requirements of the administration under
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which his domain would be situated. To find out who has authority
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over the name space he wishes to join, the DA can ask the NIC
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Hostmaster. Information on contacts for the top-level and second-
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level domains can also be found on line in the file NETINFO:DOMAIN-
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CONTACTS.TXT, which is available from the NIC via anonymous FTP.
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The DA should be technically competent; he should understand the
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concepts and procedures for operating a domain server, as described
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in RFC-1034, and make sure that the service provided is reliable and
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uninterrupted. It is his responsibility or that of his delegate to
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ensure that the data will be current at all times. As a manager, the
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DA must be able to handle complaints about service provided by his
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domain name server. He must be aware of the behavior of the hosts in
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his domain, and take prompt action on reports of problems, such as
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protocol violations or other serious misbehavior. The administrator
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of a domain must be a responsible person who has the authority to
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either enforce these actions himself or delegate them to someone
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else.
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Name assignments within a domain are controlled by the DA, who should
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verify that names are unique within his domain and that they conform
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to standard naming conventions. He furnishes access to names and
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name-related information to users both inside and outside his domain.
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He should work closely with the personnel he has designated as the
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"technical and zone" contacts for his domain, for many administrative
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decisions will be made on the basis of input from these people.
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THE DOMAIN TECHNICAL AND ZONE CONTACT
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A zone consists of those contiguous parts of the domain tree for
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which a domain server has complete information and over which it has
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authority. A domain server may be authoritative for more than one
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zone. The domain technical/zone contact is the person who tends to
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the technical aspects of maintaining the domain's name server and
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resolver software, and database files. He keeps the name server
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running, and interacts with technical people in other domains and
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zones to solve problems that affect his zone.
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POLICIES
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Domain or host name choices and the allocation of domain name space
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are considered to be local matters. In the event of conflicts, it is
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the policy of the NIC not to get involved in local disputes or in the
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local decision-making process. The NIC will not act as referee in
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disputes over such matters as who has the "right" to register a
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particular top-level or second-level domain for an organization. The
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NIC considers this a private local matter that must be settled among
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Stahl [Page 2]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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the parties involved prior to their commencing the registration
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process with the NIC. Therefore, it is assumed that the responsible
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person for a domain will have resolved any local conflicts among the
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members of his domain before registering that domain with the NIC.
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The NIC will give guidance, if requested, by answering specific
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technical questions, but will not provide arbitration in disputes at
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the local level. This policy is also in keeping with the distributed
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hierarchical nature of the domain-naming system in that it helps to
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distribute the tasks of solving problems and handling questions.
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Naming conventions for hosts should follow the rules specified in
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RFC-952. From a technical standpoint, domain names can be very long.
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Each segment of a domain name may contain up to 64 characters, but
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the NIC strongly advises DAs to choose names that are 12 characters
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or fewer, because behind every domain system there is a human being
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who must keep track of the names, addresses, contacts, and other data
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in a database. The longer the name, the more likely the data
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maintainer is to make a mistake. Users also will appreciate shorter
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names. Most people agree that short names are easier to remember and
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type; most domain names registered so far are 12 characters or fewer.
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Domain name assignments are made on a first-come-first-served basis.
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The NIC has chosen not to register individual hosts directly under
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the top-level domains it administers. One advantage of the domain
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naming system is that administration and data maintenance can be
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delegated down a hierarchical tree. Registration of hosts at the
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same level in the tree as a second-level domain would dilute the
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usefulness of this feature. In addition, the administrator of a
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domain is responsible for the actions of hosts within his domain. We
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would not want to find ourselves in the awkward position of policing
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the actions of individual hosts. Rather, the subdomains registered
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under these top-level domains retain the responsibility for this
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function.
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Countries that wish to be registered as top-level domains are
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required to name themselves after the two-letter country code listed
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in the international standard ISO-3166. In some cases, however, the
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two-letter ISO country code is identical to a state code used by the
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U.S. Postal Service. Requests made by countries to use the three-
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letter form of country code specified in the ISO-3166 standard will
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be considered in such cases so as to prevent possible conflicts and
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confusion.
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Stahl [Page 3]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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HOW TO REGISTER
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Obtain a domain questionnaire from the NIC hostmaster, or FTP the
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file NETINFO:DOMAIN-TEMPLATE.TXT from host SRI-NIC.ARPA.
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Fill out the questionnaire completely. Return it via electronic mail
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to HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA.
