2320 lines
77 KiB
Plaintext
2320 lines
77 KiB
Plaintext
\input texinfo @c -*- Texinfo -*-
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@setfilename binutils.info
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@include config.texi
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@ifinfo
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@format
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities "ar", "objcopy",
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"objdump", "nm", "nlmconv", "size",
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"strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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@end format
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@end ifinfo
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@ifinfo
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Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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are preserved on all copies.
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@ignore
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Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
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results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission
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notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
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(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
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@end ignore
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
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the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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permission notice identical to this one.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
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@end ifinfo
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@synindex ky cp
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@c
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@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objcopy",
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@c "objdump", "nm", "size", "strings", "strip", and "ranlib".
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@c
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@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@c
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@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
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@c General Public License.
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@c
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@setchapternewpage odd
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@settitle @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
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@titlepage
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@finalout
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@title The @sc{gnu} Binary Utilities
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@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
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@sp 1
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@subtitle May 1993
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@author Roland H. Pesch
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@author Jeffrey M. Osier
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@author Cygnus Support
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@page
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@tex
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{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill
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\TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par }
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@end tex
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@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
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Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
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are preserved on all copies.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
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the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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permission notice identical to this one.
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Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
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into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
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@end titlepage
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@node Top
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@top Introduction
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@cindex version
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This brief manual contains preliminary documentation for the @sc{gnu} binary
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utilities (collectively version @value{VERSION}):
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@iftex
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@table @code
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@item ar
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Create, modify, and extract from archives
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@item nm
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List symbols from object files
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@item objcopy
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Copy and translate object files
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@item objdump
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Display information from object files
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@item ranlib
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Generate index to archive contents
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@item size
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List file section sizes and total size
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@item strings
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List printable strings from files
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@item strip
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Discard symbols
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@item c++filt
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Demangle encoded C++ symbols
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@item addr2line
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Convert addresses into file names and line numbers
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@item nlmconv
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Convert object code into a Netware Loadable Module
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@end table
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@end iftex
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@menu
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* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives
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* nm:: List symbols from object files
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* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files
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* objdump:: Display information from object files
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* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents
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* size:: List section sizes and total size
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* strings:: List printable strings from files
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* strip:: Discard symbols
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* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols
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* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line
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* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM
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* Selecting The Target System:: How these utilities determine the target.
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* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs
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* Index:: Index
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@end menu
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@node ar
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@chapter ar
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@kindex ar
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@cindex archives
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@cindex collections of files
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@smallexample
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ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
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ar -M [ <mri-script ]
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@end smallexample
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The @sc{gnu} @code{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts from
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archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of
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other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve
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the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive).
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The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
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group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
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extraction.
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@cindex name length
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@sc{gnu} @code{ar} can maintain archives whose members have names of any
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length; however, depending on how @code{ar} is configured on your
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system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility
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with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the
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limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
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characters (typical of formats related to coff).
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@cindex libraries
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@code{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort
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are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed
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subroutines.
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@cindex symbol index
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@code{ar} creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable
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object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier @samp{s}.
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Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @code{ar}
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makes a change to its contents (save for the @samp{q} update operation).
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An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and
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allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
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their placement in the archive.
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You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index
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table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @code{ar} called
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@code{ranlib} can be used to add just the table.
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@cindex compatibility, @code{ar}
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@cindex @code{ar} compatibility
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@sc{gnu} @code{ar} is designed to be compatible with two different
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facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options,
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like the different varieties of @code{ar} on Unix systems; or, if you
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specify the single command-line option @samp{-M}, you can control it
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with a script supplied via standard input, like the MRI ``librarian''
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program.
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@menu
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* ar cmdline:: Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
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* ar scripts:: Controlling @code{ar} with a script
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@end menu
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@page
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@node ar cmdline
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@section Controlling @code{ar} on the command line
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@smallexample
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ar [-]@var{p}[@var{mod} [@var{relpos}]] @var{archive} [@var{member}@dots{}]
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@end smallexample
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@cindex Unix compatibility, @code{ar}
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When you use @code{ar} in the Unix style, @code{ar} insists on at least two
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arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the @emph{operation}
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(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying
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@emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on.
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Most operations can also accept further @var{member} arguments,
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specifying particular files to operate on.
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@sc{gnu} @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code @var{p} and modifier
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flags @var{mod} in any order, within the first command-line argument.
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If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
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dash.
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@cindex operations on archive
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The @var{p} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be
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any of the following, but you must specify only one of them:
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@table @code
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@item d
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@cindex deleting from archive
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@emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
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be deleted as @var{member}@dots{}; the archive is untouched if you
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specify no files to delete.
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If you specify the @samp{v} modifier, @code{ar} lists each module
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as it is deleted.
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@item m
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@cindex moving in archive
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Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive.
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The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how
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programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more
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than one member.
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If no modifiers are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the
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@var{member} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive;
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you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} modifiers to move them to a
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specified place instead.
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@item p
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@cindex printing from archive
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@emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard
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output file. If the @samp{v} modifier is specified, show the member
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name before copying its contents to standard output.
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If you specify no @var{member} arguments, all the files in the archive are
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printed.
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@item q
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@cindex quick append to archive
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@emph{Quick append}; add the files @var{member}@dots{} to the end of
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@var{archive}, without checking for replacement.
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The modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this
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operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
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The modifier @samp{v} makes @code{ar} list each file as it is appended.
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Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol table
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index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use @samp{ar s} or
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@code{ranlib} explicitly to update the symbol table index.
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@item r
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@cindex replacement in archive
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Insert the files @var{member}@dots{} into @var{archive} (with
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@emph{replacement}). This operation differs from @samp{q} in that any
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previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being
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added.
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If one of the files named in @var{member}@dots{} does not exist, @code{ar}
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displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members
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of the archive matching that name.
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By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may
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use one of the modifiers @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request
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placement relative to some existing member.
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The modifier @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of
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output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or
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@samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
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deleted) or replaced.
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@item t
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@cindex contents of archive
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Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those
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of the files listed in @var{member}@dots{} that are present in the
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archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to
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see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can
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request that by also specifying the @samp{v} modifier.
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If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
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are listed.
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@cindex repeated names in archive
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@cindex name duplication in archive
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If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in
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an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} lists only the
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first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
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listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}.
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@c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more
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@c recent case in fact works the other way.
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@item x
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@cindex extract from archive
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@emph{Extract} members (named @var{member}) from the archive. You can
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use the @samp{v} modifier with this operation, to request that
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@code{ar} list each name as it extracts it.
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If you do not specify a @var{member}, all files in the archive
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are extracted.
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@end table
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A number of modifiers (@var{mod}) may immediately follow the @var{p}
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keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
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@table @code
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@item a
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@cindex relative placement in archive
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Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the
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archive. If you use the modifier @samp{a}, the name of an existing archive
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member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
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@var{archive} specification.
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@item b
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Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
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archive. If you use the modifier @samp{b}, the name of an existing archive
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member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
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@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}).
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@item c
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@cindex creating archives
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@emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always
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created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
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issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by
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using this modifier.
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@item f
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Truncate names in the archive. @sc{gnu} @code{ar} will normally permit file
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names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are
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not compatible with the native @code{ar} program on some systems. If
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this is a concern, the @samp{f} modifier may be used to truncate file
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names when putting them in the archive.
