420 lines
10 KiB
Groff
420 lines
10 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: getopt_long.3,v 1.1 1999/07/23 03:55:27 mcr Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)getopt.3 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/27/95
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.\"
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.Dd November 19, 1998
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.Dt GETOPT_LONG 3
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.Os NetBSD 4.4
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm getopt_long
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.Nd get long options from command line argument list
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Fd #include <unistd.h>
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.Fd #include <getopt.h>
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.Vt struct option {
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.Vt char * name;
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.Vt int has_arg;
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.Vt int * flag;
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.Vt int val;
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.Vt };
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.Vt extern char *optarg;
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.Vt extern int optind;
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.Vt extern int optopt;
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.Vt extern int opterr;
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.Vt extern int optreset;
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.Ft int
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.Fn getopt "int argc" "char * const *argv" "const char *optstring"
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.Ft int
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.Fn getopt_long "int argc" "char * const *argv" "const char *optstring"
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"struct options *long options" "int *index"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Fn getopt
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function incrementally parses a command line argument list
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.Fa argv
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and returns the next
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.Em known
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option character.
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An option character is
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.Em known
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if it has been specified in the string of accepted option characters,
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.Fa optstring .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getopt_long
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function is similar to
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.Fn getopt
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but it accepts options in two forms: words and characters. The
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.Fn getopt_long
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function provides a superset of of the functionality of
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.Fn getopt
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The additional functionality is described in the section GETOPT_LONG.
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.Pp
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The option string
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.Fa optstring
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may contain the following elements: individual characters, and
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characters followed by a colon to indicate an option argument
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is to follow.
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For example, an option string
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.Li "\&""x""
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recognizes an option
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.Dq Fl x ,
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and an option string
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.Li "\&""x:""
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recognizes an option and argument
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.Dq Fl x Ar argument .
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It does not matter to
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.Fn getopt
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if a following argument has leading white space.
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.Pp
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On return from
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.Fn getopt ,
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.Va optarg
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points to an option argument, if it is anticipated,
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and the variable
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.Va optind
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contains the index to the next
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.Fa argv
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argument for a subsequent call
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to
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.Fn getopt .
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The variable
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.Va optopt
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saves the last
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.Em known
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option character returned by
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.Fn getopt .
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.Pp
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The variable
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.Va opterr
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and
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.Va optind
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are both initialized to 1.
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The
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.Va optind
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variable may be set to another value before a set of calls to
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.Fn getopt
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in order to skip over more or less argv entries.
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.Pp
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In order to use
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.Fn getopt
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to evaluate multiple sets of arguments, or to evaluate a single set of
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arguments multiple times,
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the variable
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.Va optreset
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must be set to 1 before the second and each additional set of calls to
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.Fn getopt ,
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and the variable
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.Va optind
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must be reinitialized.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getopt
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function
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returns \-1
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when the argument list is exhausted, or a non-recognized
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option is encountered.
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The interpretation of options in the argument list may be cancelled
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by the option
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.Ql --
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(double dash) which causes
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.Fn getopt
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to signal the end of argument processing and returns \-1.
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When all options have been processed (i.e., up to the first non-option
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argument),
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.Fn getopt
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returns \-1.
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.Sh GETOPT_LONG
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.Pp
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.Fn getopt_long
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can be used in two ways. In the first way, every long option understood
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by the program has a coresponding short option, and the option
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structure is only used to translate from long option to short
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options. When used in this fashion,
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.Fn getopt_long
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behaves identically to
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.Fn getopt.
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This is good way to add long option processing to an existing program
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with the minimum of rewriting.
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.Pp
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In the second mechanism, a long option set a flag in the
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.Fa option
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structure passed, or will store a pointer to the command line argument
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in the
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.Fa option
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structure passed to it for options that take arguments. Additionally,
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the long option's argument may be specified as a single argument with
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an equal sign, e.g
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.Bd -literal
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myprogram --myoption=somevalue
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.Ed
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.Pp
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When a long option is processed the call to
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.Fn getopt_long
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will return 0. For this reason, long option processing without
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shortcuts are not backwards compatible with
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.Fn getopt.
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.Pp
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It is possible to combine these methods, providing for long options
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processing with short option equivalents for some options. Less
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frequently used options would be processed as long options only.
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.Sh USAGE OF GETOPT_LONG
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.Pp
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The
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.Fn getopt_long
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call requires a structure to be initialized describing the long
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options. The structure is:
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.Bd -literal
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struct option {
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char * name;
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int has_arg;
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int * flag;
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int val;
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Fa name
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field should contain the option name without the leading double dash.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fa has_arg
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field should be one of
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.Bl -tag
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.It no_argument
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no argument to the option is expect.
