414 lines
12 KiB
Groff
414 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: newfs.8,v 1.38 2001/12/31 02:27:14 lukem Exp $
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
|
|
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
|
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
|
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd December 31, 2001
|
|
.Dt NEWFS 8
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm newfs ,
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
.Nd construct a new file system
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm ""
|
|
.Op Fl B Ar byte-order
|
|
.Op Fl FNOZ
|
|
.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
|
|
.Op Fl T Ar disk-type
|
|
.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
|
|
.Op Fl b Ar block-size
|
|
.Op Fl c Ar cpg
|
|
.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
|
|
.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
|
|
.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
|
|
.Op Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
|
|
.Op Fl k Ar skew
|
|
.Op Fl l Ar interleave
|
|
.Op Fl m Ar free-space
|
|
.Op Fl n Ar rotational-positions
|
|
.Op Fl o Ar optimization
|
|
.Op Fl p Ar track-spares
|
|
.Op Fl r Ar revolutions
|
|
.Op Fl s Ar size
|
|
.Op Fl t Ar ntracks
|
|
.Op Fl u Ar nsectors
|
|
.Op Fl x Ar sectors
|
|
.Ar special
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
.Op Fl N
|
|
.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
|
|
.Op Fl b Ar block-size
|
|
.Op Fl c Ar cpg
|
|
.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
|
|
.Op Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
|
|
.Op Fl m Ar free-space
|
|
.Op Fl n Ar rotational-positions
|
|
.Op Fl o Ar options
|
|
.Op Fl s Ar size
|
|
.Ar special node
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nm
|
|
is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
|
|
Before running
|
|
.Nm
|
|
or
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs ,
|
|
the disk must be labeled using
|
|
.Xr disklabel 8 .
|
|
.Nm
|
|
builds a file system on the specified special device
|
|
basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
|
|
Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
|
|
.Nm
|
|
has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
is used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it
|
|
on a specified node.
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
exits and the contents of the file system are lost
|
|
when the file system is unmounted.
|
|
If
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
is sent a signal while running,
|
|
for example during system shutdown,
|
|
it will attempt to unmount its
|
|
corresponding file system.
|
|
The parameters to
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
are the same as those to
|
|
.Nm "" .
|
|
The special file is ignored, and
|
|
default configuration parameters are used instead.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Options with numeric arguments may contain an optional (case-insensitive)
|
|
suffix:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It b
|
|
Bytes; causes no modification. (Default)
|
|
.It k
|
|
Kilo; multiply the argument by 1024
|
|
.It m
|
|
Mega; multiply the argument by 1048576
|
|
.It g
|
|
Giga; multiply the argument by 1073741824
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options define the general layout policies.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl B Ar byte-order
|
|
Specify the metadata byte order of the file system to be created.
|
|
Valid byte orders are `be' and `le'.
|
|
If no byte order is specified, the file system is created in host
|
|
byte order.
|
|
.It Fl F
|
|
Create a file system image in
|
|
.Ar special .
|
|
The file system size needs to be specified with
|
|
.Dq Fl s Ar size .
|
|
No attempts to use or update the disklabel will be made.
|
|
.It Fl N
|
|
Causes the file system parameters to be printed out
|
|
without really creating the file system.
|
|
.It Fl O
|
|
Creates a
|
|
.Bx 4.3
|
|
format file system.
|
|
This option is primarily used to build root file systems
|
|
that can be understood by older boot ROMs.
|
|
.It Fl T Ar disk-type
|
|
Uses information for the specified disk from
|
|
.Pa /etc/disktab
|
|
instead of trying to get the information from a disklabel.
|
|
.It Fl Z
|
|
Pre-zeros the file system image created with
|
|
.Fl F .
|
|
This is necessary if the image is to be used by
|
|
.Xr vnd 4
|
|
(which doesn't support file systems with
|
|
.Sq holes ) .
|
|
.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
|
|
This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
|
|
laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option).
|
|
The default value is 8.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
for more details on how to set this option.
|
|
.It Fl b Ar block-size
|
|
The block size of the file system, in bytes.
|
|
It must be a power of two.
|
|
The smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
|
|
The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It Sy "file system size"
|
|
.Ar block-size
|
|
.It \&< 20 MB
|
|
4 KB
|
|
.It \&< 1024 MB
|
|
8 KB
|
|
.It \&>\&= 1024 MB
|
|
16 KB
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Fl c Ar cpg
|
|
The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
|
|
The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
|
|
This value is dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular
|
|
the block size and the number of bytes per inode.
|
|
.It Fl d Ar rotdelay
|
|
This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds) to service a transfer
|
|
completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
|
|
The default is 0 milliseconds.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
for more details on how to set this option.
|
|
.ne 1i
|
|
.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
|
|
This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can
|
|
allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
|
|
allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
|
|
The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
for more details on how to set this option.
|
|
.It Fl f Ar frag-size
|
|
The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
|
|
It must be a power of two ranging in value between
|
|
.Ar block-size Ns /8
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar block-size .