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The APPENDIX to this memo contains the application form for
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registering a top-level or second-level domain with the NIC. It
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supersedes the version of the questionnaire found in RFC-920. The
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application should be submitted by the person administratively
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responsible for the domain, and must be filled out completely before
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the NIC will authorize establishment of a top-level or second-level
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domain. The DA is responsible for keeping his domain's data current
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with the NIC or with the registration agent with which his domain is
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registered. For example, the CSNET and UUCP managements act as
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domain filters, processing domain applications for their own
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organizations. They pass pertinent information along periodically to
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the NIC for incorporation into the domain database and root server
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files. The online file NETINFO:ALTERNATE-DOMAIN-PROCEDURE.TXT
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outlines this procedure. It is highly recommended that the DA review
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this information periodically and provide any corrections or
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additions. Corrections should be submitted via electronic mail.
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WHICH DOMAIN NAME?
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The designers of the domain-naming system initiated several general
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categories of names as top-level domain names, so that each could
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accommodate a variety of organizations. The current top-level
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domains registered with the DDN Network Information Center are ARPA,
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COM, EDU, GOV, MIL, NET, and ORG, plus a number of top-level country
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domains. To join one of these, a DA needs to be aware of the purpose
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for which it was intended.
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"ARPA" is a temporary domain. It is by default appended to the
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names of hosts that have not yet joined a domain. When the system
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was begun in 1984, the names of all hosts in the Official DoD
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Internet Host Table maintained by the NIC were changed by adding
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of the label ".ARPA" in order to accelerate a transition to the
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domain-naming system. Another reason for the blanket name changes
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was to force hosts to become accustomed to using the new style
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names and to modify their network software, if necessary. This
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was done on a network-wide basis and was directed by DCA in DDN
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Management Bulletin No. 22. Hosts that fall into this domain will
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eventually move to other branches of the domain tree.
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Stahl [Page 4]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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"COM" is meant to incorporate subdomains of companies and
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businesses.
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"EDU" was initiated to accommodate subdomains set up by
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universities and other educational institutions.
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"GOV" exists to act as parent domain for subdomains set up by
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government agencies.
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"MIL" was initiated to act as parent to subdomains that are
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developed by military organizations.
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"NET" was introduced as a parent domain for various network-type
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organizations. Organizations that belong within this top-level
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domain are generic or network-specific, such as network service
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centers and consortia. "NET" also encompasses network
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management-related organizations, such as information centers and
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operations centers.
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"ORG" exists as a parent to subdomains that do not clearly fall
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within the other top-level domains. This may include technical-
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support groups, professional societies, or similar organizations.
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One of the guidelines in effect in the domain-naming system is that a
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host should have only one name regardless of what networks it is
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connected to. This implies, that, in general, domain names should
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not include routing information or addresses. For example, a host
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that has one network connection to the Internet and another to BITNET
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should use the same name when talking to either network. For a
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description of the syntax of domain names, please refer to Section 3
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of RFC-1034.
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VERIFICATION OF DATA
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The verification process can be accomplished in several ways. One of
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these is through the NIC WHOIS server. If he has access to WHOIS,
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the DA can type the command "whois domain <domain name><return>".
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The reply from WHOIS will supply the following: the name and address
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of the organization "owning" the domain; the name of the domain; its
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administrative, technical, and zone contacts; the host names and
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network addresses of sites providing name service for the domain.
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Stahl [Page 5]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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Example:
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@whois domain rice.edu<Return>
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Rice University (RICE-DOM)
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Advanced Studies and Research
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Houston, TX 77001
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Domain Name: RICE.EDU
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Administrative Contact:
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Kennedy, Ken (KK28) Kennedy@LLL-CRG.ARPA (713) 527-4834
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Technical Contact, Zone Contact:
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Riffle, Vicky R. (VRR) rif@RICE.EDU
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(713) 527-8101 ext 3844
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Domain servers:
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RICE.EDU 128.42.5.1
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PENDRAGON.CS.PURDUE.EDU 128.10.2.5
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Alternatively, the DA can send an electronic mail message to
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SERVICE@SRI-NIC.ARPA. In the subject line of the message header, the
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DA should type "whois domain <domain name>". The requested
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information will be returned via electronic mail. This method is
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convenient for sites that do not have access to the NIC WHOIS
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service.
