584 lines
15 KiB
Groff
584 lines
15 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.72 2024/05/08 15:57:56 christos Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
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.\" Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
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.\" or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
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.\" written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.Dd May 8, 2024
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.Dt MAKEFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm makefs
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.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl LrxZ
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks
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.Op Fl d Ar debug-mask
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.Op Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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.Op Fl f Ar free-files
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.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size
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.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size
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.Op Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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.Op Fl O Ar offset
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.Op Fl o Ar fs-options
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl s Ar image-size
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.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
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.Op Fl t Ar fs-type
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.Ar image-file
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.Ar directory
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.Op Ar extra-directory ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The utility
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.Nm
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creates a file system image into
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.Ar image-file
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from the directory tree
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.Ar directory .
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If any optional directory trees are passed in the
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.Ar extra-directory
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arguments, then the directory tree of each argument will be merged
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into the
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.Ar directory
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first before creating
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.Ar image-file .
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No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl B Ar endian
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Set the byte order of the image to
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.Ar endian .
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Valid byte orders are
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.Ql 4321 ,
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.Ql big ,
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or
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.Ql be
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for big endian, and
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.Ql 1234 ,
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.Ql little ,
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or
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.Ql le
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for little endian.
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Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this
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argument will be ignored.
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.It Fl b Ar free-blocks
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-blocks
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free blocks exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-blocks
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl d Ar debug-mask
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Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
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set in
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.Ar debug-mask .
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XXX: document these
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.It Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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Use
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.Ar mtree-specfile
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as an
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.Xr mtree 8
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.Sq specfile
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specification.
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.Pp
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If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its
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permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically
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overridden by the specfile.
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An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile
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conflicts with that of an existing entry.
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.Pp
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In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry
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in the underlying file system) the following occurs:
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If the specfile entry is marked
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.Sy optional ,
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the specfile entry is ignored.
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Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is
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necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the
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specfile:
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.Sy type ,
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.Sy mode ,
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.Sy gname ,
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or
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.Sy gid ,
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and
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.Sy uname
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or
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.Sy uid ,
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.Sy device
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(in the case of block or character devices), and
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.Sy link
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(in the case of symbolic links).
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If
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.Sy time
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isn't provided, the current time will be used.
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If
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.Sy flags
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isn't provided, the current file flags will be used.
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Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files.
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.It Fl f Ar free-files
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-files
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free files (inodes) exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-files
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl L
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All symbolic links are followed.
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.It Fl M Ar minimum-size
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Set the minimum size of the file system image to
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.Ar minimum-size .
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.It Fl m Ar maximum-size
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Set the maximum size of the file system image to
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.Ar maximum-size .
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An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
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than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
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.It Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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Use the user database text file
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.Pa master.passwd
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and group database text file
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.Pa group
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from
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.Ar userdb-dir ,
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rather than using the results from the system's
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.Xr getpwnam 3
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and
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.Xr getgrnam 3
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(and related) library calls.
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.It Fl O Ar offset
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Instead of creating the file system at the beginning of the file, start
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at offset.
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Valid only for
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos .
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.It Fl o Ar fs-options
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Set file system specific options.
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.Ar fs-options
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is a comma separated list of options.
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Valid file system specific options are detailed below.
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.It Fl r
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When merging multiple directories replace duplicate files with the last found.
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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Set the file system sector size to
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.Ar sector-size .
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Defaults to 512 for most file systems, but is 2048 for
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.Sy cd9660
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and
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.Sy udf
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for CD/DVD/BD optical media types.
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.It Fl s Ar image-size
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Set the size of the file system image to
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.Ar image-size .
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This is equivalent of setting both the minimum
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.Fl ( M )
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and the maximum
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.Fl ( m )
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sizes to
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.Ar image-size .
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For
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos
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the
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.Ar offset
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is not included on that size.
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.It Fl T Ar timestamp
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Specify a timestamp to be set for all file system files and directories
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created so that repeatable builds are possible.
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The
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.Ar timestamp
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can be a
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.Pa pathname ,
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where the timestamps are derived from that file, a parseable date
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for
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.Xr parsedate 3
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(this option is not yet available in the tools build), or an integer
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value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
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Note that timestamps specified in an
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.Xr mtree 5
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spec file, override the default timestamp.