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@item i
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Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the
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archive. If you use the modifier @samp{i}, the name of an existing archive
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member must be present as the @var{relpos} argument, before the
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@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}).
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@item l
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This modifier is accepted but not used.
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@c whaffor ar l modifier??? presumably compat; with
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@c what???---doc@@cygnus.com, 25jan91
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@item o
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@cindex dates in archive
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Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If
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you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive
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are stamped with the time of extraction.
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@item s
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@cindex writing archive index
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Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one,
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even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier
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flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an
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archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it.
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@item u
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@cindex updating an archive
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Normally, @samp{ar r}@dots{} inserts all files
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listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those
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of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same
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names, use this modifier. The @samp{u} modifier is allowed only for the
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operation @samp{r} (replace). In particular, the combination @samp{qu} is
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not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed
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advantage from the operation @samp{q}.
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@item v
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This modifier requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operation. Many
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operations display additional information, such as filenames processed,
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when the modifier @samp{v} is appended.
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@item V
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This modifier shows the version number of @code{ar}.
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@end table
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@node ar scripts
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@section Controlling @code{ar} with a script
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@smallexample
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ar -M [ <@var{script} ]
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@end smallexample
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@cindex MRI compatibility, @code{ar}
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@cindex scripts, @code{ar}
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If you use the single command-line option @samp{-M} with @code{ar}, you
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can control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This
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form of @code{ar} operates interactively if standard input is coming
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|
directly from a terminal. During interactive use, @code{ar} prompts for
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|
input (the prompt is @samp{AR >}), and continues executing even after
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|
errors. If you redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are
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issued, and @code{ar} abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code)
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on any error.
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The @code{ar} command language is @emph{not} designed to be equivalent
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to the command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control
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over archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the
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transition to @sc{gnu} @code{ar} for developers who already have scripts
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written for the MRI ``librarian'' program.
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The syntax for the @code{ar} command language is straightforward:
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, @code{LIST}
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|
is the same as @code{list}. In the following descriptions, commands are
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|
shown in upper case for clarity.
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|
@item
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a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on the
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line.
|
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|
@item
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empty lines are allowed, and have no effect.
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|
@item
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comments are allowed; text after either of the characters @samp{*}
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|
or @samp{;} is ignored.
|
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|
|
@item
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|
Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an @code{ar}
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|
command, you can separate the individual names with either commas or
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blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for clarity.
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|
@item
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@samp{+} is used as a line continuation character; if @samp{+} appears
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at the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered part
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of the current command.
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@end itemize
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|
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|
Here are the commands you can use in @code{ar} scripts, or when using
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@code{ar} interactively. Three of them have special significance:
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|
@code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE} specify a @dfn{current archive}, which is
|
|
a temporary file required for most of the other commands.
|
|
|
|
@code{SAVE} commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior
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to @code{SAVE}, commands affect only the temporary copy of the current
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|
archive.
|
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|
|
@table @code
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|
@item ADDLIB @var{archive}
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@itemx ADDLIB @var{archive} (@var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
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|
Add all the contents of @var{archive} (or, if specified, each named
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@var{module} from @var{archive}) to the current archive.
|
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Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
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@item ADDMOD @var{member}, @var{member}, @dots{} @var{member}
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@c FIXME! w/Replacement?? If so, like "ar r @var{archive} @var{names}"
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@c else like "ar q..."
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Add each named @var{member} as a module in the current archive.
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|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
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|
@item CLEAR
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Discard the contents of the current archive, cancelling the effect of
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any operations since the last @code{SAVE}. May be executed (with no
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|
effect) even if no current archive is specified.
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|
@item CREATE @var{archive}
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|
Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for many
|
|
other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary name; it
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|
is not actually saved as @var{archive} until you use @code{SAVE}.
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|
You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any
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existing file named @var{archive} will not be destroyed until @code{SAVE}.
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|
|
@item DELETE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
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|
Delete each listed @var{module} from the current archive; equivalent to
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|
@samp{ar -d @var{archive} @var{module} @dots{} @var{module}}.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module})
|
|
@itemx DIRECTORY @var{archive} (@var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}) @var{outputfile}
|
|
List each named @var{module} present in @var{archive}. The separate
|
|
command @code{VERBOSE} specifies the form of the output: when verbose
|
|
output is off, output is like that of @samp{ar -t @var{archive}
|
|
@var{module}@dots{}}. When verbose output is on, the listing is like
|
|
@samp{ar -tv @var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
|
|
|
|
Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you
|
|
specify @var{outputfile} as a final argument, @code{ar} directs the
|
|
output to that file.
|
|
|
|
@item END
|
|
Exit from @code{ar}, with a @code{0} exit code to indicate successful
|
|
completion. This command does not save the output file; if you have
|
|
changed the current archive since the last @code{SAVE} command, those
|
|
changes are lost.
|
|
|
|
@item EXTRACT @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
|
|
Extract each named @var{module} from the current archive, writing them
|
|
into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to @samp{ar -x
|
|
@var{archive} @var{module}@dots{}}.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@c FIXME Tokens but no commands???
|
|
@item FULLDIR
|
|
|
|
@item HELP
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@item LIST
|
|
Display full contents of the current archive, in ``verbose'' style
|
|
regardless of the state of @code{VERBOSE}. The effect is like @samp{ar
|
|
tv @var{archive}}). (This single command is a @sc{gnu} @code{ld}
|
|
enhancement, rather than present for MRI compatibility.)
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item OPEN @var{archive}
|
|
Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required for
|
|
many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent commands
|
|
will not actually affect @var{archive} until you next use @code{SAVE}.
|
|
|
|
@item REPLACE @var{module}, @var{module}, @dots{} @var{module}
|
|
In the current archive, replace each existing @var{module} (named in
|
|
the @code{REPLACE} arguments) from files in the current working directory.
|
|
To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the module in
|
|
the current archive, must exist.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@item VERBOSE
|
|
Toggle an internal flag governing the output from @code{DIRECTORY}.
|
|
When the flag is on, @code{DIRECTORY} output matches output from
|
|
@samp{ar -tv }@dots{}.
|
|
|
|
@item SAVE
|
|
Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it as a
|
|
file with the name specified in the last @code{CREATE} or @code{OPEN}
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
Requires prior use of @code{OPEN} or @code{CREATE}.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@iftex
|
|
@node ld
|
|
@chapter ld
|
|
@cindex linker
|
|
@kindex ld
|
|
The @sc{gnu} linker @code{ld} is now described in a separate manual.
|
|
@xref{Top,, Overview,, Using LD: the @sc{gnu} linker}.
|
|
@end iftex
|
|
|
|
@node nm
|
|
@chapter nm
|
|
@cindex symbols
|
|
@kindex nm
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
nm [ -a | --debug-syms ] [ -g | --extern-only ]
|
|
[ -B ] [ -C | --demangle ] [ -D | --dynamic ]
|
|
[ -s | --print-armap ] [ -A | -o | --print-file-name ]
|
|
[ -n | -v | --numeric-sort ] [ -p | --no-sort ]
|
|
[ -r | --reverse-sort ] [ --size-sort ] [ -u | --undefined-only ]
|
|
[ -t @var{radix} | --radix=@var{radix} ] [ -P | --portability ]
|
|
[ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -f @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
|
|
[ --defined-only ] [-l | --line-numbers ]
|
|
[ --no-demangle ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ] [ @var{objfile}@dots{} ]
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@sc{gnu} @code{nm} lists the symbols from object files @var{objfile}@dots{}.
|
|
If no object files are listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes
|
|
@file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
For each symbol, @code{nm} shows:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
|
|
hexadecimal by default.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
|
|
well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
|
|
local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
|
|
|
|
@c Some more detail on exactly what these symbol types are used for
|
|
@c would be nice.
