554 lines
16 KiB
Groff
554 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: compat_linux.8,v 1.31 2003/09/01 18:51:15 wiz Exp $
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Frank van der Linden
|
|
.\" All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
|
|
.\" by Frank van der Linden
|
|
.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
|
|
.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
|
|
.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
|
|
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
|
|
.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
|
|
.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
|
|
.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
|
|
.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
|
|
.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd September 1, 2003
|
|
.Dt COMPAT_LINUX 8
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm compat_linux
|
|
.Nd setup procedure for running Linux binaries
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nx
|
|
supports running Linux binaries.
|
|
This applies to arm, alpha, i386, m68k and powerpc systems for now.
|
|
Both the a.out and ELF binary formats are supported.
|
|
Most programs should work, including the ones that use the Linux SVGAlib (only
|
|
on i386).
|
|
Programs that will not work include some that use
|
|
i386-specific calls, such as enabling virtual 8086 mode.
|
|
Currently, sound is only partially supported for Linux binaries (they will
|
|
probably run, depending on what Linux sound support features are used).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The Linux compatibility feature is active
|
|
for kernels compiled with the
|
|
.Dv COMPAT_LINUX
|
|
option enabled.
|
|
If support for Linux a.out executables is desired, the
|
|
.Dv EXEC_AOUT
|
|
option should be enabled in addition to option
|
|
.Dv COMPAT_LINUX .
|
|
Similarly, if support for Linux 32-bit and/or 64-bit ELF executables
|
|
is desired, the
|
|
.Dv EXEC_ELF32
|
|
and/or
|
|
.Dv EXEC_ELF64
|
|
options (respectively) should be enabled in addition to
|
|
.Dv COMPAT_LINUX .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A lot of programs are dynamically linked.
|
|
This means that you will also need the Linux shared libraries that the
|
|
program depends on, and the runtime linker.
|
|
Also, you will need to create a
|
|
.Dq shadow root
|
|
directory for Linux binaries on your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system.
|
|
This directory is named
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux .
|
|
Any file operations done by Linux programs run under
|
|
.Nx
|
|
will look in this directory first.
|
|
So, if a Linux program opens, for example,
|
|
.Pa /etc/passwd ,
|
|
.Nx
|
|
will
|
|
first try to open
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/etc/passwd ,
|
|
and if that does not exist open the
|
|
.Sq real
|
|
.Pa /etc/passwd
|
|
file.
|
|
It is recommended that you install
|
|
Linux packages that include configuration files, etc under
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux ,
|
|
to avoid naming conflicts with possible
|
|
.Nx
|
|
counterparts.
|
|
Shared libraries should also be installed in the shadow tree.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Generally, you will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux
|
|
binaries depend on only the first few times that you install a Linux
|
|
program on your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system.
|
|
After a while, you will have a sufficient
|
|
set of Linux shared libraries on your system to be able to run newly
|
|
imported Linux binaries without any extra work.
|
|
.Ss Setting up shared libraries
|
|
How to get to know which shared libraries Linux binaries need, and where
|
|
to get them? Basically, there are 2 possibilities (when following
|
|
these instructions: you will need to be root on your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system to
|
|
do the necessary installation steps).
|
|
.Bl -enum
|
|
.It
|
|
For i386, you can simply install the SuSE shared libs using the
|
|
.Pa pkgsrc/emulators/suse_linux
|
|
package(s).
|
|
On PowerPC ports, the
|
|
.Pa pkgsrc/emulators/linuxppc_lib
|
|
will install the needed libraries.
|
|
If you are on other platforms, or this doesn't supply you with all
|
|
the needed libraries, read on.
|
|
.It
|
|
You have access to a Linux system.
|
|
In this case you can temporarily install the binary there, see what
|
|
shared libraries it needs, and copy them to your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system.
|
|
Example: you have just ftp-ed the Linux binary of Doom.
