273 lines
10 KiB
Perl
273 lines
10 KiB
Perl
.\" Copyright (c) 1983 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)1.2.t 6.11 (Berkeley) 4/17/91
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.\"
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.sh "Memory management\(dg
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.NH 3
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Text, data and stack
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.PP
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.FS
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\(dg This section represents the interface planned for later
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releases of the system. Of the calls described in this section,
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only \fIsbrk\fP and \fIgetpagesize\fP are included in 4.3BSD.
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.FE
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Each process begins execution with three logical areas of memory
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called text, data and stack.
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The text area is read-only and shared, while the data and stack
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areas are private to the process. Both the data and stack areas may
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be extended and contracted on program request. The call
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.DS
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addr = sbrk(incr);
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result caddr_t addr; int incr;
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.DE
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changes the size of the data area by \fIincr\fP bytes and
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returns the new end of the data area, while
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.DS
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addr = sstk(incr);
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result caddr_t addr; int incr;
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.DE
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changes the size of the stack area.
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The stack area is also automatically extended as needed.
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On the VAX the text and data areas are adjacent in the P0 region,
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while the stack section is in the P1 region, and grows downward.
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.NH 3
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Mapping pages
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.PP
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The system supports sharing of data between processes
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by allowing pages to be mapped into memory. These mapped
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pages may be \fIshared\fP with other processes or \fIprivate\fP
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to the process.
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Protection and sharing options are defined in \fI<sys/mman.h>\fP as:
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.DS
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.ta \w'#define\ \ 'u +\w'MAP_HASSEMAPHORE\ \ 'u +\w'0x0080\ \ 'u
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/* protections are chosen from these bits, or-ed together */
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#define PROT_READ 0x04 /* pages can be read */
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#define PROT_WRITE 0x02 /* pages can be written */
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#define PROT_EXEC 0x01 /* pages can be executed */
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.DE
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.DS
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.ta \w'#define\ \ 'u +\w'MAP_HASSEMAPHORE\ \ 'u +\w'0x0080\ \ 'u
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/* flags contain mapping type, sharing type and options */
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/* mapping type; choose one */
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#define MAP_FILE 0x0001 /* mapped from a file or device */
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#define MAP_ANON 0x0002 /* allocated from memory, swap space */
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#define MAP_TYPE 0x000f /* mask for type field */
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.DE
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.DS
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.ta \w'#define\ \ 'u +\w'MAP_HASSEMAPHORE\ \ 'u +\w'0x0080\ \ 'u
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/* sharing types; choose one */
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#define MAP_SHARED 0x0010 /* share changes */
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#define MAP_PRIVATE 0x0000 /* changes are private */
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.DE
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.DS
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.ta \w'#define\ \ 'u +\w'MAP_HASSEMAPHORE\ \ 'u +\w'0x0080\ \ 'u
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/* other flags */
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#define MAP_FIXED 0x0020 /* map addr must be exactly as requested */
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#define MAP_INHERIT 0x0040 /* region is retained after exec */
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#define MAP_HASSEMAPHORE 0x0080 /* region may contain semaphores */
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#define MAP_NOPREALLOC 0x0100 /* do not preallocate space */
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.DE
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The cpu-dependent size of a page is returned by the
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\fIgetpagesize\fP system call:
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.DS
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pagesize = getpagesize();
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result int pagesize;
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.DE
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.LP
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The call:
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.DS
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maddr = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, pos);
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result caddr_t maddr; caddr_t addr; int *len, prot, flags, fd; off_t pos;
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.DE
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causes the pages starting at \fIaddr\fP and continuing
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for at most \fIlen\fP bytes to be mapped from the object represented by
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descriptor \fIfd\fP, starting at byte offset \fIpos\fP.
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The starting address of the region is returned;
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for the convenience of the system,
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it may differ from that supplied
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unless the MAP_FIXED flag is given,
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in which case the exact address will be used or the call will fail.
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The actual amount mapped is returned in \fIlen\fP.
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The \fIaddr\fP, \fIlen\fP, and \fIpos\fP parameters
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must all be multiples of the pagesize.
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A successful \fImmap\fP will delete any previous mapping
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in the allocated address range.
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The parameter \fIprot\fP specifies the accessibility
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of the mapped pages.
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The parameter \fIflags\fP specifies
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the type of object to be mapped,
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mapping options, and
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whether modifications made to
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this mapped copy of the page
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are to be kept \fIprivate\fP, or are to be \fIshared\fP with
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other references.
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Possible types include MAP_FILE,
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mapping a regular file or character-special device memory,
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and MAP_ANON, which maps memory not associated with any specific file.
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The file descriptor used for creating MAP_ANON regions is used only
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for naming, and may be given as \-1 if no name
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is associated with the region.\(dd
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.FS
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\(dd The current design does not allow a process
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to specify the location of swap space.
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In the future we may define an additional mapping type, MAP_SWAP,
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in which the file descriptor argument specifies a file
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or device to which swapping should be done.
