286 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
286 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
.\" $NetBSD: ms.diffs,v 1.4 2003/08/07 10:30:58 agc Exp $
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993
|
||
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
||
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
||
.\" are met:
|
||
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
||
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
||
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
||
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
||
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
||
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
||
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
||
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
||
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
||
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
||
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
||
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
||
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
||
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
||
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
||
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
||
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
||
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" @(#)ms.diffs 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
|
||
.\"
|
||
.nr LL 6.5i
|
||
.nr FL 6.0i
|
||
.if t .nr PD .5v
|
||
.if t .ds m \u\(ul\dm
|
||
.if n .ds m -m
|
||
.AM
|
||
.OH 'A Revised Version of \*ms''USD:18-%'
|
||
.EH 'USD:18-%''A Revised Version of \*ms'
|
||
.TL
|
||
A Revised Version of \*ms
|
||
.AU
|
||
Bill Tuthill
|
||
.AI
|
||
Computing Services
|
||
University of California
|
||
Berkeley, CA 94720
|
||
.PP
|
||
The \*ms macros have been slightly revised and re\%arranged for the
|
||
Berkeley Unix distribution.
|
||
Because of the rearrangement,
|
||
the new macros can be read by the computer
|
||
in about half the time required by the previous version of \*ms.
|
||
This means that output will begin to appear between ten seconds
|
||
and several minutes more quickly, depending on the system load.
|
||
On long files, however, the savings in total time are not substantial.
|
||
The old version of \*ms is still available as \*mos.
|
||
.PP
|
||
Several bugs in \*ms have been fixed, including
|
||
a bad problem with the .1C macro,
|
||
minor difficulties with boxed text,
|
||
a break induced by .EQ before initialization,
|
||
the failure to set tab stops in displays,
|
||
and several bothersome errors in the \fBrefer\fP macros.
|
||
Macros used only at Bell Laboratories have been removed.
|
||
There are a few extensions to previous \*ms macros,
|
||
and a number of new macros, but all the documented \*ms macros
|
||
still work exactly as they did before, and have the same names as before.
|
||
Output produced with \*ms should look like output produced with \*mos.
|
||
.PP
|
||
One important new feature is automatically numbered footnotes.
|
||
Footnote numbers are printed by means of a pre-defined string
|
||
(\e\(**\(**), which you invoke separately from .FS and .FE.
|
||
Each time it is used, this string increases the footnote number by one,
|
||
whether or not you use .FS and .FE in your text.
|
||
Footnote numbers will be superscripted on the phototypesetter
|
||
and on daisy-wheel terminals, but on low-resolution devices
|
||
(such as the lpr and a crt), they will be bracketed.
|
||
If you use \e\(**\(** to indicate numbered footnotes,
|
||
then the .FS macro will automatically include
|
||
the footnote number at the bottom of the page.
|
||
This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\**
|
||
.DS
|
||
This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\e\(**\(**
|
||
\&.FS
|
||
.sp -.2
|
||
...
|
||
\&.FE
|
||
.DE
|
||
.FS
|
||
If you never use the ``\e\(**\(**'' string,
|
||
no footnote numbers will appear anywhere in the text,
|
||
including down here.
|
||
The output footnotes will look exactly like
|
||
footnotes produced with \*mos.
|
||
.FE
|
||
If you are using \e\(**\(** to number footnotes,
|
||
but want a particular footnote to be marked with an asterisk or a dagger,
|
||
then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \(dg
|
||
.DS
|
||
then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \e(dg
|
||
\&.FS \e(dg
|
||
.sp -.2
|
||
...
|
||
\&.FE
|
||
.DE
|
||
.FS \(dg
|
||
In the footnote, the dagger will appear where the footnote
|
||
number would otherwise appear, as on the left.
|
||
.FE
|
||
Footnote numbering will be temporarily suspended,
|
||
because the \e\(**\(** string is not used.
|
||
Instead of a dagger, you could use an asterisk *
|
||
or double dagger \(dd, represented as \|\e(dd.