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item A
|
|
The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
|
|
linking.
|
|
|
|
@item B
|
|
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as BSS).
|
|
|
|
@item C
|
|
The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
|
|
linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
|
|
symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
|
|
references. For more details on common symbols, see the discussion of
|
|
--warn-common in @ref{Options,,Linker options,ld.info,The GNU linker}.
|
|
|
|
@item D
|
|
The symbol is in the initialized data section.
|
|
|
|
@item G
|
|
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
|
|
object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
|
|
such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
|
|
|
|
@item I
|
|
The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol. This is a GNU
|
|
extension to the a.out object file format which is rarely used.
|
|
|
|
@item N
|
|
The symbol is a debugging symbol.
|
|
|
|
@item R
|
|
The symbol is in a read only data section.
|
|
|
|
@item S
|
|
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
|
|
|
|
@item T
|
|
The symbol is in the text (code) section.
|
|
|
|
@item U
|
|
The symbol is undefined.
|
|
|
|
@item W
|
|
The symbol is weak. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
|
|
defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a
|
|
weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value
|
|
of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
|
|
|
|
@item -
|
|
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
|
|
next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
|
|
the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information;
|
|
for more information, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs Overview,stabs.info, The
|
|
``stabs'' debug format}.
|
|
|
|
@item ?
|
|
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The symbol name.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -A
|
|
@itemx -o
|
|
@itemx --print-file-name
|
|
@cindex input file name
|
|
@cindex file name
|
|
@cindex source file name
|
|
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive element)
|
|
in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
|
|
before all of its symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --debug-syms
|
|
@cindex debugging symbols
|
|
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
|
|
listed.
|
|
|
|
@item -B
|
|
@cindex @code{nm} format
|
|
@cindex @code{nm} compatibility
|
|
The same as @samp{--format=bsd} (for compatibility with the MIPS @code{nm}).
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle
|
|
@cindex demangling in nm
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
|
|
on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-demangle
|
|
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
@item -D
|
|
@itemx --dynamic
|
|
@cindex dynamic symbols
|
|
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
|
|
only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
|
|
@item -f @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{format}
|
|
@cindex @code{nm} format
|
|
@cindex @code{nm} compatibility
|
|
Use the output format @var{format}, which can be @code{bsd},
|
|
@code{sysv}, or @code{posix}. The default is @code{bsd}.
|
|
Only the first character of @var{format} is significant; it can be
|
|
either upper or lower case.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx --extern-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
Display only external symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -l
|
|
@itemx --line-numbers
|
|
@cindex symbol line numbers
|
|
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
|
|
line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
|
|
address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
|
|
number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
|
|
information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx -v
|
|
@itemx --numeric-sort
|
|
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
|
|
by their names.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --no-sort
|
|
@cindex sorting symbols
|
|
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
|
|
encountered.
|
|
|
|
@item -P
|
|
@itemx --portability
|
|
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
|
|
Equivalent to @samp{-f posix}.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --print-armap
|
|
@cindex symbol index, listing
|
|
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
|
|
(stored in the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib}) of which modules
|
|
contain definitions for which names.
|
|
|
|
@item -r
|
|
@itemx --reverse-sort
|
|
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
|
|
last come first.
|
|
|
|
@item --size-sort
|
|
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
|
|
the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
|
|
value. The size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value.
|
|
|
|
@item -t @var{radix}
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
|
|
Use @var{radix} as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
|
|
@samp{d} for decimal, @samp{o} for octal, or @samp{x} for hexadecimal.
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -u
|
|
@itemx --undefined-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
@cindex undefined symbols
|
|
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
|
|
|
|
@item --defined-only
|
|
@cindex external symbols
|
|
@cindex undefined symbols
|
|
Display only defined symbols for each object file.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number of @code{nm} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @code{nm} and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node objcopy
|
|
@chapter objcopy
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
objcopy [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -S | --strip-all ] [ -g | --strip-debug ]
|
|
[ -K @var{symbolname} | --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[ -N @var{symbolname} | --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
|
|
[ -b @var{byte} | --byte=@var{byte} ]
|
|
[ -i @var{interleave} | --interleave=@var{interleave} ]
|
|
[ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
|
|
[ -p | --preserve-dates ] [ --debugging ]
|
|
[ --gap-fill=@var{val} ] [ --pad-to=@var{address} ]
|
|
[ --set-start=@var{val} ] [ --adjust-start=@var{incr} ]
|
|
[ --adjust-vma=@var{incr} ]
|
|
[ --adjust-section-vma=@var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val} ]
|
|
[ --adjust-warnings ] [ --no-adjust-warnings ]
|
|
[ --set-section-flags=@var{section}=@var{flags} ]
|
|
[ --add-section=@var{sectionname}=@var{filename} ]
|
|
[ --change-leading-char ] [ --remove-leading-char ]
|
|
[ --weaken ]
|
|
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
|
|
@var{infile} [@var{outfile}]
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @code{objcopy} utility copies the contents of an object
|
|
file to another. @code{objcopy} uses the @sc{gnu} @sc{bfd} Library to
|
|
read and write the object files. It can write the destination object
|
|
file in a format different from that of the source object file. The
|
|
exact behavior of @code{objcopy} is controlled by command-line options.
|
|
|
|
@code{objcopy} creates temporary files to do its translations and
|
|
deletes them afterward. @code{objcopy} uses @sc{bfd} to do all its
|
|
translation work; it has access to all the formats described in @sc{bfd}
|
|
and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told
|
|
explicitly. @xref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}.
|
|
|
|
@code{objcopy} can be used to generate S-records by using an output
|
|
target of @samp{srec} (e.g., use @samp{-O srec}).
|
|
|
|
@code{objcopy} can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an
|
|
output target of @samp{binary} (e.g., use @samp{-O binary}). When
|
|
@code{objcopy} generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce
|
|
a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and
|
|
relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at
|
|
the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file.
|
|
|
|
When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to
|
|
use @samp{-S} to remove sections containing debugging information. In
|
|
some cases @samp{-R} will be useful to remove sections which contain
|
|
information which is not needed by the binary file.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item @var{infile}
|
|
@itemx @var{outfile}
|
|
The source and output files, respectively.
|
|
If you do not specify @var{outfile}, @code{objcopy} creates a
|
|
temporary file and destructively renames the result with
|
|
the name of @var{infile}.
|
|
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Consider the source file's object format to be @var{bfdname}, rather than
|
|
attempting to deduce it. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Write the output file using the object format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -F @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Use @var{bfdname} as the object format for both the input and the output
|
|
file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no
|
|
translation. @xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -R @var{sectionname}
|
|
@itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
|
|
Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
|
|
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
|
|
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --strip-all
|
|
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx --strip-debug
|
|
Do not copy debugging symbols from the source file.
|
|
|
|
@item --strip-unneeded
|
|
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
|
|
|
|
@item -K @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Copy only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may
|
|
be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -N @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Do not copy symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option
|
|
may be given more than once, and may be combined with strip options
|
|
other than @code{-K}.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --discard-all
|
|
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.
