595 lines
17 KiB
Groff
595 lines
17 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: ps.1,v 1.47 2001/12/20 20:06:15 wiz Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
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.\"
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.Dd April 18, 1994
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.Dt PS 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ps
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.Nd process status
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm ""
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.Op Fl acCehjKlmrSTuvwx
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl M Ar core
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl N Ar system
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl O Ar fmt
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl o Ar fmt
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl p Ar pid
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl t Ar tty
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl U Ar username
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.Ek
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl W Ar swap
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.Ek
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.Nm ""
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.Op Fl L
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
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processes that have controlling terminals.
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This information is sorted by controlling terminal and (among processes with
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the same controlling terminal) by process
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.Tn ID .
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.Pp
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The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
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.Fl L
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.Fl O
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and
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.Fl o
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options).
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The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
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.Tn ID ,
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controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
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state, and associated command.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl a
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Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
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.It Fl c
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Do not display full command with arguments, but only the
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executable name.
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This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all
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.Xr sh 1
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scripts will show as
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.Dq sh .
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.It Fl C
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Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
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cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
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no effect).
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.It Fl e
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Display the environment as well. The environment for other
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users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.
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.It Fl h
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Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
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header per page of information.
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.It Fl j
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Print information associated with the following keywords:
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user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
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.It Fl K
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Disable the fallback /proc-based method. Note that the /proc-based method
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is only used if the ordinary kvm method is not possible. See below for more
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details.
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.It Fl L
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List the set of available keywords.
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.It Fl l
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time
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and command.
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.It Fl M
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Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
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instead of the default
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.Dq Pa /dev/kmem .
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The
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.Fl M
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option implies the
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.Fl K
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option.
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.It Fl m
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Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl N
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Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
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.Dq Pa /netbsd .
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.It Fl O
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Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
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of keywords specified, after the process
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.Tn ID ,
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in the default information
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display.
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Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
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This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
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the standard header.
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.It Fl o
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Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
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of keywords specified.
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Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
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This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
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the standard header.
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.It Fl p
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Display information associated with the specified process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl r
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Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl S
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Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
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children to their parent process.
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.It Fl T
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Display information about processes attached to the device associated
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with the standard input.
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.It Fl t
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Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
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device. Use an question mark (``?'') for processes not attached to a
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terminal device and a minus sign (``-'') for processes that have
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been revoked from their terminal device.
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.It Fl U
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Displays processes belonging to the user whose username or uid has
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been given to the
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.Fl U
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switch.
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.It Fl u
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
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The
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.Fl u
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option implies the
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.Fl r
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option.
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.It Fl v
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
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%cpu, %mem and command.
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The
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.Fl v
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option implies the
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.Fl m
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option.
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.It Fl W
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Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
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default
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.Dq Pa /dev/drum .
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.It Fl w
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Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
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is your window size.
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If the
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.Fl w
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option is specified more than once,
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.Nm
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will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
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.It Fl x
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Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.
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.El
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.Pp
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.\" XXX IMPORTANT: If/when the /proc-based code is pulled out,
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.\" remove all references to the -K option, and the paragraph
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.\" below. It might be a good idea to keep -K around for one
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.\" release, and have it print a warning that -K is deprecated.
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.\" - bgrayson
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If
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.Nm
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is unable to extract process information directly from the
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kernel (e.g., due to an incorrect
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.Fl N
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option or kvm-based reasons), it currently uses an experimental
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fallback method to gather as much information as possible through the
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limited
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.Dq Pa /proc
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interface, if the
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.Dq Pa /proc
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filesystem is mounted. See
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.Xr mount_procfs 8
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for more details.
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.Nm
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verifies that
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.Dq Pa /proc
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is a procfs filesystem before proceeding. This experimental
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fallback method will change in future releases. The
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.Fl K
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option disables this fallback /proc-based lookup.
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.Pp
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A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
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Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It %cpu
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The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
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a minute of previous (real) time.
