367 lines
9.5 KiB
Groff
367 lines
9.5 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: disklabel.8,v 1.65 2015/04/29 17:07:11 christos Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)disklabel.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\"
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.Dd April 29, 2015
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.Dt DISKLABEL 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm disklabel
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.Nd read and write disk pack label
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.\" disklabel: read label
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.Nm
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.Op Fl ACDFmrtv
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl M Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.\" disklabel -e: read/modify/write using $EDITOR
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl CDFImrv
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl M Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.\" disklabel -i: read/modify/write using builtin commands
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.Nm
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.Fl i
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.Op Fl DFImrv
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl M Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.\" disklabel -R: write from edited output
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl DFmrv
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl M Ar machine
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.Ar disk Ar protofile
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.\" disklabel -w: write from disctab entry
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl DFmrv
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl M Ar machine
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.Op Fl f Ar disktab
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.Ar disk Ar disktype
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.Oo Ar packid Oc
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.\" disklabel -NW: disallow/allow writes to the label sector
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.Nm
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.Op Fl NW
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.Ar disk
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.\" disklabel -l: list all know file system types
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.Nm
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.Fl l
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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can be used to install, examine, or modify the label on a disk drive or pack.
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When writing the label, it can be used to change the drive identification,
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the disk partitions on the drive, or to replace a damaged label.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl e , i , l , R , w , N ,
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and
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.Fl W
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options determine the basic operation.
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If none are specified the label
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is displayed.
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl e
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Edit the existing label (using
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.Ev EDITOR )
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and write it back to the disk.
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If
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.Ev EDITOR
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is undefined, then
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.Xr vi 1
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is used.
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.It Fl i
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Interactively update the existing label and write it back to the disk.
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.It Fl l
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Show all known file system types (those that can be specified along a
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partition within the label) and exit.
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.It Fl R
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Write (restore) a label by reading it from
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.Ar protofile .
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The file should be in the same format as the default output.
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.It Fl w
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Write a standard label for the specified
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.Ar disktype .
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See
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.Xr disktab 5 .
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.It Fl N
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Disallow writes to the disk sector that contains the label.
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This is the default state.
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.It Fl W
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Allow writes to the disk sector that contains the label.
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This state may not persist if no programs have the disk open.
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.El
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.Pp
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The majority of the rest of the options affect more than one form of the
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command:
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl A
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Read all labels from the disk, including ones deleted with
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.Nm
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.Fl D .
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Implies
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.Fl r .
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.It Fl B Ar endian
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Specify the byteorder of the label to be written.
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It should be:
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.Dq be
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or
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.Dq le .
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.It Fl C
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Output the partition offset and size values in
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.Aq cylinder/head/sector
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format.
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Note this format is always accepted on input with either the
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.Fl e
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or
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.Fl R
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flags.
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.It Fl D
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Delete all existing labels (by 1's complementing the magic number) before
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writing any labels to their default location.
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Implies
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.Fl r .
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If
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.Fl D
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is specified without a request to write the label, then existing labels are
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just deleted.
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.It Fl F
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Treat
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.Ar disk
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as a regular file.
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This suppresses all
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.Xr ioctl 2
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calls, and is the default if
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.Ar disk
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is a regular file.
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.Ar disk
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is always opened using
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.Xr opendisk 3
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even if
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.Fl F
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is specified.
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Implies
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.Fl r .
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.It Fl I
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If a label cannot be read from
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.Ar disk
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request the default one from the kernel.
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Implies
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.Fl r .
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.It Fl f Ar disktab
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Specify the name of a file to use instead of
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.Pa /etc/disktab .
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.It Fl M Ar machine
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Specify the machine to generate a label for.
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Defaults to the current machine it is compiled for.
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.It Fl m
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expect the label to have an MBR.
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.It Fl r
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Read/write the disk directly rather than using
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.Xr ioctl 2
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requests on the kernel.
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When writing a label, the kernel will be told about the label before the
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label is written and asked to write afterwards.
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This is the historic behaviour and can be supressed by specifying
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.Fl F .
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.It Fl t
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Format the output as a
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.Xr disktab 5
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entry.
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.It Fl v
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Be verbose about the operations being done, in particular the disk sectors
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being read and written.
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Specifying
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.Fl v
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more than once will increase the verbosity.
