NetBSD/libexec/ftpd/ftpd.8

.\"	$NetBSD: ftpd.8,v 1.79 2008/01/30 02:16:35 lukem Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2008 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
.\" by Luke Mewburn.
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.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\"     @(#)ftpd.8	8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
.\"
.Dd January 30, 2008
.Dt FTPD 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ftpd
.Nd
Internet File Transfer Protocol server
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl 46DdHlnQqrsUuWwX
.Op Fl a Ar anondir
.Op Fl C Ar user
.Op Fl c Ar confdir
.Op Fl e Ar emailaddr
.Op Fl h Ar hostname
.Op Fl L Ar xferlogfile
.Op Fl P Ar dataport
.Op Fl V Ar version
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
is the Internet File Transfer Protocol server process.
The server uses the
.Tn TCP
protocol and listens at the port specified in the
.Dq ftp
service specification; see
.Xr services 5 .
.Pp
Available options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl 4
When
.Fl D
is specified, bind to IPv4 addresses only.
.It Fl 6
When
.Fl D
is specified, bind to IPv6 addresses only.
.It Fl a Ar anondir
Define
.Ar anondir
as the directory to
.Xr chroot 2
into for anonymous logins.
Default is the home directory for the ftp user.
This can also be specified with the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
.Sy chroot
directive.
.It Fl C Ar user
Check whether
.Ar user
would be granted access under
the restrictions given in
.Xr ftpusers 5
and exit without attempting a connection.
.Nm
exits with an exit code of 0 if access would be granted, or 1 otherwise.
This can be useful for testing configurations.
.It Fl c Ar confdir
Change the root directory of the configuration files from
.Dq Pa /etc
to
.Ar confdir .
This changes the directory for the following files:
.Pa /etc/ftpchroot ,
.Pa /etc/ftpusers ,
.Pa /etc/ftpwelcome ,
.Pa /etc/motd ,
and the file specified by the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
.Sy limit
directive.
.It Fl D
Run as daemon.
.Nm
will listen on the default FTP port for incoming connections
and fork a child for each connection.
This is lower overhead than starting
.Nm
from
.Xr inetd 8
and thus might be useful on busy servers to reduce load.
.It Fl d
Debugging information is written to the syslog using a facility of
.Dv LOG_FTP .
.It Fl e Ar emailaddr
Use
.Ar emailaddr
for the
.Dq "\&%E"
escape sequence (see
.Sx Display file escape sequences )
.It Fl H
Equivalent to
.Do
-h
`hostname`
.Dc .
.It Fl h Ar hostname
Explicitly set the hostname to advertise as to
.Ar hostname .
The default is the hostname associated with the IP address that
.Nm
is listening on.
This ability (with or without
.Fl h ) ,
in conjunction with
.Fl c Ar confdir ,
is useful when configuring
.Sq virtual
.Tn FTP
servers, each listening on separate addresses as separate names.
Refer to
.Xr inetd.conf 5
for more information on starting services to listen on specific IP addresses.
.It Fl L Ar xferlogfile
Log
.Tn wu-ftpd
style
.Sq xferlog
entries to
.Ar xferlogfile .
.It Fl l
Each successful and failed
.Tn FTP
session is logged using syslog with a facility of
.Dv LOG_FTP .
If this option is specified more than once, the retrieve (get), store (put),
append, delete, make directory, remove directory and rename operations and
their file name arguments are also logged.
.It Fl n
Don't attempt translation of IP addresses to hostnames.
.It Fl P Ar dataport
Use
.Ar dataport
as the data port, overriding the default of using the port one less
that the port
.Nm
is listening on.
.It Fl Q
Disable the use of pid files for keeping track of the number of logged-in
users per class.
This may reduce the load on heavily loaded
.Tn FTP
servers.
.It Fl q
Enable the use of pid files for keeping track of the number of logged-in
users per class.
This is the default.
.It Fl r
Permanently drop root privileges once the user is logged in.
The use of this option may result in the server using a port other
than the (listening-port - 1) for
.Sy PORT
style commands, which is contrary to the
.Cm RFC 959
specification, but in practice very few clients rely upon this behaviour.
See
.Sx SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
below for more details.
