692 lines
17 KiB
Groff
692 lines
17 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: mtree.8,v 1.44 2006/09/12 20:22:49 pavel Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2004 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
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.\" by Luke Mewburn of Wasabi Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
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.\" Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
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.\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
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.\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)mtree.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
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.\"
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.Dd September 12, 2006
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.Dt MTREE 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm mtree
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.Nd map a directory hierarchy
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl cCdDelLMPruUWx
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl i | Fl m
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl f Ar spec
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl p Ar path
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl k Ar keywords
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl K Ar keywords
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl R Ar keywords
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl E Ar tags
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl I Ar tags
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl N Ar dbdir
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl s Ar seed
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl X Ar exclude-file
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current directory
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against a specification read from the standard input.
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Messages are written to the standard output for any files whose
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characteristics do not match the specification, or which are
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missing from either the file hierarchy or the specification.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl c
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Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard output.
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.It Fl d
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Ignore everything except directory type files.
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.It Fl C
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Print
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.Pq Sq dump
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the specification as provided by
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.Fl f Ar spec
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in a format that's easier to parse with various tools.
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The full path name is always printed as the first field, and
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.Fl k ,
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.Fl K ,
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and
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.Fl R
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can be used to control which other keywords are printed,
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and
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.Fl E
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and
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.Fl I
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can be used to control which files are printed.
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.It Fl D
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As per
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.Fl C ,
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except that the path name is always printed as the last field instead of
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the first.
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.It Fl E Ar tags
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Add the comma separated tags to the
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.Dq exclusion
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list.
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Non-directories with tags which are in the exclusion list are not printed with
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.Fl D .
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.It Fl e
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Don't complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but not in the
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specification.
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.It Fl f Ar spec
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Read the specification from
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.Ar file ,
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instead of from the standard input.
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.It Fl I Ar tags
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Add the comma separated tags to the
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.Dq inclusion
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list.
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Non-directories with tags which are in the inclusion list are printed with
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.Fl D .
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If no inclusion list is provided, the default is to display all files.
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.It Fl i
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If specified, set the schg and/or sappnd flags.
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.It Fl K Ar keywords
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Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords to the current
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set of keywords.
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If
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.Ql all
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is specified, add all of the other keywords.
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.It Fl k Ar keywords
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Use the
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.Sy type
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keyword plus the specified (whitespace or comma separated)
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keywords instead of the current set of keywords.
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If
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.Ql all
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is specified, use all of the other keywords.
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If the
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.Sy type
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keyword is not desired, suppress it with
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.Fl R Ar type .
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.It Fl l
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Do
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.Dq loose
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permissions checks, in which more stringent permissions
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will match less stringent ones. For example, a file marked mode 0444
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will pass a check for mode 0644.
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.Dq Loose
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checks apply only to read, write and execute permissions -- in
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particular, if other bits like the sticky bit or suid/sgid bits are
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set either in the specification or the file, exact checking will be
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performed. This flag may not be set at the same time as the
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.Fl u
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or
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.Fl U
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flags.
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.It Fl L
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Follow all symbolic links in the file hierarchy.
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.It Fl m
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If the schg and/or sappnd flags are specified, reset these flags. Note that
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this is only possible with securelevel less than 1 (i.e. in single user mode
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or while the system is running in insecure mode). See
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.Xr init 8
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for information on security levels.
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.It Fl M
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Permit merging of specification entries with different types,
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with the last entry take precedence.
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.It Fl N Ar dbdir
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Use the user database text file
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.Pa master.passwd
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and group database text file
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.Pa group
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from
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.Ar dbdir ,
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rather than using the results from the system's
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.Xr getpwnam 3
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and
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.Xr getgrnam 3
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(and related) library calls.
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.It Fl p Ar path
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Use the file hierarchy rooted in
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.Ar path ,
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instead of the current directory.
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.It Fl P
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Don't follow symbolic links in the file hierarchy, instead consider
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the symbolic link itself in any comparisons.
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This is the default.
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.It Fl r
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Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in the
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specification.
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.It Fl R Ar keywords
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Remove the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords from the current
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set of keywords.
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If
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.Ql all
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is specified, remove all of the other keywords.
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.It Fl s Ar seed
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Display a single checksum to the standard error output that represents all
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of the files for which the keyword
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.Sy cksum
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was specified.
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The checksum is seeded with the specified value.
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.It Fl u
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Modify the owner, group, permissions, and flags of existing files,
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the device type of devices, and symbolic link targets,
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to match the specification.
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Create any missing directories, devices or symbolic links.
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User, group, and permissions must all be specified for missing directories
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to be created.
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Note that unless the
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.Fl i
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option is given, the schg and sappnd flags will not be set, even if
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specified. If
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.Fl m
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is given, these flags will be reset.
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Exit with a status of 0 on success,
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2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification, and
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1 if any other error occurred.
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.It Fl U
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Same as
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.Fl u
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except that a mismatch is not considered to be an error if it was corrected.
