456 lines
14 KiB
Groff
456 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)find.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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.\" $Id: find.1,v 1.8 1994/07/18 09:55:31 cgd Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd June 6, 1993
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.Dt FIND 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm find
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.Nd walk a file hierarchy
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm find
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.Op Fl HdhXx
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.Op Fl f Ar file
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.Op Ar file ...
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.Ar expression
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm Find
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recursively descends the directory tree for each
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.Ar file
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listed, evaluating an
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.Ar expression
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(composed of the ``primaries'' and ``operands'' listed below) in terms
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of each file in the tree.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl H
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The
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.Fl H
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option causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 ) ,
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returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
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those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself. File information of all symbolic links not on
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the command line is that of the link itself.
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.It Fl d
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The
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.Fl d
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option causes
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.Nm find
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to perform a depth\-first traversal, i.e. directories
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are visited in post\-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
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on before the directory itself.
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By default,
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.Nm find
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visits directories in pre\-order, i.e. before their contents.
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Note, the default is
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.Ar not
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a breadth\-first traversal.
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.It Fl f
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The
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.Fl f
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option specifies a file hierarchy for
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.Nm find
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to traverse.
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File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
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following the options.
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.It Fl h
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The
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.Fl h
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option causes the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 ) ,
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
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link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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.It Fl X
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The
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.Fl X
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option is a modification to permit
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.Nm
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to be safely used in conjunction with
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.Xr xargs 1 .
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If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
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.Xr xargs ,
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a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
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is skipped.
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The delimiting characters include single (`` ' '') and double (`` " '')
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quotes, backslash (``\e''), space, tab and newline characters.
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.It Fl x
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The
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.Fl x
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option prevents
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.Nm find
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from descending into directories that have a device number different
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than that of the file from which the descent began.
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.El
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.Sh PRIMARIES
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Ic -atime Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm find
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24\-hour periods.
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.It Ic -ctime Ar n
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True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm find
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24\-hour periods.
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.It Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ... ;
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True if the program named
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.Ar utility
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returns a zero value as its exit status.
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Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
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The expression must be terminated by a semicolon (``;'').
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If the string ``{}'' appears anywhere in the utility name or the
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arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
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.Ar Utility
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will be executed from the directory from which
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.Nm find
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was executed.
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.It Ic -fstype Ar type
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True if the file is contained in a file system of type
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.Ar type .
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Two special file system types are recognized: ``local'' and ``rdonly''.
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These do not describe actual file system types;
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the former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
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the
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.Nm find
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is being executed, and the latter matches any file system which is
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mounted read-only.
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.It Ic -group Ar gname
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True if the file belongs to the group
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.Ar gname .
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If
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.Ar gname
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is numeric and there is no such group name, then
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.Ar gname
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is treated as a group id.
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.It Ic -inum Ar n
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True if the file has inode number
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.Ar n .
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.It Ic -links Ar n
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True if the file has
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.Ar n
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links.
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.It Ic -ls
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
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its inode number, size in 512\-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
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links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
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If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
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will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
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If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked\-to file will be
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displayed preceded by ``\->''.
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The format is identical to that produced by ``ls \-dgils''.
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.It Ic -mtime Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
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.Nm find
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24\-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24\-hour periods.
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.It Ic \&-ok Ar utility Ns Op argument ... ;
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The
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.Ic \&-ok
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primary is identical to the
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.Ic -exec
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primary with the exception that
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.Nm find
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requests user affirmation for the execution of the utility by printing
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a message to the terminal and reading a response.
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If the response is other than ``y'' the command is not executed and the
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value of the
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.Ar \&ok
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expression is false.
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.It Ic -name Ar pattern
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True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
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.Ar pattern .
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Special shell pattern matching characters (``['', ``]'', ``*'', and ``?'')
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may be used as part of
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.Ar pattern .
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These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
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backslash (``\e'').
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.It Ic -newer Ar file
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True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
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.Ar file .
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.It Ic -nouser
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True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
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.It Ic -nogroup
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True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
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.It Ic -path Ar pattern
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True if the pathname being examined matches
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.Ar pattern .
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Special shell pattern matching characters (``['', ``]'', ``*'', and ``?'')
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may be used as part of
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.Ar pattern .
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These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
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backslash (``\e'').
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Slashes (``/'') are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
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matched explicitly.
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.It Ic -perm Op Fl Ns Ar mode
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The
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.Ar mode
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may be either symbolic (see
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.Xr chmod 1 )
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or an octal number.
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If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
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mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode
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creation mask.