|
|
@c FIXME any reason to prefer "non-global" to "local" here?
|
|
|
|
@item -X
|
|
@itemx --discard-locals
|
|
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols.
|
|
(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
|
|
|
|
@item -b @var{byte}
|
|
@itemx --byte=@var{byte}
|
|
Keep only every @var{byte}th byte of the input file (header data is not
|
|
affected). @var{byte} can be in the range from 0 to @var{interleave}-1,
|
|
where @var{interleave} is given by the @samp{-i} or @samp{--interleave}
|
|
option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files
|
|
to program @sc{rom}. It is typically used with an @code{srec} output
|
|
target.
|
|
|
|
@item -i @var{interleave}
|
|
@itemx --interleave=@var{interleave}
|
|
Only copy one out of every @var{interleave} bytes. Select which byte to
|
|
copy with the @var{-b} or @samp{--byte} option. The default is 4.
|
|
@code{objcopy} ignores this option if you do not specify either @samp{-b} or
|
|
@samp{--byte}.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --preserve-dates
|
|
Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same
|
|
as those of the input file.
|
|
|
|
@item --debugging
|
|
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default
|
|
because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the
|
|
conversion process can be time consuming.
|
|
|
|
@item --gap-fill @var{val}
|
|
Fill gaps between sections with @var{val}. This is done by increasing
|
|
the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra
|
|
space created with @var{val}.
|
|
|
|
@item --pad-to @var{address}
|
|
Pad the output file up to the virtual address @var{address}. This is
|
|
done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is
|
|
filled in with the value specified by @samp{--gap-fill} (default zero).
|
|
|
|
@item --set-start @var{val}
|
|
Set the address of the new file to @var{val}. Not all object file
|
|
formats support setting the start address.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-start @var{incr}
|
|
Adjust the start address by adding @var{incr}. Not all object file
|
|
formats support setting the start address.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-vma @var{incr}
|
|
Adjust the address of all sections, as well as the start address, by
|
|
adding @var{incr}. Some object file formats do not permit section
|
|
addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not relocate
|
|
the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a certain
|
|
address, and this option is used to change the sections such that they
|
|
are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-section-vma @var{section}@{=,+,-@}@var{val}
|
|
Set or adjust the address of the named @var{section}. If @samp{=} is
|
|
used, the section address is set to @var{val}. Otherwise, @var{val} is
|
|
added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under
|
|
@samp{--adjust-vma}, above. If @var{section} does not exist in the
|
|
input file, a warning will be issued, unless @samp{--no-adjust-warnings}
|
|
is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-warnings
|
|
If @samp{--adjust-section-vma} is used, and the named section does not
|
|
exist, issue a warning. This is the default.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-adjust-warnings
|
|
Do not issue a warning if @samp{--adjust-section-vma} is used, even if
|
|
the named section does not exist.
|
|
|
|
@item --set-section-flags @var{section}=@var{flags}
|
|
Set the flags for the named section. The @var{flags} argument is a
|
|
comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are
|
|
@samp{alloc}, @samp{load}, @samp{readonly}, @samp{code}, @samp{data},
|
|
and @samp{rom}. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file
|
|
formats.
|
|
|
|
@item --add-section @var{sectionname}=@var{filename}
|
|
Add a new section named @var{sectionname} while copying the file. The
|
|
contents of the new section are taken from the file @var{filename}. The
|
|
size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only
|
|
works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names.
|
|
|
|
@item --change-leading-char
|
|
Some object file formats use special characters at the start of
|
|
symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers
|
|
often add before every symbol. This option tells @code{objcopy} to
|
|
change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between
|
|
object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading
|
|
character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a
|
|
character, or remove a character, or change a character, as
|
|
appropriate.
|
|
|
|
@item --remove-leading-char
|
|
If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading
|
|
character used by the object file format, remove the character. The
|
|
most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will
|
|
remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful
|
|
if you want to link together objects of different file formats with
|
|
different conventions for symbol names. This is different from
|
|
@code{--change-leading-char} because it always changes the symbol name
|
|
when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
@item --weaken
|
|
Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful
|
|
when building an object which will be linked against other objects using
|
|
the @code{-R} option to the linker. This option is only effective when
|
|
using an object file format which supports weak symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number of @code{objcopy}.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --verbose
|
|
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
|
|
archives, @samp{objcopy -V} lists all members of the archive.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @code{objcopy}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node objdump
|
|
@chapter objdump
|
|
|
|
@cindex object file information
|
|
@kindex objdump
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
objdump [ -a | --archive-headers ]
|
|
[ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ --debugging ]
|
|
[ -C | --demangle ] [ -d | --disassemble ]
|
|
[ -D | --disassemble-all ] [ --disassemble-zeroes ]
|
|
[ -EB | -EL | --endian=@{big | little @} ]
|
|
[ -f | --file-headers ]
|
|
[ -h | --section-headers | --headers ] [ -i | --info ]
|
|
[ -j @var{section} | --section=@var{section} ]
|
|
[ -l | --line-numbers ] [ -S | --source ]
|
|
[ -m @var{machine} | --architecture=@var{machine} ]
|
|
[ -r | --reloc ] [ -R | --dynamic-reloc ]
|
|
[ -s | --full-contents ] [ --stabs ]
|
|
[ -t | --syms ] [ -T | --dynamic-syms ] [ -x | --all-headers ]
|
|
[ -w | --wide ] [ --start-address=@var{address} ]
|
|
[ --stop-address=@var{address} ]
|
|
[ --prefix-addresses] [ --[no-]show-raw-insn ]
|
|
[ --adjust-vma=@var{offset} ]
|
|
[ --version ] [ --help ]
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files.
|
|
The options control what particular information to display. This
|
|
information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the
|
|
compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their
|
|
program to compile and work.
|
|
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined. When you
|
|
specify archives, @code{objdump} shows information on each of the member
|
|
object files.
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent. At least one option besides @samp{-l} must be given.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --archive-header
|
|
@cindex archive headers
|
|
If any of the @var{objfile} files are archives, display the archive
|
|
header information (in a format similar to @samp{ls -l}). Besides the
|
|
information you could list with @samp{ar tv}, @samp{objdump -a} shows
|
|
the object file format of each archive member.
|
|
|
|
@item --adjust-vma=@var{offset}
|
|
@cindex section addresses in objdump
|
|
@cindex VMA in objdump
|
|
When dumping information, first add @var{offset} to all the section
|
|
addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not correspond to
|
|
the symbol table, which can happen when putting sections at particular
|
|
addresses when using a format which can not represent section addresses,
|
|
such as a.out.
|
|
|
|
@item -b @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
|
|
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @var{objdump} can
|
|
automatically recognize many formats.
|
|
|
|
For example,
|
|
@example
|
|
objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o
|
|
@end example
|
|
@noindent
|
|
displays summary information from the section headers (@samp{-h}) of
|
|
@file{fu.o}, which is explicitly identified (@samp{-m}) as a VAX object
|
|
file in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the
|
|
formats available with the @samp{-i} option.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle
|
|
@cindex demangling in objdump
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
|
|
on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item --debugging
|
|
Display debugging information. This attempts to parse debugging
|
|
information stored in the file and print it out using a C like syntax.