.It Fl s
Require a secure authentication mechanism like Kerberos or S/Key to be used.
.It Fl U
Don't log each concurrent
.Tn FTP
session to
.Pa /var/run/utmp .
This is the default.
.It Fl u
Log each concurrent
.Tn FTP
session to
.Pa /var/run/utmp ,
making them visible to commands such as
.Xr who 1 .
.It Fl V Ar version
Use
.Ar version
as the version to advertise in the login banner and in the output of
.Sy STAT
and
.Sy SYST
instead of the default version information.
If
.Ar version
is empty or
.Sq -
then don't display any version information.
.It Fl W
Don't log each
.Tn FTP
session to
.Pa /var/log/wtmp .
.It Fl w
Log each
.Tn FTP
session to
.Pa /var/log/wtmp ,
making them visible to commands such as
.Xr last 1 .
This is the default.
.It Fl X
Log
.Tn wu-ftpd
style
.Sq xferlog
entries to the syslog, prefixed with
.Dq "xferlog:\ " ,
using a facility of
.Dv LOG_FTP .
These syslog entries can be converted to a
.Tn wu-ftpd
style
.Pa xferlog
file suitable for input into a third-party log analysis tool with a command
similar to:
.Dl "grep 'xferlog: ' /var/log/xferlog | \e"
.Dl "\ \ \ sed -e 's/^.*xferlog: //' \*[Gt] wuxferlog"
.El
.Pp
The file
.Pa /etc/nologin
can be used to disable
.Tn FTP
access.
If the file exists,
.Nm
displays it and exits.
If the file
.Pa /etc/ftpwelcome
exists,
.Nm
prints it before issuing the
.Dq ready
message.
If the file
.Pa /etc/motd
exists (under the chroot directory if applicable),
.Nm
prints it after a successful login.
This may be changed with the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
directive
.Sy motd .
.Pp
The
.Nm
server currently supports the following
.Tn FTP
requests.
The case of the requests is ignored.
.Bl -column "Request" -offset indent
.It Sy Request Ta Sy Description
.It ABOR Ta "abort previous command"
.It ACCT Ta "specify account (ignored)"
.It ALLO Ta "allocate storage (vacuously)"
.It APPE Ta "append to a file"
.It CDUP Ta "change to parent of current working directory"
.It CWD Ta "change working directory"
.It DELE Ta "delete a file"
.It EPSV Ta "prepare for server-to-server transfer"
.It EPRT Ta "specify data connection port"
.It FEAT Ta "list extra features that are not defined in" Cm "RFC 959"
.It HELP Ta "give help information"
.It LIST Ta "give list files in a directory" Pq Dq Li "ls -lA"
.It LPSV Ta "prepare for server-to-server transfer"
.It LPRT Ta "specify data connection port"
.It MLSD Ta "list contents of directory in a machine-processable form"
.It MLST Ta "show a pathname in a machine-processable form"
.It MKD Ta "make a directory"
.It MDTM Ta "show last modification time of file"
.It MODE Ta "specify data transfer" Em mode
.It NLST Ta "give name list of files in directory"
.It NOOP Ta "do nothing"
.It OPTS Ta "define persistent options for a given command"
.It PASS Ta "specify password"
.It PASV Ta "prepare for server-to-server transfer"
.It PORT Ta "specify data connection port"
.It PWD Ta "print the current working directory"
.It QUIT Ta "terminate session"
.It REST Ta "restart incomplete transfer"
.It RETR Ta "retrieve a file"
.It RMD Ta "remove a directory"
.It RNFR Ta "specify rename-from file name"
.It RNTO Ta "specify rename-to file name"
.It SITE Ta "non-standard commands (see next section)"
.It SIZE Ta "return size of file"
.It STAT Ta "return status of server"
.It STOR Ta "store a file"
.It STOU Ta "store a file with a unique name"
.It STRU Ta "specify data transfer" Em structure
.It SYST Ta "show operating system type of server system"
.It TYPE Ta "specify data transfer" Em type
.It USER Ta "specify user name"
.It XCUP Ta "change to parent of current working directory (deprecated)"
.It XCWD Ta "change working directory (deprecated)"
.It XMKD Ta "make a directory (deprecated)"
.It XPWD Ta "print the current working directory (deprecated)"
.It XRMD Ta "remove a directory (deprecated)"
.El
.Pp
The following non-standard or
.Ux
specific commands are supported by the SITE request.