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.It required_argument
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an argument to the option is required.
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.It optional_argument
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an argument to the option may be presented.
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.El
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.Pp
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If
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.Fa flag
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is non-NULL, then the integer pointed to by it will set to the value
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in the
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.Fa val
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field. If the
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.Fa flag
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field is NULL, then the
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.Fa val
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field will be returned. Setting
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.Fa flag
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to NULL and setting
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.Fa val
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to the corresponding short option will make this function act just
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like
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.Fa getopt.
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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If the
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.Fn getopt
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function encounters a character not found in the string
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.Fa optstring
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or detects
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a missing option argument it writes an error message to
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.Va stderr
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and returns
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.Ql ? .
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Setting
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.Va opterr
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to a zero will disable these error messages.
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If
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.Va optstring
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has a leading
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.Ql \&:
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then a missing option argument causes a
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.Ql \&:
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to be returned in addition to suppressing any error messages.
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.Pp
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Option arguments are allowed to begin with
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.Dq Li \- ;
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this is reasonable but
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reduces the amount of error checking possible.
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.Sh GETOPT_LONG
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.Sh EXTENSIONS
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The
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.Va optreset
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variable was added to make it possible to call the
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.Fn getopt
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function multiple times.
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This is an extension to the
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.St -p1003.2
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specification.
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.Sh EXAMPLE
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.Bd -literal -compact
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extern char *optarg;
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extern int optind;
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int bflag, ch, fd;
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bflag = 0;
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while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "bf:")) != -1)
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switch(ch) {
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case 'b':
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bflag = 1;
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break;
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case 'f':
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if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
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(void)fprintf(stderr,
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"myname: %s: %s\en", optarg, strerror(errno));
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exit(1);
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}
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break;
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case '?':
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default:
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usage();
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}
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argc -= optind;
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argv += optind;
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.Ed
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.Sh LONG EXAMPLE
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.Bd -literal -compact
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extern char *optarg;
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extern int optind;
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int bflag, ch, fd;
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int daggerset;
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/* options descriptor */
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static struct option longopts[] =
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{
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{"buffy", no_argument, 0, 'b'},
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{"floride", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
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{"daggerset", no_argument, &daggerset, 1},
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{0, 0, 0, 0}
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};
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bflag = 0;
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while ((ch = getopt_long(argc, argv, "bf:")) != -1)
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switch(ch) {
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case 'b':
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bflag = 1;
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break;
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case 'f':
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if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
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(void)fprintf(stderr,
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"myname: %s: %s\en", optarg, strerror(errno));
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exit(1);
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}
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break;
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case 0:
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if(daggerset) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Buffy will put use her dagger"
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"to apply floride to dracula's teeth");
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}
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break;
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case '?':
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default:
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usage();
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}
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argc -= optind;
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argv += optind;
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.Ed
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Fn getopt
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function appeared
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.Bx 4.3 .
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The
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.Fn getopt_long
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function first appeared in GNU libiberty. This implementation was
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imported to NetBSD from a Kerberos distribution.
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.Sh BUGS
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The
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.Fn getopt
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function was once specified to return
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.Dv EOF
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instead of \-1.
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This was changed by
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.St -p1003.2-92
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to decouple
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.Fn getopt
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from
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.Pa <stdio.h> .
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.Pp
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A single dash
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.Dq Li -
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may be specified as an character in
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.Fa optstring ,
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however it should
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.Em never
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have an argument associated with it.
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This allows
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.Fn getopt
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to be used with programs that expect
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.Dq Li -
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as an option flag.
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This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current development.
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It is provided for backward compatibility
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.Em only .
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By default, a single dash causes
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.Fn getopt
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to return \-1.
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This is, we believe, compatible with System V.
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.Pp
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It is also possible to handle digits as option letters.
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This allows
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.Fn getopt
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to be used with programs that expect a number
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.Pq Dq Li \&-\&3
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as an option.
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This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current development.
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It is provided for backward compatibility
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.Em only .
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The following code fragment works in most cases.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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int length;
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char *p;
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while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "0123456789")) != -1)
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switch (c) {
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case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
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case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
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p = argv[optind - 1];
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if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == ch && !p[2])
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length = atoi(++p);
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else
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length = atoi(argv[optind] + 1);
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break;
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}
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}
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Fa optional_argument
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always eats the following argument unless the argument is included via
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the
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.Em --option=argument
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notation.
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