|
|
Only certain types of debugging information have been implemented.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx --disassemble
|
|
@cindex disassembling object code
|
|
@cindex machine instructions
|
|
Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from
|
|
@var{objfile}. This option only disassembles those sections which are
|
|
expected to contain instructions.
|
|
|
|
@item -D
|
|
@itemx --disassemble-all
|
|
Like @samp{-d}, but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just
|
|
those expected to contain instructions.
|
|
|
|
@item --prefix-addresses
|
|
When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This is
|
|
the older disassembly format.
|
|
|
|
@item --disassemble-zeroes
|
|
Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This
|
|
option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just like
|
|
any other data.
|
|
|
|
@item -EB
|
|
@itemx -EL
|
|
@itemx --endian=@{big|little@}
|
|
@cindex endianness
|
|
@cindex disassembly endianness
|
|
Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects
|
|
disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format which
|
|
does not describe endianness information, such as S-records.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --file-header
|
|
@cindex object file header
|
|
Display summary information from the overall header of
|
|
each of the @var{objfile} files.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --section-header
|
|
@itemx --header
|
|
@cindex section headers
|
|
Display summary information from the section headers of the
|
|
object file.
|
|
|
|
File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for example by
|
|
using the @samp{-Ttext}, @samp{-Tdata}, or @samp{-Tbss} options to
|
|
@code{ld}. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not
|
|
store the starting address of the file segments. In those situations,
|
|
although @code{ld} relocates the sections correctly, using @samp{objdump
|
|
-h} to list the file section headers cannot show the correct addresses.
|
|
Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which are implicit for the
|
|
target.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the options to @code{objdump} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -i
|
|
@itemx --info
|
|
@cindex architectures available
|
|
@cindex object formats available
|
|
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available
|
|
for specification with @samp{-b} or @samp{-m}.
|
|
|
|
@item -j @var{name}
|
|
@itemx --section=@var{name}
|
|
@cindex section information
|
|
Display information only for section @var{name}.
|
|
|
|
@item -l
|
|
@itemx --line-numbers
|
|
@cindex source filenames for object files
|
|
Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename and
|
|
source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs shown.
|
|
Only useful with @samp{-d}, @samp{-D}, or @samp{-r}.
|
|
|
|
@item -m @var{machine}
|
|
@itemx --architecture=@var{machine}
|
|
@cindex architecture
|
|
@cindex disassembly architecture
|
|
Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. This
|
|
can be useful when disasembling object files which do not describe
|
|
architecture information, such as S-records. You can list the available
|
|
architectures with the @samp{-i} option.
|
|
|
|
@item -r
|
|
@itemx --reloc
|
|
@cindex relocation entries, in object file
|
|
Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with @samp{-d} or
|
|
@samp{-D}, the relocations are printed interspersed with the
|
|
disassembly.
|
|
|
|
@item -R
|
|
@itemx --dynamic-reloc
|
|
@cindex dynamic relocation entries, in object file
|
|
Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only
|
|
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --full-contents
|
|
@cindex sections, full contents
|
|
@cindex object file sections
|
|
Display the full contents of any sections requested.
|
|
|
|
@item -S
|
|
@itemx --source
|
|
@cindex source disassembly
|
|
@cindex disassembly, with source
|
|
Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. Implies
|
|
@samp{-d}.
|
|
|
|
@item --show-raw-insn
|
|
When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as well as
|
|
in symbolic form. This is the default except when
|
|
@code{--prefix-addresses} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --no-show-raw-insn
|
|
When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction bytes.
|
|
This is the default when @code{--prefix-addresses} is used.
|
|
|
|
@item --stabs
|
|
@cindex stab
|
|
@cindex .stab
|
|
@cindex debug symbols
|
|
@cindex ELF object file format
|
|
Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the
|
|
contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from an
|
|
ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) in which
|
|
@code{.stab} debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an ELF
|
|
section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table entries are
|
|
interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in the @samp{--syms}
|
|
output. For more information on stabs symbols, see @ref{Top,Stabs,Stabs
|
|
Overview,stabs.info, The ``stabs'' debug format}.
|
|
|
|
@item --start-address=@var{address}
|
|
@cindex start-address
|
|
Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
|
|
of the @code{-d}, @code{-r} and @code{-s} options.
|
|
|
|
@item --stop-address=@var{address}
|
|
@cindex stop-address
|
|
Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the output
|
|
of the @code{-d}, @code{-r} and @code{-s} options.
|
|
|
|
@item -t
|
|
@itemx --syms
|
|
@cindex symbol table entries, printing
|
|
Print the symbol table entries of the file.
|
|
This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program.
|
|
|
|
@item -T
|
|
@itemx --dynamic-syms
|
|
@cindex dynamic symbol table entries, printing
|
|
Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only
|
|
meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
|
|
libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm}
|
|
program when given the @samp{-D} (@samp{--dynamic}) option.
|
|
|
|
@item --version
|
|
Print the version number of @code{objdump} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --all-header
|
|
@cindex all header information, object file
|
|
@cindex header information, all
|
|
Display all available header information, including the symbol table and
|
|
relocation entries. Using @samp{-x} is equivalent to specifying all of
|
|
@samp{-a -f -h -r -t}.
|
|
|
|
@item -w
|
|
@item --wide
|
|
@cindex wide output, printing
|
|
Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 columns.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node ranlib
|
|
@chapter ranlib
|
|
|
|
@kindex ranlib
|
|
@cindex archive contents
|
|
@cindex symbol index
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
ranlib [-vV] @var{archive}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@code{ranlib} generates an index to the contents of an archive and
|
|
stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a
|
|
member of an archive that is a relocatable object file.
|
|
|
|
You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm --print-armap} to list this index.
|
|
|
|
An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and
|
|
allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to
|
|
their placement in the archive.
|
|
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @code{ranlib} program is another form of @sc{gnu} @code{ar}; running
|
|
@code{ranlib} is completely equivalent to executing @samp{ar -s}.
|
|
@xref{ar}.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx -V
|
|
Show the version number of @code{ranlib}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node size
|
|
@chapter size
|
|
|
|
@kindex size
|
|
@cindex section sizes
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
size [ -A | -B | --format=@var{compatibility} ]
|
|
[ --help ] [ -d | -o | -x | --radix=@var{number} ]
|
|
[ --target=@var{bfdname} ] [ -V | --version ]
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
The @sc{gnu} @code{size} utility lists the section sizes---and the total
|
|
size---for each of the object or archive files @var{objfile} in its
|
|
argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each
|
|
object file or each module in an archive.
|
|
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{} are the object files to be examined.
|
|
|
|
The command line options have the following meanings:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -A
|
|
@itemx -B
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{compatibility}
|
|
@cindex @code{size} display format
|
|
Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from @sc{gnu}
|
|
@code{size} resembles output from System V @code{size} (using @samp{-A},
|
|
or @samp{--format=sysv}), or Berkeley @code{size} (using @samp{-B}, or
|
|
@samp{--format=berkeley}). The default is the one-line format similar to
|
|
Berkeley's.
|
|
@c Bonus for doc-source readers: you can also say --format=strange (or
|
|
@c anything else that starts with 's') for sysv, and --format=boring (or
|
|
@c anything else that starts with 'b') for Berkeley.