.Pp
.Bl -column Request -offset indent
.It Sy Request Ta Sy Description
.It CHMOD Ta "change mode of a file, e.g. ``SITE CHMOD 755 filename''"
.It HELP Ta "give help information."
.It IDLE Ta "set idle-timer, e.g. ``SITE IDLE 60''"
.It RATEGET Ta "set maximum get rate throttle in bytes/second, e.g. ``SITE RATEGET 5k''"
.It RATEPUT Ta "set maximum put rate throttle in bytes/second, e.g. ``SITE RATEPUT 5k''"
.It UMASK Ta "change umask, e.g. ``SITE UMASK 002''"
.El
.Pp
The following
.Tn FTP
requests (as specified in
.Cm RFC 959
and
.Cm RFC 2228 )
are recognized, but are not implemented:
.Sy ACCT ,
.Sy ADAT ,
.Sy AUTH ,
.Sy CCC ,
.Sy CONF ,
.Sy ENC ,
.Sy MIC ,
.Sy PBSZ ,
.Sy PROT ,
.Sy REIN ,
and
.Sy SMNT .
.Pp
The
.Nm
server will abort an active file transfer only when the
.Sy ABOR
command is preceded by a Telnet "Interrupt Process" (IP)
signal and a Telnet "Synch" signal in the command Telnet stream,
as described in Internet
.Cm RFC 959 .
If a
.Sy STAT
command is received during a data transfer, preceded by a Telnet IP
and Synch, transfer status will be returned.
.Pp
.Nm
interprets file names according to the
.Dq globbing
conventions used by
.Xr csh 1 .
This allows users to use the metacharacters
.Dq Li \&*?[]{}~ .
.Ss User authentication
.Nm
authenticates users according to five rules.
.Pp
.Bl -enum -offset indent
.It
The login name must be in the password data base,
.Pa /etc/pwd.db ,
and not have a null password.
In this case a password must be provided by the client before any
file operations may be performed.
If the user has an S/Key key, the response from a successful
.Sy USER
command will include an S/Key challenge.
The client may choose to respond with a
.Sy PASS
command giving either
a standard password or an S/Key one-time password.
The server will automatically determine which type of password it
has been given and attempt to authenticate accordingly.
See
.Xr skey 1
for more information on S/Key authentication.
S/Key is a Trademark of Bellcore.
.It
The login name must be allowed based on the information in
.Xr ftpusers 5 .
.It
The user must have a standard shell returned by
.Xr getusershell 3 .
If the user's shell field in the password database is empty, the
shell is assumed to be
.Pa /bin/sh .
As per
.Xr shells 5 ,
the user's shell must be listed with full path in
.Pa /etc/shells .
.It
If directed by the file
.Xr ftpchroot 5
the session's root directory will be changed by
.Xr chroot 2
to the directory specified in the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
.Sy chroot
directive (if set),
or to the home directory of the user.
This facility may also be triggered by enabling the boolean
.Sy ftp-chroot
in
.Xr login.conf 5 .
However, the user must still supply a password.
This feature is intended as a compromise between a fully anonymous account
and a fully privileged account.
The account should also be set up as for an anonymous account.
.It
If the user name is
.Dq anonymous
or
.Dq ftp ,
an
anonymous
.Tn FTP
account must be present in the password
file (user
.Dq ftp ) .
In this case the user is allowed
to log in by specifying any password (by convention an email address for
the user should be used as the password).
.Pp
The server performs a
.Xr chroot 2
to the directory specified in the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
.Sy chroot
directive (if set),
the
.Fl a Ar anondir
directory (if set),
or to the home directory of the
.Dq ftp
user.
.Pp
The server then performs a
.Xr chdir 2
to the directory specified in the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
.Sy homedir
directive (if set), otherwise to
.Pa / .
.Pp
If other restrictions are required (such as disabling of certain
commands and the setting of a specific umask), then appropriate
entries in
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
are required.
