292 lines
7.0 KiB
Groff
292 lines
7.0 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: write.2,v 1.27 2003/08/07 16:44:11 agc Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)write.2 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/2/94
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.\"
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.Dd December 30, 2002
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.Dt WRITE 2
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm write ,
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.Nm writev ,
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.Nm pwrite ,
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.Nm pwritev
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.Nd write output
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In unistd.h
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn write "int d" "const void *buf" "size_t nbytes"
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn pwrite "int d" "const void *buf" "size_t nbytes" "off_t offset"
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.In sys/uio.h
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn writev "int d" "const struct iovec *iov" "int iovcnt"
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.Ft ssize_t
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.Fn pwritev "int d" "const struct iovec *iov" "int iovcnt" "off_t offset"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Fn write
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attempts to write
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.Fa nbytes
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of data to the object referenced by the descriptor
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.Fa d
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from the buffer pointed to by
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.Fa buf .
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.Fn writev
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performs the same action, but gathers the output data
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from the
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.Fa iovcnt
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buffers specified by the members of the
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.Fa iov
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array: iov[0], iov[1], ..., iov[iovcnt\|-\|1].
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.Fn pwrite
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and
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.Fn pwritev
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perform the same functions, but write to the specified position in
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the file without modifying the file pointer.
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.Pp
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For
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.Fn writev
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and
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.Fn pwritev ,
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the
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.Fa iovec
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structure is defined as:
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.Pp
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.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
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struct iovec {
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void *iov_base;
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size_t iov_len;
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Each
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.Fa iovec
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entry specifies the base address and length of an area
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in memory from which data should be written.
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.Fn writev
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and
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.Fn pwritev
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will always write a complete area before proceeding
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to the next.
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.Pp
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On objects capable of seeking, the
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.Fn write
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starts at a position
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given by the pointer associated with
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.Fa d
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(see
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.Xr lseek 2 ) .
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Upon return from
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.Fn write ,
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the pointer is incremented by the number of bytes which were written.
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.Pp
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Objects that are not capable of seeking always write from the current
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position.
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The value of the pointer associated with such an object
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is undefined.
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.Pp
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If the real user is not the super-user, then
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.Fn write
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clears the set-user-id bit on a file.
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This prevents penetration of system security
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by a user who
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.Dq captures
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a writable set-user-id file
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owned by the super-user.
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.Pp
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If
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.Fn write
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succeeds it will update the st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the file's
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meta-data (see
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.Xr stat 2 ) .
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.Pp
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When using non-blocking I/O on objects such as sockets that are subject
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to flow control,
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.Fn write
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and
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.Fn writev
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may write fewer bytes than requested;
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the return value must be noted,
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and the remainder of the operation should be retried when possible.
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.Sh RETURN VALUES
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Upon successful completion the number of bytes which were written
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is returned.
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Otherwise a -1 is returned and the global variable
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.Va errno
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is set to indicate the error.
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.Sh ERRORS
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.Fn write ,
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.Fn writev ,
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.Fn pwrite ,
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and
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.Fn pwritev
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will fail and the file pointer will remain unchanged if:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EBADF
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.Fa d
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is not a valid descriptor open for writing.
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.It Bq Er EPIPE
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An attempt is made to write to a pipe that is not open
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for reading by any process.
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.It Bq Er EPIPE
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An attempt is made to write to a socket of type
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM
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that is not connected to a peer socket.
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.It Bq Er EFBIG
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An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the process's
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file size limit or the maximum file size.
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.It Bq Er EFAULT
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Part of
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.Fa iov
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or data to be written to the file
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points outside the process's allocated address space.
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The pointer associated with
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.Fa d
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was negative.
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The total length of the I/O is more than can be expressed by the ssize_t
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return value.
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.It Bq Er ENOSPC
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There is no free space remaining on the file system
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containing the file.
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.It Bq Er EDQUOT
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The user's quota of disk blocks on the file system
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containing the file has been exhausted.
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.It Bq Er EIO
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An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
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.It Bq Er EINTR
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A signal was received before any data could be written to a slow
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device.
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See
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.Xr sigaction 2
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for more information on the interaction between signals and system
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calls.
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.It Bq Er EAGAIN
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The file was marked for non-blocking I/O,
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and no data could be written immediately.
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.El
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.Pp
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In addition,
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.Fn writev
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and
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.Fn pwritev
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may return one of the following errors:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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.Fa iovcnt
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was less than or equal to 0, or greater than
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.Dv {IOV_MAX} .
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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One of the
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.Fa iov_len
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values in the
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.Fa iov
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array was negative.
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The sum of the
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.Fa iov_len
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values in the
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.Fa iov
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array overflowed a 32-bit integer.
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.El
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.Pp
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.The
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.Fn pwrite
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and
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.Fn pwritev
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calls may also return the following errors:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The specified file offset is invalid.
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.It Bq Er ESPIPE
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The file descriptor is associated with a pipe, socket, or FIFO.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fcntl 2 ,
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.Xr lseek 2 ,
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.Xr open 2 ,
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.Xr pipe 2 ,
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.Xr poll 2 ,
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.Xr select 2 ,
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.Xr sigaction 2
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Fn write
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function is expected to conform to
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.St -p1003.1-88 .
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The
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.Fn writev
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and
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.Fn pwrite
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functions conform to
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.St -xpg4.2 .
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Fn pwritev
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function call
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appeared in
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.Nx 1.4 .
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The
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.Fn pwrite
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function call
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appeared in
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.At V.4 .
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The
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.Fn writev
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function call
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appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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The
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.Fn write
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function call appeared in
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.At v6 .
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.Sh CAVEATS
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Error checks should explicitly test for \-1.
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Code such as
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.Bd -literal
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while ((nr = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
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.Ed
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.Pp
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is not maximally portable, as some platforms allow for
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.Va nbytes
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to range between
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.Dv SSIZE_MAX
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and
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.Dv SIZE_MAX
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\- 2, in which case the return value of an error-free
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.Fn write
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may appear as a negative number distinct from \-1.
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Proper loops should use
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.Bd -literal
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while ((nr = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) != -1 && nr != 0)
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.Ed
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