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When this option is enabled, file systems that regularly use
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.Xr localtime 3
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to convert times to the native format (such as udf and cd9660), use
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.Xr gmtime 3
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instead with the specified timestamps so that they are immune to
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timezone changes and get consistent timestamps.
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.It Fl t Ar fs-type
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Create an
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.Ar fs-type
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file system image.
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The following file system types are supported:
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.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent
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.It Sy cd9660
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ISO 9660 file system.
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.It Sy chfs
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Chip flash file system.
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.It Sy ffs
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BSD fast file system (default).
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.It Sy msdos
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FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
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.It Sy udf
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ISO/Ecma UDF file system.
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.It Sy v7fs
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7th Edition(V7) file system.
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.El
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.It Fl x
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Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.
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Repeating this flag causes
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.Nm
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to print a warning for each missing system nodes and exit with an error code
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if there are any missing.
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.It Fl Z
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Create a sparse file for
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.Sy ffs .
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This is useful for virtual machine images.
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.El
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.Pp
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Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected.
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Two or more numbers may be separated by an
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.Sq x
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to indicate a product.
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Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It b
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Block; multiply by 512
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.It k
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Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
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.It m
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Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
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.It g
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Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
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.It t
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Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
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.It w
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Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
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.El
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.\"
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.\"
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.Ss FFS-specific options
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.Sy ffs
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images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
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Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy avgfilesize
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Expected average file size.
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.It Sy avgfpdir
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Expected number of files per directory.
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.It Sy bsize
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Block size.
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.It Sy density
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Bytes per inode.
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.It Sy extattr
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UFS2 with extended attributes.
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.It Sy extent
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Maximum extent size.
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.It Sy fsize
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Fragment size.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy maxbpcg
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Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy maxbpg
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Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy minfree
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Minimum % free.
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.It Sy optimization
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Optimization preference; one of
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.Ql space
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or
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.Ql time .
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.It Sy version
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UFS version.
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1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.
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.El
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.Ss CD9660-specific options
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.Sy cd9660
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images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy allow-deep-trees
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Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in
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the spec.
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.\" .It Sy allow-illegal-chars
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.\" Unknown
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.\" .It Sy allow-lowercase
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.\" Unknown
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.It Sy allow-max-name
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Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the
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version ID.
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.It Sy allow-multidot
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Allow multiple dots in a filename.
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.It Sy applicationid
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Application ID of the image.
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.It Sy archimedes
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Use the
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.Ql ARCHIMEDES
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extension to encode
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.Tn RISC OS
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metadata.
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.It Sy boot-load-segment
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Set load segment for the boot image.
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.It Sy bootimage
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Filename of a boot image in the format
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.Dq sysid;filename ,
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where
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.Dq sysid
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is one of
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.Ql efi ,
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.Ql i386 ,
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.Ql mac68k ,
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.Ql macppc ,
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or
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.Ql powerpc .
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.It Sy chrp-boot
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Write an MBR partition table to the image to allow older CHRP hardware to
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boot.
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.It Sy generic-bootimage
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Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
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.It Sy hard-disk-boot
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Boot image is a hard disk image.
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.It Sy keep-bad-images
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Don't throw away images whose write was aborted due to an error.
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For debugging purposes.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy no-boot
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Boot image is not bootable.
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.It Sy no-emul-boot
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Boot image is a
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.Dq no emulation
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ElTorito image.
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.It Sy no-trailing-padding
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Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
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.\" .It Sy omit-trailing-period
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.\" Unknown
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.It Sy platformid
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Set platform ID of section header entry of the boot image.
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.It Sy preparer
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Preparer ID of the image.
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.It Sy publisher
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Publisher ID of the image.
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.It Sy rockridge
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Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
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.It Sy volumeid
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Volume set identifier of the image.
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.El
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.Ss CHFS-specific options
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.Sy chfs
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images have chfs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
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Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy pagesize
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Pagesize.
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.It Sy erasesize
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Erase block size of the media.
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.It Sy mediatype
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Type of the media.
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NOR: 0 or NAND: 1.
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.El
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.Ss msdos-specific options
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.Sy msdos
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images have MS-DOS-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported (see
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.Xr newfs_msdos 8
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for more details):
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Cm backup_sector
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Location of the backup boot sector.
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.It Cm block_size
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Block size.