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Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
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be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
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.Tn %CPU
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fields to exceed 100%.
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.It %mem
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The percentage of real memory used by this process.
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.It flags
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The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in
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the include file
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.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
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.Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP
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.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x0000001 process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
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.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x0000002 process has a controlling terminal"
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.It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x0000004 process is loaded into memory"
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.It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x0000008 no
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.Dv SIGCHLD
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when children stop
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.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x0000010 parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
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.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x0000020 process has started profiling"
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.It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x0000040 selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
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.It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x0000080 sleep is interruptible"
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.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x0000100 process had set id privileges since last exec"
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.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x0000200 system process: no sigs, stats or swapping"
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.It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x0000400 timing out during sleep"
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.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x0000800 process is being traced"
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.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x0001000 debugging process has waited for child"
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.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x0002000 working on exiting"
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.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x0004000 process called"
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.Xr execve 2
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.It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x0008000 owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
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.\" the routine addupc is not documented in the man pages
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.It Dv "P_FSTRACE" Ta No "0x0010000 tracing via file system"
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.It Dv "P_NOCLDWAIT" Ta No "0x0020000 no zombies when children die"
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.El
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.It lim
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The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
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.Xr setrlimit 2 .
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.It lstart
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The exact time the command started, using the ``%C'' format described in
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.Xr strftime 3 .
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.It nice
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The process scheduling increment (see
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.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
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.It rss
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the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
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.It start
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The time the command started.
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If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
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displayed using the ``%l:%M%p'' format described in
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.Xr strftime 3 .
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If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
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displayed using the ``%a%p'' format.
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Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
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.It state
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The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
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.Dq Tn RWNA .
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The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
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.It D
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Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
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.It I
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Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
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.It R
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Marks a runnable process.
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.It S
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Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
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.It T
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Marks a stopped process.
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.It Z
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Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
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.El
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.Pp
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Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
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information:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
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.It +
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The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
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.It <
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The process has raised
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.Tn CPU
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scheduling priority.
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.It >
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The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
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currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
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swapped.
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.It A
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the process has asked for random page replacement
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.Pf ( Dv VA_ANOM ,
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from
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.Xr madvise 2 ,
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for example, a LISP interpreter in a garbage collect).
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.It E
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The process is trying to exit.
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.It K
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The process is a kernel thread or system process.
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.It L
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The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
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.Tn I/O ) .
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.It N
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The process has reduced
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.Tn CPU
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scheduling priority (see
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.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
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.It S
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The process has asked for
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.Tn FIFO
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page replacement
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.Pf ( Dv VA_SEQL ,
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from
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.Xr madvise 2 ,
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for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
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sequentially address voluminous data).
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.It s
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The process is a session leader.
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.It V
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The process is suspended during a
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.Xr vfork 2 .
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.It W
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The process is swapped out.
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.It X
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The process is being traced or debugged.
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.El
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.It tt
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An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
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The abbreviation consists of the two letters following
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.Dq Pa /dev/tty ,
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or, for the console, ``co''.
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This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
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controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
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.It wchan
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The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
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When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
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trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
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as 324000.
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.El
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.Pp
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When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
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has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
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is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
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to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user
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area in order to print the command name and arguments. This method
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is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this
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information. The ucomm (accounting) keyword will always contain
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the real command name as contained in the process structure's p_comm field.
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.Pp
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If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not
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been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads)
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the command name is printed within square brackets.
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.Pp
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To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with,
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.Nm
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will append the real command name to the output within parentheses
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if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector
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does not match the contents of the real command name.
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.Pp
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In addition,
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.Nm
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checks for the following two situations and does not append the
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real command name parenthesized:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It -shellname
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The login process traditionally adds a
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.Sq -
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in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell.
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.Nm
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will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with
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the name in the the first argument of the argument vector, skipping
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the leading
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.Sq - .
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.It daemonname: current-activity
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Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting
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their name to be like ``daemonname: current-activity''.