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.El
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.Pp
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On systems that expect to have disks with MBR partitions (see
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.Xr fdisk 8 )
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.Nm
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will find, and update if requested, labels in the first 8k of type 169
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.Pq Nx
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MBR labels and within the first 8k of the physical disk.
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On other systems
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.Nm
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will only look at the start of the disk.
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The offset at which the labels are written is also system dependent.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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will detect byteswapped labels, but currently cannot display them.
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.Pp
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Previous versions of
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.Nm
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could update the bootstrap code on some architectures.
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This functionality has been subsumed by
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.Xr installboot 8 .
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/disktab -compact
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.It Pa /etc/disktab
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.El
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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The exit status of
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.Nm
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is set to indicate any errors or warnings.
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The values used are:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It 0
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The
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.Nm
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utility has completed successfully.
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.It 1
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A fatal error has occurred, such as unknown options passed on the
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command line, or writing the disklabel failed.
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.It 4
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An I/O error of some sort occurred.
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.It 101..n
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One or more warnings occured while reading the disklabel.
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Subtract 100 to get the number of warnings detected.
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Dl Ic disklabel sd0
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.Pp
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Display the in-core label for sd0 as obtained via
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.Pa /dev/rsd0c .
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.Pp
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.Dl Ic disklabel -i -r sd0
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.Pp
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Read the on-disk label for sd0, edit it using the built-in interactive editor and reinstall in-core as well
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as on-disk.
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.Pp
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.Dl Ic disklabel -i -I sd0
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.Pp
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As previous, but don't fail if there was no label on the disk yet;
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provide some default values instead.
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.Pp
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.Dl Ic disklabel -e -I sd0
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.Pp
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As previous, only edit using $EDITOR
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.Pp
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.Dl Ic disklabel -w -r /dev/rsd0c sd2212 foo
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.Pp
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Create a label for sd0 based on information for
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.Dq sd2212
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found in
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.Pa /etc/disktab ,
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using
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.Pa foo
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as the disk pack label.
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If you do not have an entry for your disk in
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.Pa /etc/disktab ,
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you can use this style to put
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an initial label onto a new disk.
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Then dump the label to a file (using
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.Ic disklabel sd0 \*[Gt] protofile ) ,
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editing the file, and replacing the label with
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.Ic disklabel -R sd0 protofile .
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.Pp
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.Dl Ic disklabel -R sd0 mylabel
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.Pp
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Restore the on-disk and in-core label for sd0 from information in
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.Pa mylabel .
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition
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to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open.
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Some device drivers create a label containing only a single large partition
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if a disk is unlabeled; thus, the label must be written to the
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.Dq a
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partition of the disk while it is open.
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This sometimes requires the desired label to be set in two steps,
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the first one creating at least one other partition,
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and the second setting the label on the new partition
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while shrinking the
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.Dq a
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partition.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr opendisk 3 ,
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.Xr disklabel 5 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr dkctl 8 ,
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.Xr fdisk 8 ,
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.Xr gpt 8 ,
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.Xr installboot 8 ,
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.Xr mbrlabel 8 ,
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.Xr mscdlabel 8
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.Sh BUGS
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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structure stored on disk cannot support partitions/disks greater than 2TB.
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Please use
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.Xr gpt 8
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and
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.Xr dkctl 8
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to manage partitions and disks larger than 2TB.
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.Pp
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If the disk partition is not specified in the disk name
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(i.e.,
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.Ar xy0
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instead of
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.Ar /dev/rxy0c ) ,
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.Nm
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will construct the full pathname of the disk and use the
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.Dq d
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partition on i386, hpcmips, or arc, and the
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.Dq c
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partition on all others.
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.Pp
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On the sparc, sparc64, sun2, and sun3
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.Nx
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systems, the size of each partition must be a multiple of the number
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of sectors per cylinder (i.e., each partition must be an integer
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number of cylinders), or the boot ROMs will declare the label
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invalid and fail to boot the system.
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.Pp
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In addition, the
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.Fl r
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option should never be used on a sparc, sparc64, sun2, or sun3 system
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boot disk - the
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.Nx
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kernel translates the
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.Nx
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disk label into a SunOS compatible format (which is required by the
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boot PROMs) when it writes the label.
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Using the
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.Fl r
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flag causes
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.Nm
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to write directly to disk, and bypass the format translation.
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This will result in a disk label that the PROMs will not recognize,
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and that therefore cannot be booted from.
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