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from
|
|
@code{size}:
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
size --format=Berkeley ranlib size
|
|
text data bss dec hex filename
|
|
294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib
|
|
294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V conventions:
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
size --format=SysV ranlib size
|
|
ranlib :
|
|
section size addr
|
|
.text 294880 8192
|
|
.data 81920 303104
|
|
.bss 11592 385024
|
|
Total 388392
|
|
|
|
|
|
size :
|
|
section size addr
|
|
.text 294880 8192
|
|
.data 81920 303104
|
|
.bss 11888 385024
|
|
Total 388688
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx -o
|
|
@itemx -x
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{number}
|
|
@cindex @code{size} number format
|
|
@cindex radix for section sizes
|
|
Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of each
|
|
section is given in decimal (@samp{-d}, or @samp{--radix=10}); octal
|
|
(@samp{-o}, or @samp{--radix=8}); or hexadecimal (@samp{-x}, or
|
|
@samp{--radix=16}). In @samp{--radix=@var{number}}, only the three
|
|
values (8, 10, 16) are supported. The total size is always given in two
|
|
radices; decimal and hexadecimal for @samp{-d} or @samp{-x} output, or
|
|
octal and hexadecimal if you're using @samp{-o}.
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for @var{objfile} is
|
|
@var{bfdname}. This option may not be necessary; @code{size} can
|
|
automatically recognize many formats.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Display the version number of @code{size}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node strings
|
|
@chapter strings
|
|
@kindex strings
|
|
@cindex listings strings
|
|
@cindex printing strings
|
|
@cindex strings, printing
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
strings [-afov] [-@var{min-len}] [-n @var{min-len}] [-t @var{radix}] [-]
|
|
[--all] [--print-file-name] [--bytes=@var{min-len}]
|
|
[--radix=@var{radix}] [--target=@var{bfdname}]
|
|
[--help] [--version] @var{file}@dots{}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
For each @var{file} given, @sc{gnu} @code{strings} prints the printable
|
|
character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number
|
|
given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable
|
|
character. By default, it only prints the strings from the initialized
|
|
and loaded sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints
|
|
the strings from the whole file.
|
|
|
|
@code{strings} is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -a
|
|
@itemx --all
|
|
@itemx -
|
|
Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object files;
|
|
scan the whole files.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --print-file-name
|
|
Print the name of the file before each string.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and exit.
|
|
|
|
@itemx -@var{min-len}
|
|
@item -n @var{min-len}
|
|
@itemx --bytes=@var{min-len}
|
|
Print sequences of characters that are at least @var{min-len} characters
|
|
long, instead of the default 4.
|
|
|
|
@item -o
|
|
Like @samp{-t o}. Some other versions of @code{strings} have @samp{-o}
|
|
act like @samp{-t d} instead. Since we can not be compatible with both
|
|
ways, we simply chose one.
|
|
|
|
@item -t @var{radix}
|
|
@itemx --radix=@var{radix}
|
|
Print the offset within the file before each string. The single
|
|
character argument specifies the radix of the offset---@samp{o} for
|
|
octal, @samp{x} for hexadecimal, or @samp{d} for decimal.
|
|
|
|
@item --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Print the program version number on the standard output and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node strip
|
|
@chapter strip
|
|
|
|
@kindex strip
|
|
@cindex removing symbols
|
|
@cindex discarding symbols
|
|
@cindex symbols, discarding
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
strip [ -F @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -s | --strip-all ] [ -S | -g | --strip-debug ]
|
|
[ -K @var{symbolname} | --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[ -N @var{symbolname} | --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname} ]
|
|
[ -x | --discard-all ] [ -X | --discard-locals ]
|
|
[ -R @var{sectionname} | --remove-section=@var{sectionname} ]
|
|
[ -o @var{file} ] [ -p | --preserve-dates ]
|
|
[ -v | --verbose ] [ -V | --version ] [ --help ]
|
|
@var{objfile}@dots{}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@sc{gnu} @code{strip} discards all symbols from object files
|
|
@var{objfile}. The list of object files may include archives.
|
|
At least one object file must be given.
|
|
|
|
@code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument,
|
|
rather than writing modified copies under different names.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -F @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
|
|
code format @var{bfdname}, and rewrite it in the same format.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Show a summary of the options to @code{strip} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Treat the original @var{objfile} as a file with the object
|
|
code format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Replace @var{objfile} with a file in the output format @var{bfdname}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -R @var{sectionname}
|
|
@itemx --remove-section=@var{sectionname}
|
|
Remove any section named @var{sectionname} from the output file. This
|
|
option may be given more than once. Note that using this option
|
|
inappropriately may make the output file unusable.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --strip-all
|
|
Remove all symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -g
|
|
@itemx -S
|
|
@itemx --strip-debug
|
|
Remove debugging symbols only.
|
|
|
|
@item --strip-unneeded
|
|
Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.
|
|
|
|
@item -K @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --keep-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Keep only symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may
|
|
be given more than once.
|
|
|
|
@item -N @var{symbolname}
|
|
@itemx --strip-symbol=@var{symbolname}
|
|
Remove symbol @var{symbolname} from the source file. This option may be
|
|
given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other than
|
|
@code{-K}.
|
|
|
|
@item -o @var{file}
|
|
Put the stripped output in @var{file}, rather than replacing the
|
|
existing file. When this argument is used, only one @var{objfile}
|
|
argument may be specified.
|
|
|
|
@item -p
|
|
@itemx --preserve-dates
|
|
Preserve the access and modification dates of the file.
|
|
|
|
@item -x
|
|
@itemx --discard-all
|
|
Remove non-global symbols.
|
|
|
|
@item -X
|
|
@itemx --discard-locals
|
|
Remove compiler-generated local symbols.
|
|
(These usually start with @samp{L} or @samp{.}.)
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Show the version number for @code{strip}.
|
|
|
|
@item -v
|
|
@itemx --verbose
|
|
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of
|
|
archives, @samp{strip -v} lists all members of the archive.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node c++filt
|
|
@chapter c++filt
|
|
|
|
@kindex c++filt
|
|
@cindex demangling C++ symbols
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
c++filt [ -_ | --strip-underscores ]
|
|
[ -n | --no-strip-underscores ]
|
|
[ -s @var{format} | --format=@var{format} ]
|
|
[ --help ] [ --version ] [ @var{symbol}@dots{} ]
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can
|
|
write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters
|
|
of different types). All C++ function names are encoded into a
|
|
low-level assembly label (this process is known as
|
|
@dfn{mangling}). The @code{c++filt} program does the inverse mapping: it
|
|
decodes (@dfn{demangles}) low-level names into user-level names so that
|
|
the linker can keep these overloaded functions from clashing.
|
|
|
|
Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores,
|
|
dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential label. If the
|
|
label decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level
|
|
name in the output.
|
|
|
|
You can use @code{c++filt} to decipher individual symbols:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
If no @var{symbol} arguments are given, @code{c++filt} reads symbol
|
|
names from the standard input and writes the demangled names to the
|
|
standard output. All results are printed on the standard output.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -_
|
|
@itemx --strip-underscores
|
|
On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in front
|
|
of every name. For example, the C name @code{foo} gets the low-level
|
|
name @code{_foo}. This option removes the initial underscore. Whether
|
|
@code{c++filt} removes the underscore by default is target dependent.
|
|
|
|
@item -n
|
|
@itemx --no-strip-underscores
|
|
Do not remove the initial underscore.