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.Nm
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will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the
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.Sq \&:
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in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.
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.El
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.Sh KEYWORDS
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The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
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meanings.
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Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
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.It %cpu
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percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
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.It %mem
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percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
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.It acflag
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accounting flag (alias acflg)
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.It command
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command and arguments
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.It cpu
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short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
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.It flags
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the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
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.It inblk
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total blocks read (alias inblock)
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.It jobc
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job control count
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.It holdcnt
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number of holds on the process (if non-zero, process can't be swapped)
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.It ktrace
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tracing flags
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.It ktracep
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tracing vnode
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.It lim
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memoryuse limit
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.It logname
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login name of user who started the process
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.It lstart
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time started
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.It majflt
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total page faults
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.It minflt
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total page reclaims
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.It msgrcv
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total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
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.It msgsnd
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total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
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.It nice
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nice value (alias ni)
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.It nivcsw
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total involuntary context switches
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.It nsigs
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total signals taken (alias nsignals)
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.It nswap
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total swaps in/out
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.It nvcsw
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total voluntary context switches
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.It nwchan
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wait channel (as an address)
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.It oublk
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total blocks written (alias oublock)
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.It p_ru
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resource usage (valid only for zombie)
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.It paddr
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kernel virtual address of the
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.Tn "struct proc"
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belonging to the process.
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.It pagein
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pageins (same as majflt)
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.It pgid
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process group number
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.It pid
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process
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.Tn ID
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.It ppid
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parent process
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.Tn ID
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.It pri
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scheduling priority
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.It re
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core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
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.It rgid
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real group
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.Tn ID
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.It rlink
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reverse link on run queue, or 0
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.It rss
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resident set size
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.It rsz
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resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
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.It ruid
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real user
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.Tn ID
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.It ruser
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user name (from ruid)
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.It sess
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session pointer
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.It sig
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pending signals (alias pending)
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.It sigcatch
|
|
caught signals (alias caught)
|
|
.It sigignore
|
|
ignored signals (alias ignored)
|
|
.It sigmask
|
|
blocked signals (alias blocked)
|
|
.It sl
|
|
sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
|
|
.It start
|
|
time started
|
|
.It state
|
|
symbolic process state (alias stat)
|
|
.It svgid
|
|
saved gid from a setgid executable
|
|
.It svuid
|
|
saved uid from a setuid executable
|
|
.It tdev
|
|
control terminal device number
|
|
.It time
|
|
accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
|
|
.It tpgid
|
|
control terminal process group
|
|
.Tn ID
|
|
.It tsess
|
|
control terminal session pointer
|
|
.It tsiz
|
|
text size (in Kbytes)
|
|
.It tt
|
|
control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
|
|
.It tty
|
|
full name of control terminal
|
|
.It ucomm
|
|
name to be used for accounting
|
|
.It uid
|
|
effective user
|
|
.Tn ID
|
|
.It upr
|
|
scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
|
|
.It user
|
|
user name (from uid)
|
|
.It vsz
|
|
virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
|
|
.It wchan
|
|
wait channel (as a symbolic name)
|
|
.It xstat
|
|
exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm.db -compact
|
|
.It Pa /dev
|
|
special files and device names
|
|
.It Pa /dev/drum
|
|
default swap device
|
|
.It Pa /dev/kmem
|
|
default kernel memory
|
|
.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
|
|
/dev name database
|
|
.It Pa /var/db/kvm.db
|
|
system namelist database
|
|
.It Pa /netbsd
|
|
default system namelist
|
|
.It Pa /proc
|
|
filesystem for obtaining process information
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr kill 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sh 1 ,
|
|
.Xr w 1 ,
|
|
.Xr kvm 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strftime 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mount_procfs 8 ,
|
|
.Xr pstat 8
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
Since
|
|
.Nm
|
|
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
|
|
process, the information it displays can never be exact.
|