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If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
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.Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
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.Dv S_ISGID
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.Dv S_ISTXT
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.Dv S_IRWXU
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.Dv S_IRWXG
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.Dv S_IRWXO )
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of the file's mode bits participate
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in the comparison.
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If the mode is preceded by a dash (``\-''), this primary evaluates to true
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if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
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If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if
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the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
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Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash (``\-'').
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.It Ic -print
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
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by a newline character.
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If neither
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.Ic -exec ,
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.Ic -ls ,
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.Ic -ok ,
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nor
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.Ic -print0
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is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
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.Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
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.Ic -print .
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.It Ic -print0
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
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by a null character.
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.It Ic -prune
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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It causes
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.Nm find
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to not descend into the current file.
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Note, the
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.Ic -prune
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primary has no effect if the
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.Fl d
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option was specified.
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.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
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True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512\-byte blocks is
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.Ar n .
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If
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.Ar n
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is followed by a ``c'', then the primary is true if the
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file's size is
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.Ar n
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bytes.
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.It Ic -type Ar t
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True if the file is of the specified type.
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Possible file types are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
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.It Cm b
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block special
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.It Cm c
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character special
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.It Cm d
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directory
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.It Cm f
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regular file
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.It Cm l
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symbolic link
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.It Cm p
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FIFO
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.It Cm s
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socket
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Ic -user Ar uname
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True if the file belongs to the user
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.Ar uname .
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If
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.Ar uname
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is numeric and there is no such user name, then
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.Ar uname
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is treated as a user id.
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.El
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.Pp
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All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
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preceded by a plus sign (``+'') or a minus sign (``\-'').
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A preceding plus sign means ``more than n'', a preceding minus sign means
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``less than n'' and neither means ``exactly n'' .
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.Sh OPERATORS
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The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
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The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
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.Bl -tag -width (expression)
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.It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
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This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
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true.
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.Pp
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.It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
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This is the unary
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.Tn NOT
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operator.
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It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
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.Pp
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.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
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.It Ar expression expression
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The
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.Cm -and
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operator is the logical
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.Tn AND
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operator.
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As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
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have to be specified.
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The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
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The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
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.Pp
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.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
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The
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.Cm -or
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operator is the logical
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.Tn OR
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operator.
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The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
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is true.
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The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
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.El
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.Pp
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All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
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.Nm find .
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Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
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to be a separate argument to
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.Nm find .
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Pp
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The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
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.Bl -tag -width findx
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.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
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Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in ``.c''.
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.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
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Print out a list of all the files owned by user ``wnj'' that are newer
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than the file ``ttt''.
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.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
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Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than ``ttt''
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and owned by ``wnj''.
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.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
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Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by ``wnj'' or
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that are newer than ``ttt''.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr chmod 1 ,
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.Xr locate 1 ,
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.Xr stat 2 ,
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.Xr fts 3 ,
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.Xr getpwent 3 ,
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.Xr getgrent 3 ,
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.Xr strmode 3 ,
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.Xr symlink 7
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm find
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utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
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.St -p1003.2
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standard.
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.Pp
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The options and the
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.Ic -inum ,
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.Ic -follow ,
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.Ic -fstype ,
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.Ic -links ,
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.Ic -ls
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and
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.Ic -print0
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primaries are extensions to
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.St -p1003.2 .
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.Pp
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Historically, the
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.Fl d ,
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.Fl s
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and
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.Fl x
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options were implemented using the primaries ``\-depth'', ``\-follow'',
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and ``\-xdev''.
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These primaries always evaluated to true.
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As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
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began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
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An example is the expression ``\-print \-o \-depth''.
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As \-print always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
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implies that \-depth would never be evaluated.
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This is not the case.
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.Pp
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The operator ``-or'' was implemented as ``\-o'', and the operator ``-and''
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was implemented as ``\-a''.
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.Pp
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Historic implementations of the
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.Ic -exec
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and
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.Ic -ok
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primaries did not replace the string ``{}'' in the utility name or the
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utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
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This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
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it appears.
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.Sh BUGS
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The special characters used by
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.Nm find
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are also special characters to many shell programs.
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In particular, the characters ``*'', ``['', ``]'', ``?'', ``('', ``)'',
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``!'', ``\e'' and ``;'' may have to be escaped from the shell.
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.Pp
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As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
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names and the
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.Ar expression ,
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it is difficult to specify files named ``-xdev'' or ``!''.
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These problems are handled by the
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.Fl f
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option and the
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.Xr getopt 3
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``--'' construct.
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