|
|
Put it on the Linux system you have access to, and check which shared libraries it
|
|
needs by running
|
|
.Sq ldd linuxxdoom :
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 123 -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It (me@linux) ldd linuxxdoom
|
|
.nf
|
|
libXt.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) =\*[Gt] /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0
|
|
libX11.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) =\*[Gt] /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0
|
|
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) =\*[Gt] /lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.fi
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
You would need go get all the files from the last column, and
|
|
put them under
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux ,
|
|
with the names in the first column
|
|
as symbolic links pointing to them.
|
|
This means you eventually have these files on your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3
|
|
(symbolic link to the above)
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3
|
|
(symbolic link to the above)
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4
|
|
(symbolic link to the above)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that if you already have a Linux shared library with a
|
|
matching major revision number to the first column of the
|
|
.Xr ldd 1
|
|
output, you won't need to copy the file named in the last column
|
|
to your system, the one you already have should work.
|
|
It is advisable to copy the shared library anyway if it is a newer version,
|
|
though.
|
|
You can remove the old one, as long as you make the symbolic
|
|
link point to the new one.
|
|
So, if you have these libraries on your system:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4
|
|
-\*[Gt]
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
and you find that the
|
|
.Ic ldd
|
|
output for a new binary you want to install is:
|
|
.nf
|
|
.Pp
|
|
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) =\*[Gt] /lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.fi
|
|
.Pp
|
|
you won't need to worry about copying
|
|
.Pa /lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
too, because the program should work fine with the slightly older version.
|
|
You can decide to replace the libc.so anyway, and that should leave
|
|
you with:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4
|
|
-\*[Gt]
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Please note that the symbolic link mechanism is
|
|
.Em only
|
|
needed for Linux binaries, the
|
|
.Nx
|
|
runtime linker takes care of
|
|
looking for matching major revision numbers itself, you
|
|
don't need to worry about that.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Finally, you must make sure that you have the Linux runtime linker
|
|
and its config files on your system.
|
|
You should copy these
|
|
files from the Linux system to their appropriate place on your
|
|
.Nx
|
|
system (in the
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux
|
|
tree):
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /lib/ld.so
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /etc/ld.so.cache
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /etc/ld.so.config
|
|
.El
|
|
.It
|
|
You don't have access to a Linux system.
|
|
In that case, you should get the extra files you need from various ftp sites.
|
|
Information on where to look for the various files is appended below.
|
|
For now, let's assume you know where to get the files.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Retrieve the following files (from _one_ ftp site to avoid
|
|
any version mismatches), and install them under
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux
|
|
(i.e.
|
|
.Pa /foo/bar
|
|
is installed as
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/foo/bar ) :
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /sbin/ldconfig
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /usr/bin/ldd
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /lib/libc.so.x.y.z
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /lib/ld.so
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Ic ldconfig
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic ldd
|
|
don't necessarily need to be under
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux ,
|
|
you can install them elsewhere in the system too.
|
|
Just make sure they don't conflict with their
|
|
.Nx
|
|
counterparts.
|
|
A good idea would be to install them in
|
|
.Pa /usr/local/bin
|
|
as
|
|
.Ic ldconfig-linux
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic ldd-linux .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Create the file
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/etc/ld.so.conf ,
|
|
containing the directories in which the Linux runtime linker should look
|
|
for shared libs.
|
|
It is a plain text file, containing a directory name on each line.
|
|
.Pa /lib
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa /usr/lib
|
|
are standard, you could add the following:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /usr/X11/lib
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /usr/local/lib
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that these are mapped to
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/XXXX
|
|
by
|
|
.Nx Ns 's
|
|
compat
|
|
code, and should exist as such on your system.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Run the Linux
|
|
.Ic ldconfig
|
|
program.
|
|
It should be statically
|
|
linked, so it doesn't need any shared libraries by itself.