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.FE
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The MAP_INHERIT flag allows a region to be inherited after an \fIexec\fP.
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The MAP_HASSEMAPHORE flag allows special handling for
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regions that may contain semaphores.
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The MAP_NOPREALLOC flag allows processes to allocate regions whose
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virtual address space, if fully allocated,
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would exceed the available memory plus swap resources.
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Such regions may get a SIGSEGV signal if they page fault and resources
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are not available to service their request;
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typically they would free up some resources via \fIunmap\fP so that
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when they return from the signal the page
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fault could be successfully completed.
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.PP
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A facility is provided to synchronize a mapped region with the file
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it maps; the call
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.DS
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msync(addr, len);
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caddr_t addr; int len;
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.DE
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writes any modified pages back to the filesystem and updates
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the file modification time.
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If \fIlen\fP is 0, all modified pages within the region containing \fIaddr\fP
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will be flushed;
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if \fIlen\fP is non-zero, only the pages containing \fIaddr\fP and \fIlen\fP
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succeeding locations will be examined.
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Any required synchronization of memory caches
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will also take place at this time.
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Filesystem operations on a file that is mapped for shared modifications
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are unpredictable except after an \fImsync\fP.
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.PP
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A mapping can be removed by the call
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.DS
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munmap(addr, len);
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caddr_t addr; int len;
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.DE
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This call deletes the mappings for the specified address range,
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and causes further references to addresses within the range
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to generate invalid memory references.
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.NH 3
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Page protection control
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.PP
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A process can control the protection of pages using the call
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.DS
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mprotect(addr, len, prot);
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caddr_t addr; int len, prot;
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.DE
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This call changes the specified pages to have protection \fIprot\fP\|.
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Not all implementations will guarantee protection on a page basis;
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the granularity of protection changes may be as large as an entire region.
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.NH 3
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Giving and getting advice
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.PP
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A process that has knowledge of its memory behavior may
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use the \fImadvise\fP call:
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.DS
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madvise(addr, len, behav);
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caddr_t addr; int len, behav;
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.DE
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\fIBehav\fP describes expected behavior, as given
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in \fI<sys/mman.h>\fP:
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.DS
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.ta \w'#define\ \ 'u +\w'MADV_SEQUENTIAL\ \ 'u +\w'00\ \ \ \ 'u
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#define MADV_NORMAL 0 /* no further special treatment */
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#define MADV_RANDOM 1 /* expect random page references */
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#define MADV_SEQUENTIAL 2 /* expect sequential references */
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#define MADV_WILLNEED 3 /* will need these pages */
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#define MADV_DONTNEED 4 /* don't need these pages */
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#define MADV_SPACEAVAIL 5 /* insure that resources are reserved */
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.DE
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Finally, a process may obtain information about whether pages are
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core resident by using the call
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.DS
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mincore(addr, len, vec)
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caddr_t addr; int len; result char *vec;
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.DE
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Here the current core residency of the pages is returned
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in the character array \fIvec\fP, with a value of 1 meaning
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that the page is in-core.
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.NH 3
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Synchronization primitives
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.PP
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Primitives are provided for synchronization using semaphores in shared memory.
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Semaphores must lie within a MAP_SHARED region with at least modes
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PROT_READ and PROT_WRITE.
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The MAP_HASSEMAPHORE flag must have been specified when the region was created.
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To acquire a lock a process calls:
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.DS
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value = mset(sem, wait)
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result int value; semaphore *sem; int wait;
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.DE
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\fIMset\fP indivisibly tests and sets the semaphore \fIsem\fP.
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If the the previous value is zero, the process has acquired the lock
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and \fImset\fP returns true immediately.
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Otherwise, if the \fIwait\fP flag is zero,
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failure is returned.
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If \fIwait\fP is true and the previous value is non-zero,
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\fImset\fP relinquishes the processor until notified that it should retry.
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.LP
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To release a lock a process calls:
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.DS
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mclear(sem)
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semaphore *sem;
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.DE
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\fIMclear\fP indivisibly tests and clears the semaphore \fIsem\fP.
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If the ``WANT'' flag is zero in the previous value,
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\fImclear\fP returns immediately.
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If the ``WANT'' flag is non-zero in the previous value,
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\fImclear\fP arranges for waiting processes to retry before returning.
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.PP
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Two routines provide services analogous to the kernel
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\fIsleep\fP and \fIwakeup\fP functions interpreted in the domain of
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shared memory.
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A process may relinquish the processor by calling \fImsleep\fP
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with a set semaphore:
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.DS
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msleep(sem)
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semaphore *sem;
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.DE
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If the semaphore is still set when it is checked by the kernel,
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the process will be put in a sleeping state
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until some other process issues an \fImwakeup\fP for the same semaphore
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within the region using the call:
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.DS
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mwakeup(sem)
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semaphore *sem;
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.DE
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An \fImwakeup\fP may awaken all sleepers on the semaphore,
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or may awaken only the next sleeper on a queue.
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