|
||
.PP
|
||
Another new feature is a macro for printing theses
|
||
according to Berkeley standards.
|
||
This macro is called .TM, which stands for thesis mode.
|
||
(It is much like the .th macro in \*me.)
|
||
It will put page numbers in the upper right-hand corner;
|
||
number the first page; suppress the date;
|
||
and doublespace everything except quotes, displays, and keeps.
|
||
Use it at the top of each file making up your thesis.
|
||
Calling .TM defines the .CT macro for chapter titles,
|
||
which skips to a new page and moves the pagenumber to the center footer.
|
||
The .P1 (P one) macro can be used even without thesis mode
|
||
to print the header on page 1,
|
||
which is suppressed except in thesis mode.
|
||
If you want roman numeral page numbering,
|
||
use an ``.af\0PN\0i'' request.
|
||
.PP
|
||
There is a new macro especially for bibliography entries,
|
||
called .XP, which stands for exdented paragraph.
|
||
It will exdent the first line of the paragraph by \en(PI units,
|
||
usually 5n (the same as the indent for the first line of a .PP).
|
||
Most bibliographies are printed this way.
|
||
Here are some examples of exdented paragraphs:
|
||
.XP
|
||
Lumley, Lyle S., \fISex in Crustaceans: Shell Fish Habits,\fP\|
|
||
Harbinger Press, Tampa Bay and San Diego, October 1979.
|
||
243 pages.
|
||
The pioneering work in this field.
|
||
.XP
|
||
Leffadinger, Harry A., ``Mollusk Mating Season: 52 Weeks, or All Year?''
|
||
in \fIActa Biologica,\fP\| vol. 42, no. 11, November 1980.
|
||
A provocative thesis, but the conclusions are wrong.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Of course, you will have to take care of
|
||
italicizing the book title and journal,
|
||
and quoting the title of the journal article.
|
||
Indentation or exdentation can be changed
|
||
by setting the value of number register PI.
|
||
.PP
|
||
If you need to produce endnotes rather than footnotes,
|
||
put the references in a file of their own.
|
||
This is similar to what you would do if you were
|
||
typing the paper on a conventional typewriter.
|
||
Note that you can use automatic footnote numbering
|
||
without actually having .FS and .FE pairs in your text.
|
||
If you place footnotes in a separate file,
|
||
you can use .IP macros with \e\(**\(**\| as a hanging tag;
|
||
this will give you numbers at the left-hand margin.
|
||
With some styles of endnotes,
|
||
you would want to use .PP rather than .IP macros,
|
||
and specify \e\(**\(** before the reference begins.
|
||
.PP
|
||
There are four new macros to help produce a table of contents.
|
||
Table of contents entries must be enclosed in .XS and .XE pairs,
|
||
with optional .XA macros for additional entries;
|
||
arguments to .XS and .XA specify the page number,
|
||
to be printed at the right.
|
||
A final .PX macro prints out the table of contents.
|
||
Here is a sample of typical input and output text:
|
||
.DS
|
||
\&.XS ii
|
||
Introduction
|
||
\&.XA 1
|
||
Chapter 1: Review of the Literature
|
||
\&.XA 23
|
||
Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence
|
||
\&.XE
|
||
\&.PX
|
||
.sp .5
|
||
.lt 5.5i
|
||
.tl ''\fBTable of Contents\fP''
|
||
.ta 5i 5.5iR
|
||
.sp
|
||
Introduction ii\|
|
||
Chapter 1: Review of the Literature 1
|
||
Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence 23
|
||
.sp .5
|
||
.DE
|
||
The .XS and .XE pairs may also be used in the text,
|
||
after a section header for instance,
|
||
in which case page numbers are supplied automatically.
|
||
However, most documents that require a table of contents
|
||
are too long to produce in one run,
|
||
which is necessary if this method is to work.
|
||
It is recommended that you do a table of contents
|
||
after finishing your document.
|
||
To print out the table of contents, use the .PX macro;
|
||
if you forget it, nothing will happen.