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.It Fl W
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Don't attempt to set various file attributes such as the
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ownership, mode, flags, or time
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when creating new directories or changing existing entries.
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This option will be most useful when used in conjunction with
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.Fl u
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or
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.Fl U .
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.It Fl x
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Don't descend below mount points in the file hierarchy.
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.It Fl X Ar exclude-file
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The specified file contains
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.Xr fnmatch 3
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patterns matching files to be excluded from
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the specification, one to a line.
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If the pattern contains a
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.Ql \&/
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character, it will be matched against entire pathnames (relative to
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the starting directory); otherwise,
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it will be matched against basenames only.
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Comments are permitted in
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the
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.Ar exclude-list
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file.
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.El
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.Pp
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Specifications are mostly composed of
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.Dq keywords ,
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i.e. strings that
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that specify values relating to files.
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No keywords have default values, and if a keyword has no value set, no
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checks based on it are performed.
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.Pp
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Currently supported keywords are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Sy
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.It Sy cksum
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The checksum of the file using the default algorithm specified by
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the
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.Xr cksum 1
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utility.
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.It Sy device
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The device number to use for
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.Sy block
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or
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.Sy char
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file types.
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The argument must be one of the following forms:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width 4n
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.It Xo
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.Sm off
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.Ar format ,
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.Ar major ,
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.Ar minor
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.Sm on
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.Xc
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A device with
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.Ar major
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and
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.Ar minor
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fields, for an operating system specified with
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.Ar format .
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See below for valid formats.
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.It Xo
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.Sm off
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.Ar format ,
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.Ar major ,
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.Ar unit ,
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.Ar subunit
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.Sm on
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.Xc
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A device with
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.Ar major ,
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.Ar unit ,
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and
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.Ar subunit
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fields, for an operating system specified with
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.Ar format .
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(Currently this is only supported by the
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.Sy bsdos
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format.)
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.It Ar number
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Opaque number (as stored on the file system).
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.El
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.Pp
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The following values for
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.Ar format
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are recognized:
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.Sy native ,
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.Sy 386bsd ,
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.Sy 4bsd ,
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.Sy bsdos ,
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.Sy freebsd ,
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.Sy hpux ,
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.Sy isc ,
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.Sy linux ,
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.Sy netbsd ,
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.Sy osf1 ,
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.Sy sco ,
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.Sy solaris ,
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.Sy sunos ,
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.Sy svr3 ,
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.Sy svr4 ,
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and
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.Sy ultrix .
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.Pp
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See
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.Xr mknod 8
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for more details.
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.It Sy flags
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The file flags as a symbolic name. See
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.Xr chflags 1
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for information on these names. If no flags are to be set the string
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.Ql none
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may be used to override the current default.
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Note that the schg and sappnd flags are treated specially (see the
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.Fl i
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and
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.Fl m
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options).
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.It Sy ignore
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Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.
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.It Sy gid
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The file group as a numeric value.
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.It Sy gname
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The file group as a symbolic name.
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.It Sy link
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The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.
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.It Sy md5
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The
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.Tn MD5
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy md5digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy md5 .
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.It Sy mode
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The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or symbolic
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value.
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.It Sy nlink
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The number of hard links the file is expected to have.
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.It Sy optional
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The file is optional; don't complain about the file if it's
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not in the file hierarchy.
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.It Sy rmd160
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The
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.Tn RMD-160
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy rmd160digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy rmd160 .
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.It Sy sha1
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The
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.Tn SHA-1
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy sha1digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy sha1 .
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.It Sy sha256
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The 256-bits
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.Tn SHA-2
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy sha256digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy sha256 .
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.It Sy sha384
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The 384-bits
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.Tn SHA-2
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy sha384digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy sha384 .
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.It Sy sha512
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The 512-bits
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.Tn SHA-2
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cryptographic message digest of the file.
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.It Sy sha512digest
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Synonym for
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.Sy sha512 .
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.It Sy size
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The size, in bytes, of the file.
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.It Sy tags
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Comma delimited tags to be matched with
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.Fl E
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and
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.Fl I .
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These may be specified without leading or trailing commas, but will be
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stored internally with them.
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.It Sy time
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The last modification time of the file.
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.It Sy type
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The type of the file; may be set to any one of the following:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Sy -compact
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.It Sy block
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block special device
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.It Sy char
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character special device
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.It Sy dir
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directory
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.It Sy fifo
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fifo
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.It Sy file
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regular file
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.It Sy link
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symbolic link
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.It Sy socket
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socket
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.El
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.It Sy uid
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The file owner as a numeric value.
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.It Sy uname
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The file owner as a symbolic name.
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.El
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.Pp
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The default set of keywords are
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.Sy flags ,
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.Sy gid ,
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.Sy link ,
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.Sy mode ,
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.Sy nlink ,
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.Sy size ,
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.Sy time ,
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.Sy type ,
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and
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.Sy uid .