.Pp
If the first character of the password supplied by an anonymous user
is
.Dq - ,
then the verbose messages displayed at login and upon a
.Sy CWD
command are suppressed.
.El
.Ss Display file escape sequences
When
.Nm
displays various files back to the client (such as
.Pa /etc/ftpwelcome
and
.Pa /etc/motd ) ,
various escape strings are replaced with information pertinent
to the current connection.
.Pp
The supported escape strings are:
.Bl -tag -width "Escape" -offset indent -compact
.It Sy "Escape"
.Sy Description
.It "\&%c"
Class name.
.It "\&%C"
Current working directory.
.It "\&%E"
Email address given with
.Fl e .
.It "\&%L"
Local hostname.
.It "\&%M"
Maximum number of users for this class.
Displays
.Dq unlimited
if there's no limit.
.It "\&%N"
Current number of users for this class.
.It "\&%R"
Remote hostname.
.It "\&%s"
If the result of the most recent
.Dq "\&%M"
or
.Dq "\&%N"
was not
.Dq Li 1 ,
print an
.Dq s .
.It "\&%S"
If the result of the most recent
.Dq "\&%M"
or
.Dq "\&%N"
was not
.Dq Li 1 ,
print an
.Dq S .
.It "\&%T"
Current time.
.It "\&%U"
User name.
.It "\&%\&%"
A
.Dq \&%
character.
.El
.Ss Setting up a restricted ftp subtree
In order that system security is not breached, it is recommended
that the
subtrees for the
.Dq ftp
and
.Dq chroot
accounts be constructed with care, following these rules
(replace
.Dq ftp
in the following directory names
with the appropriate account name for
.Sq chroot
users):
.Bl -tag -width "~ftp/incoming" -offset indent
.It Pa ~ftp
Make the home directory owned by
.Dq root
and unwritable by anyone.
.It Pa ~ftp/bin
Make this directory owned by
.Dq root
and unwritable by anyone (mode 555).
Generally any conversion commands should be installed
here (mode 111).
.It Pa ~ftp/etc
Make this directory owned by
.Dq root
and unwritable by anyone (mode 555).
The files
.Pa pwd.db
(see
.Xr passwd 5 )
and
.Pa group
(see
.Xr group 5 )
must be present for the
.Sy LIST
command to be able to display owner and group names instead of numbers.
The password field in
.Xr passwd 5
is not used, and should not contain real passwords.
The file
.Pa motd ,
if present, will be printed after a successful login.
These files should be mode 444.
.It Pa ~ftp/pub
This directory and the subdirectories beneath it should be owned
by the users and groups responsible for placing files in them,
and be writable only by them (mode 755 or 775).
They should
.Em not
be owned or writable by ftp or its group.
.It Pa ~ftp/incoming
This directory is where anonymous users place files they upload.
The owners should be the user
.Dq ftp
and an appropriate group.
Members of this group will be the only users with access to these
files after they have been uploaded; these should be people who
know how to deal with them appropriately.
If you wish anonymous
.Tn FTP
users to be able to see the names of the
files in this directory the permissions should be 770, otherwise
they should be 370.
.Pp
The following
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
directives should be used:
.Dl "modify guest off"
.Dl "umask  guest 0707"
.Dl "upload guest on"
.Pp
This will result in anonymous users being able to upload files to this
directory, but they will not be able to download them, delete them, or
overwrite them, due to the umask and disabling of the commands mentioned
above.
.It Pa ~ftp/tmp
This directory is used to create temporary files which contain
the error messages generated by a conversion or
.Sy LIST
command.
The owner should be the user
.Dq ftp .
The permissions should be 300.
.Pp
If you don't enable conversion commands, or don't want anonymous users
uploading files here (see
.Pa ~ftp/incoming
above), then don't create this directory.
However, error messages from conversion or
.Sy LIST
commands won't be returned to the user.
(This is the traditional behaviour.)
Note that the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
directive
.Sy upload
can be used to prevent users uploading here.
.El
.Pp
To set up "ftp-only" accounts that provide only
.Tn FTP ,
but no valid shell
login, you can copy/link
.Pa /sbin/nologin
to
.Pa /sbin/ftplogin ,
and enter
.Pa /sbin/ftplogin
to
.Pa /etc/shells
to allow logging-in via
.Tn FTP
into the accounts, which must have
.Pa /sbin/ftplogin
as login shell.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /etc/ftpwelcome -compact
.It Pa /etc/ftpchroot
List of normal users whose root directory should be changed via
.Xr chroot 2 .