|
||
.PP
|
||
As an aid in producing text that will format correctly
|
||
with both \fBnroff\fP and \fBtroff\fP,
|
||
there are some new string definitions that define quotation marks
|
||
and dashes for each of these two formatting programs.
|
||
The \e\(**\^\u_\d string will yield two hyphens in \fBnroff\fP,
|
||
but in \fBtroff\fP it will produce an em dash\*-
|
||
like this one.
|
||
The \e\(**Q and \e\(**U strings will produce
|
||
`` and '' in \fBtroff\fP, but " in \fBnroff\fP.
|
||
(In typesetting, the double quote is traditionally considered bad form.)
|
||
.PP
|
||
There are now a large number of optional
|
||
foreign accent marks defined by the \*ms macros.
|
||
All the accent marks available in \*mos are present,
|
||
and they all work just as they always did.
|
||
However, there are better definitions available
|
||
by placing .AM at the beginning of your document.
|
||
Unlike the \*mos accent marks,
|
||
the accent strings should come \fIafter\fP\| the letter being accented.
|
||
Here is a list of the diacritical marks,
|
||
with examples of what they look like.
|
||
.DS
|
||
.ta 2i 3i
|
||
name of accent input output
|
||
\l'3.5i'
|
||
acute accent e\e\(**\' e\*'
|
||
grave accent e\e\(**\` e\*`
|
||
circumflex o\e\(**\d^\u o\*^
|
||
cedilla c\e\(**, c\*,
|
||
tilde n\e\(**\d~\u n\*~
|
||
question \e\(**? \*?
|
||
exclamation \e\(**! \*!
|
||
umlaut u\e\(**: u\*:
|
||
digraph s \e\(**8 \*8
|
||
hac\*vek c\e\(**v c\*v
|
||
macron a\e\(**_ a\*_
|
||
underdot s\e\(**. s\*.
|
||
o-slash o\e\(**/ o\*/
|
||
angstrom a\e\(**o a\*o
|
||
yogh kni\e\(**3t kni\*3t
|
||
Thorn \e\(**(Th \*(Th
|
||
thorn \e\(**(th \*(th
|
||
Eth \e\(**(D- \*(D-
|
||
eth \e\(**(d- \*(d-
|
||
hooked o \e\(**q \*q
|
||
ae ligature \e\(**(ae \*(ae
|
||
AE ligature \e\(**(Ae \*(Ae
|
||
oe ligature \e\(**(oe \*(oe
|
||
OE ligature \e\(**(Oe \*(Oe
|
||
.DE
|
||
If you want to use these new diacritical marks,
|
||
don't forget the .AM at the top of your file.
|
||
Without it, some will not print at all,
|
||
and others will be placed on the wrong letter.
|
||
.PP
|
||
It is also possible to produce custom headers and footers
|
||
that are different on even and odd pages.
|
||
The .OH and .EH macros define odd and even headers,
|
||
while .OF and .EF define odd and even footers.
|
||
Arguments to these four macros are specified as with .tl.
|
||
This document was produced with:
|
||
.DS
|
||
\&.OH \'\ef\^IThe -mx Macros\'\'Page %\ef\^P\'
|
||
\&.EH \'\ef\^IPage %\'\'The -mx Macros\ef\^P\'
|
||
.DE
|
||
Note that it would be a error to have an apostrophe in the header text;
|
||
if you need one, you will have to use a different delimiter
|
||
around the left, center, and right portions of the title.
|
||
You can use any character as a delimiter, provided it doesn't appear
|
||
elsewhere in the argument to .OH, .EH, .OF, or EF.
|
||
.PP
|
||
The \*ms macros work in conjunction with
|
||
the \fBtbl\fR, \fBeqn\fR, and \fBrefer\fR preprocessors.
|
||
Macros to deal with these items are read in only as needed,
|
||
as are the thesis macros (.TM),
|
||
the special accent mark definitions (.AM),
|
||
table of contents macros (.XS and .XE),
|
||
and macros to format the optional cover page.
|
||
The code for the \*ms package lives in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.s,
|
||
and sourced files reside in the directory /usr/ucb/lib/ms.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.tl '''\*(DY'
|