|
|
|
|
@item -s @var{format}
|
|
@itemx --format=@var{format}
|
|
@sc{gnu} @code{nm} can decode three different methods of mangling, used by
|
|
different C++ compilers. The argument to this option selects which
|
|
method it uses:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item gnu
|
|
the one used by the @sc{gnu} compiler (the default method)
|
|
@item lucid
|
|
the one used by the Lucid compiler
|
|
@item arm
|
|
the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@item --help
|
|
Print a summary of the options to @code{c++filt} and exit.
|
|
|
|
@item --version
|
|
Print the version number of @code{c++filt} and exit.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @code{c++filt} is a new utility, and the details of its
|
|
user interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular,
|
|
a command-line option may be required in the the future to decode a name
|
|
passed as an argument on the command line; in other words,
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
may in a future release become
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
c++filt @var{option} @var{symbol}
|
|
@end example
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@node addr2line
|
|
@chapter addr2line
|
|
|
|
@kindex addr2line
|
|
@cindex address to file name and line number
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
addr2line [ -b @var{bfdname} | --target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -C | --demangle ]
|
|
[ -e @var{filename} | --exe=@var{filename} ]
|
|
[ -f | --functions ] [ -s | --basename ]
|
|
[ -H | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
|
|
[ addr addr ... ]
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@code{addr2line} translates program addresses into file names and line
|
|
numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging
|
|
information in the executable to figure out which file name and line
|
|
number are associated with a given address.
|
|
|
|
The executable to use is specified with the @code{-e} option. The
|
|
default is @file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
@code{addr2line} has two modes of operation.
|
|
|
|
In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command line,
|
|
and @code{addr2line} displays the file name and line number for each
|
|
address.
|
|
|
|
In the second, @code{addr2line} reads hexadecimal addresses from
|
|
standard input, and prints the file name and line number for each
|
|
address on standard output. In this mode, @code{addr2line} may be used
|
|
in a pipe to convert dynamically chosen addresses.
|
|
|
|
The format of the output is @samp{FILENAME:LINENO}. The file name and
|
|
line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the
|
|
@code{-f} option is used, then each @samp{FILENAME:LINENO} line is
|
|
preceded by a @samp{FUNCTIONNAME} line which is the name of the function
|
|
containing the address.
|
|
|
|
If the file name or function name can not be determined,
|
|
@code{addr2line} will print two question marks in their place. If the
|
|
line number can not be determined, @code{addr2line} will print 0.
|
|
|
|
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
|
|
equivalent.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -b @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
@cindex object code format
|
|
Specify that the object-code format for the object files is
|
|
@var{bfdname}.
|
|
|
|
@item -C
|
|
@itemx --demangle
|
|
@cindex demangling in objdump
|
|
Decode (@dfn{demangle}) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
|
|
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
|
|
makes C++ function names readable. @xref{c++filt}, for more information
|
|
on demangling.
|
|
|
|
@item -e @var{filename}
|
|
@itemx --exe=@var{filename}
|
|
Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be
|
|
translated. The default file is @file{a.out}.
|
|
|
|
@item -f
|
|
@itemx --functions
|
|
Display function names as well as file and line number information.
|
|
|
|
@item -s
|
|
@itemx --basenames
|
|
Display only the base of each file name.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node nlmconv
|
|
@chapter nlmconv
|
|
|
|
@code{nlmconv} converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare
|
|
Loadable Module.
|
|
|
|
@ignore
|
|
@code{nlmconv} currently works with @samp{i386} object
|
|
files in @code{coff}, @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format, and @sc{SPARC}
|
|
object files in @sc{elf}, or @code{a.out} format@footnote{
|
|
@code{nlmconv} should work with any @samp{i386} or @sc{sparc} object
|
|
format in the Binary File Descriptor library. It has only been tested
|
|
with the above formats.}.
|
|
@end ignore
|
|
|
|
@quotation
|
|
@emph{Warning:} @code{nlmconv} is not always built as part of the binary
|
|
utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets.
|
|
@end quotation
|
|
|
|
@smallexample
|
|
nlmconv [ -I @var{bfdname} | --input-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -O @var{bfdname} | --output-target=@var{bfdname} ]
|
|
[ -T @var{headerfile} | --header-file=@var{headerfile} ]
|
|
[ -d | --debug] [ -l @var{linker} | --linker=@var{linker} ]
|
|
[ -h | --help ] [ -V | --version ]
|
|
@var{infile} @var{outfile}
|
|
@end smallexample
|
|
|
|
@code{nlmconv} converts the relocatable @samp{i386} object file
|
|
@var{infile} into the NetWare Loadable Module @var{outfile}, optionally
|
|
reading @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions
|
|
on writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see the
|
|
@samp{linkers} section, @samp{NLMLINK} in particular, of the @cite{NLM
|
|
Development and Tools Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software
|
|
Developer's Kit (``NLM SDK''), available from Novell, Inc.
|
|
@code{nlmconv} uses the @sc{gnu} Binary File Descriptor library to read
|
|
@var{infile}; see @ref{BFD,,BFD,ld.info,Using LD}, for
|
|
more information.
|
|
|
|
@code{nlmconv} can perform a link step. In other words, you can list
|
|
more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions
|
|
file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line).
|
|
In this case, @code{nlmconv} calls the linker for you.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item -I @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --input-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Object format of the input file. @code{nlmconv} can usually determine
|
|
the format of a given file (so no default is necessary).
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -O @var{bfdname}
|
|
@itemx --output-target=@var{bfdname}
|
|
Object format of the output file. @code{nlmconv} infers the output
|
|
format based on the input format, e.g. for a @samp{i386} input file the
|
|
output format is @samp{nlm32-i386}.
|
|
@xref{Target Selection}, for more information.
|
|
|
|
@item -T @var{headerfile}
|
|
@itemx --header-file=@var{headerfile}
|
|
Reads @var{headerfile} for NLM header information. For instructions on
|
|
writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see@ see the
|
|
@samp{linkers} section, of the @cite{NLM Development and Tools
|
|
Overview}, which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, available
|
|
from Novell, Inc.
|
|
|
|
@item -d
|
|
@itemx --debug
|
|
Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by @code{nlmconv}.
|
|
|
|
@item -l @var{linker}
|
|
@itemx --linker=@var{linker}
|
|
Use @var{linker} for any linking. @var{linker} can be an abosolute or a
|
|
relative pathname.
|
|
|
|
@item -h
|
|
@itemx --help
|
|
Prints a usage summary.
|
|
|
|
@item -V
|
|
@itemx --version
|
|
Prints the version number for @code{nlmconv}.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Selecting The Target System
|
|
@chapter Selecting the target system
|
|
|
|
You can specify three aspects of the target system to the @sc{gnu}
|
|
binary file utilities, each in several ways:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the target
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the architecture
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker emulation (which applies to the linker only)
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are in
|
|
order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those
|
|
listed later.
|
|
|
|
The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the
|
|
programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with
|
|
@samp{--enable-targets=all}, the commands list most of the available
|
|
values, but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at
|
|
once because some of them can only be configured @dfn{native} (on hosts
|
|
with the same type as the target system).
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Target Selection::
|
|
* Architecture Selection::
|
|
* Linker Emulation Selection::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Target Selection
|
|
@section Target Selection
|
|
|
|
A @dfn{target} is an object file format. A given target may be
|
|
supported for multiple architectures (@pxref{Architecture Selection}).
|
|
A target selection may also have variations for different operating
|
|
systems or architectures.