|
|
The optimal
|
|
.Ar block-size Ns : Ns Ar frag-size
|
|
ratio is 8:1.
|
|
Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
|
|
and may produce unpredictable results.
|
|
The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It Sy "file system size"
|
|
.Ar frag-size
|
|
.It \&< 20 MB
|
|
0.5 KB
|
|
.It \&< 1024 MB
|
|
1 KB
|
|
.It \&>\&= 1024 MB
|
|
2 KB
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
|
|
The expected average file size for the file system.
|
|
.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
|
|
The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
|
|
.It Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
|
|
This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
|
|
If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
|
|
to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
|
|
The default is to create an inode for every
|
|
.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size
|
|
bytes of data space:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
|
|
.It Sy "file system size"
|
|
.Ar bytes-per-inode
|
|
.It \&< 20 MB
|
|
2 KB
|
|
.It \&< 1024 MB
|
|
4 KB
|
|
.It \&>\&= 1024 MB
|
|
8 KB
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Fl m Ar free-space
|
|
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
|
|
space threshold.
|
|
The default value used is 5%.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
for more details on how to set this option.
|
|
.It Fl n Ar rotational-positions
|
|
Determines how many rotational time slots there are in
|
|
one revolution of the disk.
|
|
.It Fl o Ar optimization
|
|
Optimization preference; either
|
|
.Dq space
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq time .
|
|
The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
|
|
allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
|
|
If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 5%,
|
|
the default is to optimize for space;
|
|
if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 5%,
|
|
the default is to optimize for time.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
for more details on how to set this option.
|
|
.It Fl s Ar size
|
|
The size of the file system in sectors.
|
|
An
|
|
.Sq s
|
|
suffix will be interpreted as the number of sectors (the default).
|
|
All other suffixes are interpreted as per other numeric arguments,
|
|
except that the number is converted into sectors by dividing by the
|
|
sector size (as specified by
|
|
.Fl S Ar secsize )
|
|
after suffix interpretation.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
|
|
Their default values are taken from the disk label.
|
|
Changing these defaults is useful only when using
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
|
|
different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
|
|
(for example on a write-once disk).
|
|
Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
|
|
it impossible for
|
|
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
|
|
to find the alternative superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
|
|
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
|
|
Defaults to 512.
|
|
.It Fl k Ar skew
|
|
Sector \&0 skew, per track.
|
|
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
|
|
a slow controller.
|
|
Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0
|
|
on track N-1 on the same cylinder.
|
|
.It Fl l Ar interleave
|
|
Hardware sector interleave.
|
|
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
|
|
a slow controller.
|
|
Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track,
|
|
specified as the denominator of the ratio:
|
|
.Dl sectors read/sectors passed over
|
|
Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2 implies
|
|
logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1.
|
|
.It Fl p Ar track-spares
|
|
Spare sectors per track.
|
|
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
|
|
space at the end of each track.
|
|
They are not counted as part of the sectors per track.
|
|
.Pq Fl u
|
|
since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
|
|
.It Fl r Ar revolutions
|
|
The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
|
|
.ne 1i
|
|
.It Fl t Ar ntracks
|
|
The number of tracks per cylinder available for data allocation by the file
|
|
system.
|
|
.It Fl u Ar nsectors
|
|
The number of sectors per track available for data allocation by the file
|
|
system.
|
|
This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for bad
|
|
block replacement (see the
|
|
.Fl p
|
|
option).
|
|
.It Fl x Ar spare-sectors-per-cylinder
|
|
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
|
|
space at the end of the last track in the cylinder.
|
|
They are deducted from the sectors per track.
|
|
.Pq Fl u
|
|
of the last track of each cylinder since they are not available to the file
|
|
system for data allocation.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options to the
|
|
.Nm mount_mfs
|
|
command are as described for the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command, except for the
|
|
.Fl o
|
|
option.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
That option is as follows:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Fl o
|
|
Options are specified with a
|
|
.Fl o
|
|
flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Xr mount 8
|
|
man page for possible options and their meanings.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
If the file system will be exported over NFS, the
|
|
.Xr fsirand 8
|
|
utility should be run after
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to improve security.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The owner and group ids of the root node of the new file system
|
|
are set to the effective uid and gid of the user initializing
|
|
the file system.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command to succeed,
|
|
the disklabel should first be updated such that the fstype field for the
|
|
partition is set to
|
|
.Bx 4.2 .
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr disktab 5 ,
|
|
.Xr fs 5 ,
|
|
.Xr disklabel 8 ,
|
|
.Xr diskpart 8 ,
|
|
.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
|
|
.\" .Xr format 8 ,
|
|
.Xr fsck_ffs 8 ,
|
|
.Xr fsirand 8 ,
|
|
.Xr mount 8 ,
|
|
.Xr tunefs 8
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%A M. McKusick
|
|
.%A W. Joy
|
|
.%A S. Leffler
|
|
.%A R. Fabry
|
|
.%T A Fast File System for UNIX ,
|
|
.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
|
|
.%V 3
|
|
.%P pp 181-197
|
|
.%D August 1984
|
|
.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.2 .
|