|
|
It will create the file
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/etc/ld.so.cache
|
|
You should rerun the Linux version of
|
|
.Ic ldconfig
|
|
each time you add a new shared library.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
You should now be set up for Linux binaries which only need
|
|
a shared libc.
|
|
You can test this by running the Linux
|
|
.Ic ldd
|
|
on itself.
|
|
Suppose that you have it installed as
|
|
.Ic ldd-linux ,
|
|
it should produce something like:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 123 -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It (me@netbsd) ldd-linux `which ldd-linux`
|
|
libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) =\*[Gt] /lib/libc.so.4.6.29
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This being done, you are ready to install new Linux binaries.
|
|
Whenever you install a new Linux program, you should check
|
|
if it needs shared libraries, and if so, whether you have
|
|
them installed in the
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux
|
|
tree.
|
|
To do this, you run the Linux
|
|
.Ic ldd
|
|
on the new program, and watch its output.
|
|
.Ic ldd
|
|
(see also the manual page for
|
|
.Xr ldd 1 )
|
|
will print a list
|
|
of shared libraries that the program depends on, in the
|
|
form
|
|
.Aq majorname
|
|
.Pq Aq jumpversion
|
|
=\*[Gt]
|
|
.Aq fullname .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If it prints
|
|
.Dq not found
|
|
instead of
|
|
.Aq fullname
|
|
it means that you need an extra library.
|
|
Which library this is, is shown in
|
|
.Aq majorname ,
|
|
which will be of the form libXXXX.so.\*[Lt]N\*[Gt]
|
|
You will need to find a libXXXX.so.\*[Lt]N\*[Gt].\*[Lt]mm\*[Gt] on a
|
|
Linux ftp site, and install it on your system.
|
|
The XXXX (name) and
|
|
.Aq N
|
|
(major revision number) should match; the minor number(s)
|
|
.Aq mm
|
|
are less important, though it is advised to take the most recent version.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss Setting up procfs
|
|
Some Linux binaries expect procfs to be mounted and that it would
|
|
contain some Linux specific stuff.
|
|
If it's not the case, they behave unexpectedly or even crash.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Mount procfs on
|
|
.Nx
|
|
using following command:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 123 -offset indent
|
|
.It (me@netbsd) mount_procfs -o linux procfs /emul/linux/proc
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
You can also set up your system so that procfs is mounted automatically
|
|
on system boot, by putting an entry like the one below to
|
|
.Pa /etc/fstab .
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 123 -offset indent
|
|
.It procfs /emul/linux/proc procfs ro,linux
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr mount_procfs 8
|
|
for further information.
|
|
.Ss Setting up other files
|
|
Newer version of Linux use
|
|
.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
|
for network information, such as
|
|
.Tn NIS
|
|
and DNS.
|
|
You must create or get a valid copy of this file and put it in
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/etc .
|
|
.Ss Finding the necessary files
|
|
.Em Note :
|
|
the information below is valid as of the time this
|
|
document was first written (March, 1995), but certain details
|
|
such as names of ftp sites, directories and distribution names
|
|
may have changed by the time you read this.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Linux is distributed by several groups that make their own set
|
|
of binaries that they distribute.
|
|
Each distribution has its own name, like
|
|
.Dq Slackware
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq Yggdrasil .
|
|
The distributions are
|
|
available on a lot of ftp sites.
|
|
Sometimes the files are unpacked,
|
|
and you can get the individual files you need, but mostly they
|
|
are stored in distribution sets, usually consisting of subdirectories
|
|
with gzipped tar files in them.
|
|
The primary ftp sites for the distributions are:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/distributions
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Some European mirrors:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa ftp.luth.se:/pub/linux/distributions
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa ftp.demon.co.uk:/pub/linux/distributions
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/packages/linux/distributions
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For simplicity, let's concentrate on Slackware here.
|
|
This distribution
|
|
consists of a number of subdirectories, containing separate packages.
|
|
Normally, they're controlled by an install program, but you can
|
|
retrieve files
|
|
.Dq by hand
|
|
too.