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.Pp
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There are four types of lines in a specification:
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.Pp
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.Bl -enum
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.It
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Set global values for a keyword.
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This consists of the string
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.Ql /set
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followed by whitespace, followed by sets of keyword/value
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pairs, separated by whitespace.
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Keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an equals sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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followed by a value, without whitespace characters.
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Once a keyword has been set, its value remains unchanged until either
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reset or unset.
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|
.It
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|
Unset global values for a keyword.
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|
This consists of the string
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.Ql /unset ,
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followed by whitespace, followed by one or more keywords,
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|
separated by whitespace.
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|
If
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.Ql all
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|
is specified, unset all of the keywords.
|
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.It
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|
A file specification, consisting of a path name, followed by whitespace,
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|
followed by zero or more whitespace separated keyword/value pairs.
|
|
.Pp
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|
The path name may be preceded by whitespace characters.
|
|
The path name may contain any of the standard path name matching
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|
characters
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.Po
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.Ql \&[ ,
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.Ql \&] ,
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.Ql \&?
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or
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.Ql *
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.Pc ,
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in which case files
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in the hierarchy will be associated with the first pattern that
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they match.
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.Nm
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uses
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.Xr strsvis 3
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|
(in VIS_CSTYLE format) to encode path names containing
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non-printable characters. Whitespace characters are encoded as
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.Ql \es
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(space),
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.Ql \et
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(tab), and
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.Ql \en
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(new line).
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.Ql #
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characters in path names are escaped by a preceding backslash
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.Ql \e
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to distinguish them from comments.
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.Pp
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|
Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an
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equals sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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followed by the keyword's value, without
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whitespace characters.
|
|
These values override, without changing, the global value of the
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corresponding keyword.
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|
.Pp
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|
The first path name entry listed must be a directory named
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|
.Ql \&. ,
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|
as this ensures that intermixing full and relative path names will
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work consistently and correctly.
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|
Multiple entries for a directory named
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.Ql \&.
|
|
are permitted; the settings for the last such entry override those
|
|
of the existing entry.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A path name that contains a slash
|
|
.Pq Ql /
|
|
that is not the first character will be treated as a full path
|
|
(relative to the root of the tree).
|
|
All parent directories referenced in the path name must exist.
|
|
The current directory path used by relative path names will be updated
|
|
appropriately.
|
|
Multiple entries for the same full path are permitted if the types
|
|
are the same (unless
|
|
.Fl M
|
|
is given, and then the types may differ);
|
|
in this case the settings for the last entry take precedence.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A path name that does not contain a slash will be treated as a relative path.
|
|
Specifying a directory will cause subsequent files to be searched
|
|
for in that directory hierarchy.
|
|
.It
|
|
A line containing only the string
|
|
.Ql \&..
|
|
which causes the current directory path (used by relative paths)
|
|
to ascend one level.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash
|
|
mark
|
|
.Pq Ql #
|
|
are ignored.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error occurred,
|
|
and 2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification.
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /etc/mtree -compact
|
|
.It Pa /etc/mtree
|
|
system specification directory
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
To detect system binaries that have been
|
|
.Dq trojan horsed ,
|
|
it is recommended that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
be run on the file systems, and a copy of the results stored on a different
|
|
machine, or, at least, in encrypted form.
|
|
The seed for the
|
|
.Fl s
|
|
option should not be an obvious value and the final checksum should not be
|
|
stored on-line under any circumstances!
|
|
Then, periodically,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
should be run against the on-line specifications and the final checksum
|
|
compared with the previous value.
|
|
While it is possible for the bad guys to change the on-line specifications
|
|
to conform to their modified binaries, it shouldn't be possible for them
|
|
to make it produce the same final checksum value.
|
|
If the final checksum value changes, the off-line copies of the specification
|
|
can be used to detect which of the binaries have actually been modified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl u
|
|
options can be used in combination to create directory hierarchies
|
|
for distributions and other such things.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chgrp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr cksum 1 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr fnmatch 3 ,
|
|
.Xr fts 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strsvis 3 ,
|
|
.Xr chown 8 ,
|
|
.Xr mknod 8
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.3 Reno .
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy optional
|
|
keyword appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.2 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl U
|
|
flag appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.3 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy flags
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy md5
|
|
keywords, and
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl m
|
|
flags
|
|
appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.4 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy device ,
|
|
.Sy rmd160 ,
|
|
.Sy sha1 ,
|
|
.Sy tags ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy all
|
|
keywords,
|
|
.Fl D ,
|
|
.Fl E ,
|
|
.Fl I ,
|
|
.Fl l ,
|
|
.Fl L ,
|
|
.Fl N ,
|
|
.Fl P ,
|
|
.Fl R ,
|
|
.Fl W ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl X
|
|
flags, and support for full paths appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.6 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy sha256 ,
|
|
.Sy sha384 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy sha512
|
|
keywords appeared in
|
|
.Nx 3.0 .
|