.It Pa /etc/ftpd.conf
Configure file conversions and other settings.
.It Pa /etc/ftpusers
List of unwelcome/restricted users.
.It Pa /etc/ftpwelcome
Welcome notice before login.
.It Pa /etc/motd
Welcome notice after login.
.It Pa /etc/nologin
If it exists, displayed and access is refused.
.It Pa /var/run/ftpd.pids-CLASS
State file of logged-in processes for the
.Nm
class
.Sq CLASS .
.It Pa /var/run/utmp
List of logged-in users on the system.
.It Pa /var/log/wtmp
Login history database.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr ftp 1 ,
.Xr skey 1 ,
.Xr who 1 ,
.Xr getusershell 3 ,
.Xr ftpchroot 5 ,
.Xr ftpd.conf 5 ,
.Xr ftpusers 5 ,
.Xr login.conf 5 ,
.Xr syslogd 8
.Sh STANDARDS
.Nm
recognizes all commands in
.Cm RFC 959 ,
follows the guidelines in
.Cm RFC 1123 ,
recognizes all commands in
.Cm RFC 2228
(although they are not supported yet),
and supports the extensions from
.Cm RFC 2389 ,
.Cm RFC 2428 ,
and
.Cm RFC 3659 .
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
command appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
.Pp
Various features such as the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
functionality,
.Cm RFC 2389 ,
and
.Cm RFC 3659
support was implemented in
.Nx 1.3
and later releases by Luke Mewburn.
.Sh BUGS
The server must run as the super-user to create sockets with
privileged port numbers (i.e, those less than
.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED ,
which is 1024).
If
.Nm
is listening on a privileged port
it maintains an effective user id of the logged in user, reverting
to the super-user only when binding addresses to privileged sockets.
The
.Fl r
option can be used to override this behaviour and force privileges to
be permanently revoked; see
.Sx SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
below for more details.
.Pp
.Nm
may have trouble handling connections from scoped IPv6 addresses, or
IPv4 mapped addresses
.Po
IPv4 connection on
.Dv AF_INET6
socket
.Pc .
For the latter case, running two daemons,
one for IPv4 and one for IPv6, will avoid the problem.
.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
.Cm RFC 959
provides no restrictions on the
.Sy PORT
command, and this can lead to security problems, as
.Nm
can be fooled into connecting to any service on any host.
With the
.Dq checkportcmd
feature of the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5 ,
.Sy PORT
commands with different host addresses, or TCP ports lower than
.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
will be rejected.
This also prevents
.Sq third-party proxy ftp
from working.
Use of this option is
.Em strongly
recommended, and enabled by default.
.Pp
By default
.Nm
uses a port that is one less than the port it is listening on to
communicate back to the client for the
.Sy EPRT ,
.Sy LPRT ,
and
.Sy PORT
commands, unless overridden with
.Fl P Ar dataport .
As the default port for
.Nm
(21) is a privileged port below
.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED ,
.Nm
retains the ability to switch back to root privileges to bind these
ports.
In order to increase security by reducing the potential for a bug in
.Nm
providing a remote root compromise,
.Nm
will permanently drop root privileges if one of the following is true:
.Bl -enum -offset indent
.It
.Nm
is running on a port greater than
.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
and the user has logged in as a
.Sq guest
or
.Sq chroot
user.
.It
.Nm
was invoked with
.Fl r .
.El
.Pp
Don't create
.Pa ~ftp/tmp
if you don't want anonymous users to upload files there.
That directory is only necessary if you want to display the error
messages of conversion commands to the user.
Note that if uploads are disabled with the
.Xr ftpd.conf 5
directive
.Sy upload ,
then this directory cannot be abused by the user in this way, so it
should be safe to create.
.Pp
To avoid possible denial-of-service attacks,
.Sy SIZE
requests against files larger than 10240 bytes will be denied if
the current transfer
.Sy TYPE
is
.Sq Li A 
(ASCII).