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The initial application for domain authorization should be submitted
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via electronic mail, if possible, to HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA. The
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questionnaire described in the appendix may be used or a separate
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application can be FTPed from host SRI-NIC.ARPA. The information
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provided by the administrator will be reviewed by hostmaster
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personnel for completeness. There will most likely be a few
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exchanges of correspondence via electronic mail, the preferred method
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of communication, prior to authorization of the domain.
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HOW TO GET MORE INFORMATION
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An informational table of the top-level domains and their root
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servers is contained in the file NETINFO:DOMAINS.TXT online at SRI-
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NIC.ARPA. This table can be obtained by FTPing the file.
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Alternatively, the information can be acquired by opening a TCP or
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UDP connection to the NIC Host Name Server, port 101 on SRI-NIC.ARPA,
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and invoking the command "ALL-DOM".
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Stahl [Page 6]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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The following online files, all available by FTP from SRI-NIC.ARPA,
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contain pertinent domain information:
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- NETINFO:DOMAINS.TXT, a table of all top-level domains and the
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network addresses of the machines providing domain name
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service for them. It is updated each time a new top-level
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domain is approved.
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- NETINFO:DOMAIN-INFO.TXT contains a concise list of all
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top-level and second-level domain names registered with the
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NIC and is updated monthly.
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- NETINFO:DOMAIN-CONTACTS.TXT also contains a list of all the
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top level and second-level domains, but includes the
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administrative, technical and zone contacts for each as well.
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- NETINFO:DOMAIN-TEMPLATE.TXT contains the questionnaire to be
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completed before registering a top-level or second-level
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domain.
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For either general or specific information on the domain system, do
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one or more of the following:
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1. Send electronic mail to HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA
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2. Call the toll-free NIC hotline at (800) 235-3155
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3. Use FTP to get background RFCs and other files maintained
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online at the NIC. Some pertinent RFCs are listed below in
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the REFERENCES section of this memo.
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Stahl [Page 7]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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REFERENCES
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The references listed here provide important background information
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on the domain-naming system. Path names of the online files
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available via anonymous FTP from the SRI-NIC.ARPA host are noted in
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brackets.
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1. Defense Communications Agency DDN Defense Communications
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System, DDN Management Bulletin No. 22, Domain Names
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Transition, March 1984.
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[ DDN-NEWS:DDN-MGT-BULLETIN-22.TXT ]
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2. Defense Communications Agency DDN Defense Communications
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System, DDN Management Bulletin No. 32, Phase I of the Domain
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Name Implementation, January 1987.
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[ DDN-NEWS:DDN-MGT-BULLETIN-32.TXT ]
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3. Harrenstien, K., M. Stahl, and E. Feinler, "Hostname
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Server", RFC-953, DDN Network Information Center, SRI
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International, October 1985. [ RFC:RFC953.TXT ]
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4. Harrenstien, K., M. Stahl, and E. Feinler, "Official DoD
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Internet Host Table Specification", RFC-952, DDN Network
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Information Center, SRI International, October 1985.
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[ RFC:RFC952.TXT ]
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5. ISO, "Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries",
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ISO-3166, International Standards Organization, May 1981.
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[ Not online ]
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6. Lazear, W.D., "MILNET Name Domain Transition", RFC-1031,
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Mitre Corporation, October 1987. [ RFC:RFC1031.TXT ]
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7. Lottor, M.K., "Domain Administrators Operations Guide",
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RFC-1033, DDN Network Information Center, SRI International,
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July 1987. [ RFC:RFC1033.TXT ]
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8. Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities",
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RFC-1034, USC Information Sciences Institute, October 1987.
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[ RFC:RFC1034.TXT ]
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9. Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and
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Specification", RFC-1035, USC Information Sciences Institute,
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October 1987. [ RFC:RFC1035.TXT ]
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10. Mockapetris, P., "The Domain Name System", Proceedings of the
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IFIP 6.5 Working Conference on Computer Message Services,
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Nottingham, England, May 1984. Also as ISI/RS-84-133, June
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Stahl [Page 8]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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1984. [ Not online ]
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11. Mockapetris, P., J. Postel, and P. Kirton, "Name Server
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Design for Distributed Systems", Proceedings of the Seventh
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International Conference on Computer Communication, October
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30 to November 3 1984, Sidney, Australia. Also as
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ISI/RS-84-132, June 1984. [ Not online ]
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12. Partridge, C., "Mail Routing and the Domain System", RFC-974,
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CSNET-CIC, BBN Laboratories, January 1986.
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[ RFC:RFC974.TXT ]
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13. Postel, J., "The Domain Names Plan and Schedule", RFC-881,
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USC Information Sciences Institute, November 1983.