|
|
First of all, you will need to look in the
|
|
.Pa contents
|
|
subdir of the distribution.
|
|
You will find a lot of small textfiles here describing the contents of
|
|
the separate packages.
|
|
The fastest way to look something up is to retrieve all the files in the
|
|
contents subdirectory, and grep through them for the file you need.
|
|
Here is an example of a list of files that you might need, and
|
|
in which contents-file you will find it by grepping through them:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
Needed Package
|
|
|
|
ld.so ldso
|
|
ldconfig ldso
|
|
ldd ldso
|
|
libc.so.4 shlibs
|
|
libX11.so.6.0 xf_lib
|
|
libXt.so.6.0 xf_lib
|
|
libX11.so.3 oldlibs
|
|
libXt.so.3 oldlibs
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
So, in this case, you will need the packages ldso, shlibs, xf_lib and oldlibs.
|
|
In each of the contents-files for these packages, look for a line saying
|
|
.Dq PACKAGE LOCATION ,
|
|
it will tell you on which
|
|
.Sq disk
|
|
the package is,
|
|
in our case it will tell us in which subdirectory we need to look.
|
|
For our example, we would find the following locations:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
Package Location
|
|
|
|
ldso diska2
|
|
shlibs diska2
|
|
oldlibs diskx6
|
|
xf_lib diskx9
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The locations called
|
|
.Pa diskXX
|
|
refer to the
|
|
.Pa slakware/XX
|
|
subdirectories
|
|
of the distribution, others may be found in the
|
|
.Pa contrib
|
|
subdirectory.
|
|
In this case, we could now retrieve the packages we need by retrieving
|
|
the following files (relative to the root of the Slackware distribution
|
|
tree):
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa slakware/a2/ldso.tgz
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa slakware/a2/shlibs.tgz
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa slakware/x6/oldlibs/tgz
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa slakware/x9/xf_lib.tgz
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Extract the files from these gzipped tarfiles in your /emul/linux directory
|
|
(possibly omitting or afterwards removing files you don't need), and you
|
|
are done.
|
|
.Ss Programs using SVGAlib
|
|
SVGAlib binaries require some extra care.
|
|
You need to have
|
|
.Cd options WSDISPLAY_COMPAT_USL
|
|
in your kernel (see
|
|
.Xr wscons 4 ) ,
|
|
and you will also have to create
|
|
some symbolic links in the
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/dev
|
|
directory, namely:
|
|
.Bl -item -compact
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/dev/console
|
|
-\*[Gt]
|
|
.Pa /dev/tty
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/dev/mouse
|
|
-\*[Gt] whatever device your mouse is connected to
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/dev/ttyS0
|
|
-\*[Gt]
|
|
.Pa /dev/tty00
|
|
.It
|
|
.Pa /emul/linux/dev/ttyS1
|
|
-\*[Gt]
|
|
.Pa /dev/tty01
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Be warned: the first link mentioned here makes SVGAlib binaries
|
|
work, but may confuse others, so you may have to remove it again at
|
|
some point.
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The information about Linux distributions may become outdated.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Pathnames pointed to by symbolic links are not looked up in the
|
|
shadow root when running a Linux executable.
|
|
This is not consistent.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Linux executables cannot handle directory offset cookies \*[Gt] 32 bits.
|
|
Should such an offset occur, you will see the message
|
|
.Dq linux_getdents: dir offset too large for emulated program .
|
|
Currently, this can only
|
|
happen on NFS mounted filesystems, mounted from servers that return
|
|
offsets with information in the upper 32 bits.
|
|
These errors should rarely happen, but can be avoided by mounting this
|
|
filesystem with offset translation enabled.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Fl X
|
|
option to
|
|
.Xr mount_nfs 8 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl 2
|
|
option to
|
|
.Xr mount_nfs 8
|
|
will also have the desired effect, but is less preferable.
|