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid target values is @samp{objdump -i}
|
|
(the first column of output contains the relevant information).
|
|
|
|
Some sample values are: @samp{a.out-hp300bsd}, @samp{ecoff-littlemips},
|
|
@samp{a.out-sunos-big}.
|
|
|
|
You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is
|
|
the same sort of name that is passed to configure to specify a target.
|
|
When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be fully
|
|
canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by
|
|
running the shell script @file{config.sub} which is included with the
|
|
sources.
|
|
|
|
Some sample configuration triplets are: @samp{m68k-hp-bsd},
|
|
@samp{mips-dec-ultrix}, @samp{sparc-sun-sunos}.
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{objdump} Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line options: @samp{-I} or @samp{--input-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Output Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line options: @samp{-O} or @samp{--output-target}, or @samp{-F} or @samp{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the input target (see ``@code{objcopy} and @code{strip} Input Target'' above)
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{nm}, @code{size}, and @code{strings} Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{--target}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Input Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{-b} or @samp{--format}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{TARGET}
|
|
(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}
|
|
(@pxref{Environment,,Environment,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the default target of the selected linker emulation
|
|
(@pxref{Linker Emulation Selection})
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Output Target
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{-oformat}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{OUTPUT_FORMAT}
|
|
(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker input target (see ``Linker Input Target'' above)
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Architecture Selection
|
|
@section Architecture selection
|
|
|
|
An @dfn{architecture} is a type of @sc{cpu} on which an object file is
|
|
to run. Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the
|
|
processor family from the name of the particular @sc{cpu}.
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid architecture values is @samp{objdump -i} (the
|
|
second column contains the relevant information).
|
|
|
|
Sample values: @samp{m68k:68020}, @samp{mips:3000}, @samp{sparc}.
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{objdump} Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{-m} or @samp{--architecture}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading @code{objcopy}, @code{nm}, @code{size}, @code{strings} Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Input Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
deduced from the input file
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@subheading Linker Output Architecture
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
script command @code{OUTPUT_ARCH}
|
|
(@pxref{Option Commands,,Option Commands,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the default architecture from the linker output target
|
|
(@pxref{Target Selection})
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Linker Emulation Selection
|
|
@section Linker emulation selection
|
|
|
|
A linker @dfn{emulation} is a ``personality'' of the linker, which gives
|
|
the linker default values for the other aspects of the target system.
|
|
In particular, it consists of
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the linker script
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the target
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
several ``hook'' functions that are run at certain stages of the linking
|
|
process to do special things that some targets require
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
The command to list valid linker emulation values is @samp{ld -V}.
|
|
|
|
Sample values: @samp{hp300bsd}, @samp{mipslit}, @samp{sun4}.
|
|
|
|
Ways to specify:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
command line option: @samp{-m}
|
|
(@pxref{Options,,Options,ld.info,Using LD})
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
environment variable @code{LDEMULATION}
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
compiled-in @code{DEFAULT_EMULATION} from @file{Makefile},
|
|
which comes from @code{EMUL} in @file{config/@var{target}.mt}
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Reporting Bugs
|
|
@chapter Reporting Bugs
|
|
@cindex bugs
|
|
@cindex reporting bugs
|
|
|
|
Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities
|
|
reliable.
|
|
|
|
Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or
|
|
it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is
|
|
to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary
|
|
utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their
|
|
maintenance.
|
|
|
|
In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
|
|
information that enables us to fix the bug.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
|
|
* Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Bug Criteria
|
|
@section Have you found a bug?
|
|
@cindex bug criteria
|
|
|
|
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@cindex fatal signal
|
|
@cindex crash
|
|
@item
|
|
If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is
|
|
a bug. Reliable utilities never crash.
|
|
|
|
@cindex error on valid input
|
|
@item
|
|
If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, that is a
|
|
bug.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your suggestions for
|
|
improvement are welcome in any case.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@node Bug Reporting
|
|
@section How to report bugs
|
|
@cindex bug reports
|
|
@cindex bugs, reporting
|
|
|
|
A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu}
|
|
products. If you obtained the binary utilities from a support
|
|
organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
|
|
|
|
You can find contact information for many support companies and
|
|
individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
|
|
distribution.
|
|
|
|
In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the binary
|
|
utilities to @samp{bug-gnu-utils@@prep.ai.mit.edu}.
|
|
|
|
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
|
|
@strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
|
|
fact or leave it out, state it!
|
|
|
|
Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
|
|
problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
|
|
assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter.
|
|
Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is
|
|
a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where
|
|
that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were
|
|
different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into
|
|
doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
|
|
specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
|
|
and the most helpful.
|
|
|
|
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if
|
|
it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
|
|
that the bug has not been reported previously.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
|
|
bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
|
|
@emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
|
|
bugs properly.
|
|
|
|
To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you start it
|
|
with the @samp{--version} argument.
|
|
|
|
Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
|
|
the bug in the current version of the binary utilities.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any patches
|
|
made to the @code{BFD} library.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
|
|
version number.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the utilities---e.g.
|
|
``@code{gcc-2.7}''.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To
|
|
guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy
|
|
of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
|
|
|
|
If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
|
|
and then we might not encounter the bug.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce the
|
|
bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then it is
|
|
generally most helpful to send the actual object files, uuencoded if
|
|
necessary to get them through the mail system. Making them available
|
|
for anonymous FTP is not as good, but may be the only reasonable choice
|
|
for large object files.
|
|
|
|
If the source files were produced exclusively using @sc{gnu} programs
|
|
(e.g., @code{gcc}, @code{gas}, and/or the @sc{gnu} @code{ld}), then it
|
|
may be OK to send the source files rather than the object files. In
|
|
this case, be sure to say exactly what version of @code{gcc}, or
|
|
whatever, was used to produce the object files. Also say how
|
|
@code{gcc}, or whatever, was configured.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
|
|
incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
|
|
|
|
Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, then we
|
|
will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
|
|
not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
|
|
a chance to make a mistake.
|
|
|
|
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
|
|
say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your
|
|
copy of the utility is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in
|
|
the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
|
|
crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
|
|
ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for
|
|
us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able
|
|
to draw any conclusion from our observations.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context diffs, as
|
|
generated by @code{diff} with the @samp{-u}, @samp{-c}, or @samp{-p}
|
|
option. Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you
|
|
even discuss something in the @code{ld} source, refer to it by context,
|
|
not by line number.
|
|
|
|
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
|
|
sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
Here are some things that are not necessary:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
A description of the envelope of the bug.
|
|
|
|
Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
|
|
which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
|
|
changes will not affect it.
|
|
|
|
This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
|
|
will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
|
|
with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
|
|
We recommend that you save your time for something else.
|
|
|
|
Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
|
|
of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
|
|
output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
|
|
less time, and so on.
|
|
|
|
However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
|
|
report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A patch for the bug.
|
|
|
|
A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
|
|
the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
|
|
a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
|
|
to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it is
|
|
very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a
|
|
certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we
|
|
will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that
|
|
the bug is fixed.
|
|
|
|
And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
|
|
patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
|
|
help us to understand.
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
|
|
|
|
Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
|
|
things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@node Index
|
|
@unnumbered Index
|
|
|
|
@printindex cp
|
|
|
|
@contents
|
|
@bye
|