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[ RFC:RFC881.TXT ]
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14. Reynolds, J., and Postel, J., "Assigned Numbers", RFC-1010
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USC Information Sciences Institute, May 1986.
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[ RFC:RFC1010.TXT ]
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15. Romano, S., and Stahl, M., "Internet Numbers", RFC-1020,
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SRI, November 1987.
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[ RFC:RFC1020.TXT ]
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Stahl [Page 9]
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RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
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APPENDIX
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The following questionnaire may be FTPed from SRI-NIC.ARPA as
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NETINFO:DOMAIN-TEMPLATE.TXT.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
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To establish a domain, the following information must be sent to the
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NIC Domain Registrar (HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA):
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NOTE: The key people must have electronic mailboxes and NIC
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"handles," unique NIC database identifiers. If you have access to
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"WHOIS", please check to see if you are registered and if so, make
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sure the information is current. Include only your handle and any
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changes (if any) that need to be made in your entry. If you do not
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have access to "WHOIS", please provide all the information indicated
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and a NIC handle will be assigned.
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(1) The name of the top-level domain to join.
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For example: COM
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(2) The NIC handle of the administrative head of the organization.
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Alternately, the person's name, title, mailing address, phone number,
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organization, and network mailbox. This is the contact point for
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administrative and policy questions about the domain. In the case of
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a research project, this should be the principal investigator.
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For example:
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Administrator
|
||
|
||
Organization The NetWorthy Corporation
|
||
Name Penelope Q. Sassafrass
|
||
Title President
|
||
Mail Address The NetWorthy Corporation
|
||
4676 Andrews Way, Suite 100
|
||
Santa Clara, CA 94302-1212
|
||
Phone Number (415) 123-4567
|
||
Net Mailbox Sassafrass@ECHO.TNC.COM
|
||
NIC Handle PQS
|
||
|
||
(3) The NIC handle of the technical contact for the domain.
|
||
Alternately, the person's name, title, mailing address, phone number,
|
||
organization, and network mailbox. This is the contact point for
|
||
problems concerning the domain or zone, as well as for updating
|
||
information about the domain or zone.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Stahl [Page 10]
|
||
|
||
RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
|
||
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
Technical and Zone Contact
|
||
|
||
Organization The NetWorthy Corporation
|
||
Name Ansel A. Aardvark
|
||
Title Executive Director
|
||
Mail Address The NetWorthy Corporation
|
||
4676 Andrews Way, Suite 100
|
||
Santa Clara, CA. 94302-1212
|
||
Phone Number (415) 123-6789
|
||
Net Mailbox Aardvark@ECHO.TNC.COM
|
||
NIC Handle AAA2
|
||
|
||
(4) The name of the domain (up to 12 characters). This is the name
|
||
that will be used in tables and lists associating the domain with the
|
||
domain server addresses. [While, from a technical standpoint, domain
|
||
names can be quite long (programmers beware), shorter names are
|
||
easier for people to cope with.]
|
||
|
||
For example: TNC
|
||
|
||
(5) A description of the servers that provide the domain service for
|
||
translating names to addresses for hosts in this domain, and the date
|
||
they will be operational.
|
||
|
||
A good way to answer this question is to say "Our server is
|
||
supplied by person or company X and does whatever their standard
|
||
issue server does."
|
||
|
||
For example: Our server is a copy of the one operated by
|
||
the NIC; it will be installed and made operational on
|
||
1 November 1987.
|
||
|
||
(6) Domains must provide at least two independent servers for the
|
||
domain. Establishing the servers in physically separate locations
|
||
and on different PSNs is strongly recommended. A description of the
|
||
server machine and its backup, including
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Stahl [Page 11]
|
||
|
||
RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
|
||
|
||
|
||
(a) Hardware and software (using keywords from the Assigned
|
||
Numbers RFC).
|
||
|
||
(b) Host domain name and network addresses (which host on which
|
||
network for each connected network).
|
||
|
||
(c) Any domain-style nicknames (please limit your domain-style
|
||
nickname request to one)
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
- Hardware and software
|
||
|
||
VAX-11/750 and UNIX, or
|
||
IBM-PC and MS-DOS, or
|
||
DEC-1090 and TOPS-20
|
||
|
||
- Host domain names and network addresses
|
||
|
||
BAR.FOO.COM 10.9.0.193 on ARPANET
|
||
|
||
- Domain-style nickname
|
||
|
||
BR.FOO.COM (same as BAR.FOO.COM 10.9.0.13 on ARPANET)
|
||
|
||
(7) Planned mapping of names of any other network hosts, other than
|
||
the server machines, into the new domain's naming space.
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
BAR-FOO2.ARPA (10.8.0.193) -> FOO2.BAR.COM
|
||
BAR-FOO3.ARPA (10.7.0.193) -> FOO3.BAR.COM
|
||
BAR-FOO4.ARPA (10.6.0.193) -> FOO4.BAR.COM
|
||
|
||
|
||
(8) An estimate of the number of hosts that will be in the domain.
|
||
|
||
(a) Initially
|
||
(b) Within one year
|
||
(c) Two years
|
||
(d) Five years.
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
(a) Initially = 50
|
||
(b) One year = 100
|
||
(c) Two years = 200
|
||
(d) Five years = 500
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Stahl [Page 12]
|
||
|
||
RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
|
||
|
||
|
||
(9) The date you expect the fully qualified domain name to become
|
||
the official host name in HOSTS.TXT.
|
||
|
||
Please note: If changing to a fully qualified domain name (e.g.,
|
||
FOO.BAR.COM) causes a change in the official host name of an
|
||
ARPANET or MILNET host, DCA approval must be obtained beforehand.
|
||
Allow 10 working days for your requested changes to be processed.
|
||
|
||
ARPANET sites should contact ARPANETMGR@DDN1.ARPA. MILNET sites
|
||
should contact HOSTMASTER@SRI-NIC.ARPA, 800-235-3155, for
|
||
further instructions.
|
||
|
||
(10) Please describe your organization briefly.
|
||
|
||
For example: The NetWorthy Corporation is a consulting
|
||
organization of people working with UNIX and the C language in an
|
||
electronic networking environment. It sponsors two technical
|
||
conferences annually and distributes a bimonthly newsletter.
|
||
|
||
---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
This example of a completed application corresponds to the examples
|
||
found in the companion document RFC-1033, "Domain Administrators
|
||
Operations Guide."
|
||
|
||
(1) The name of the top-level domain to join.
|
||
|
||
COM
|
||
|
||
(2) The NIC handle of the administrative contact person.
|
||
|
||
NIC Handle JAKE
|
||
|
||
(3) The NIC handle of the domain's technical and zone
|
||
contact person.
|
||
|
||
NIC Handle DLE6
|
||
|
||
(4) The name of the domain.
|
||
|
||
SRI
|
||
|
||
(5) A description of the servers.
|
||
|
||
Our server is the TOPS20 server JEEVES supplied by ISI; it
|
||
will be installed and made operational on 1 July 1987.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Stahl [Page 13]
|
||
|
||
RFC 1032 DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE November 1987
|
||
|
||
|
||
(6) A description of the server machine and its backup:
|
||
|
||
(a) Hardware and software
|
||
|
||
DEC-1090T and TOPS20
|
||
DEC-2065 and TOPS20
|
||
|
||
(b) Host domain name and network address
|
||
|
||
KL.SRI.COM 10.1.0.2 on ARPANET, 128.18.10.6 on SRINET
|
||
STRIPE.SRI.COM 10.4.0.2 on ARPANET, 128.18.10.4 on SRINET
|
||
|
||
(c) Domain-style nickname
|
||
|
||
None
|
||
|
||
(7) Planned mapping of names of any other network hosts, other than
|
||
the server machines, into the new domain's naming space.
|
||
|
||
SRI-Blackjack.ARPA (128.18.2.1) -> Blackjack.SRI.COM
|
||
SRI-CSL.ARPA (192.12.33.2) -> CSL.SRI.COM
|
||
|
||
(8) An estimate of the number of hosts that will be directly within
|
||
this domain.
|
||
|
||
(a) Initially = 50
|
||
(b) One year = 100
|
||
(c) Two years = 200
|
||
(d) Five years = 500
|
||
|
||
(9) A date when you expect the fully qualified domain name to become
|
||
the official host name in HOSTS.TXT.
|
||
|
||
31 September 1987
|
||
|
||
(10) Brief description of organization.
|
||
|
||
SRI International is an independent, nonprofit, scientific
|
||
research organization. It performs basic and applied research
|
||
for government and commercial clients, and contributes to
|
||
worldwide economic, scientific, industrial, and social progress
|
||
through research and related services.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Stahl [Page 14]
|
||
|