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.It Cm bootstrap
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Bootstrap file.
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.It Cm bytes_per_sector
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Bytes per sector.
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.It Cm create_size
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Create file size.
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.It Cm directory_entries
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Directory entries.
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.It Cm drive_heads
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Drive heads.
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.It Cm fat_type
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|
FAT type (12, 16, or 32).
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.It Cm floppy
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Preset drive parameters for standard format floppy disks
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(160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200, 1232, 1440, or 2880).
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.It Cm hidden_sectors
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|
Hidden sectors.
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.It Cm info_sector
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Location of the info sector.
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.It Cm media_descriptor
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|
Media descriptor.
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.It Cm num_FAT
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Number of FATs.
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.It Cm OEM_string
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|
OEM string.
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.It Cm offset
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Offset in device.
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|
.It Cm reserved_sectors
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|
Reserved sectors.
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|
.It Cm sectors_per_cluster
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Sectors per cluster.
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|
.It Cm sectors_per_fat
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Sectors per FAT.
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|
.It Cm sectors_per_track
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|
Sectors per track.
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|
.It Cm size
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|
File System size.
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|
.It Cm volume_id
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Volume ID.
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|
.It Cm volume_label
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|
Volume Label.
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|
.El
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|
.Ss V7FS-specific options
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|
The following keywords are supported:
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|
.Pp
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|
.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
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|
.It Sy pdp
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|
PDP endian.
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|
.It Sy progress
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|
Display a progress meter for the file system construction and file
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population.
|
|
.El
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|
.Ss UDF-specific options
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|
.Nm
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|
supports besides writing to image files also direct formatting of disc
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|
partitions and optical media.
|
|
Optical media will auto configure settings.
|
|
The following udf-specific optional parameters may be provided.
|
|
Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
|
|
.Pq Ql = ,
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|
and a value.
|
|
The following keywords are supported:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It Sy disctype
|
|
This can have the following values:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width cdromXdvdromXbdromXXX -compact
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|
.It Sy cdrom , Sy dvdrom , Sy bdrom
|
|
create a read-only fs
|
|
.It Sy dvdram , Sy bdre , Sy disk
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|
create a rewritable fs without sparing for defective sectors
|
|
.It Sy cdr , Sy dvdr , Sy bdr
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|
create a rewritable fs on once recordable media using a VAT
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|
.It Sy cdrw , Sy dvdrw
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|
create a rewritable fs with sparing for defective sectors
|
|
.El
|
|
The sectorsize is set for the selected media and the default maximum disc size
|
|
is assumed unless overridden.
|
|
For CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and BD-ROM images, the disc
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|
size is the minimum size needed.
|
|
Note that the size estimator can
|
|
under-estimate in some cases; specify extra free blocks if encountering this.
|
|
.It Sy loglabel
|
|
Set the logical volume label of the disc to the specified argument.
|
|
.It Sy discid
|
|
Set the physical volume label of the disc to the specified argument.
|
|
Prepend the physical volume label with a volumeset label separated
|
|
with a ':' if wanted.
|
|
For strict conformance and interchange, don't set the volumeset label
|
|
manually unless it has an unique hex number in the first 8 character
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|
positions.
|
|
.It Sy minver
|
|
Set the minimum UDF version to be used.
|
|
Choose UDF version numbers from 0x102, 0x150, 0x200, 0x201, and 0x250.
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|
Version 0x260 is currently not supported
|
|
in
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.It Sy maxver
|
|
Set the maximum UDF version to be used.
|
|
Choose UDF version numbers from 0x102, 0x150, 0x200, 0x201, and 0x250.
|
|
Version 0x260 is currently not supported
|
|
in
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.It Sy metaperc
|
|
Set the minimum amount of free metadata space.
|
|
This is only applicable on UDF 0x250 on rewritable media.
|
|
.It Sy checksurface
|
|
Check the surface of non error-free rewritable media for remapping.
|
|
Note this is a destructive test and can take quite a while!
|
|
.It Sy forceformat
|
|
Force formatting on non-empty recordable media.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr strsuftoll 3 ,
|
|
.Xr installboot 8 ,
|
|
.Xr mtree 8 ,
|
|
.Xr newfs 8
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.6 .
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An Luke Mewburn
|
|
.Aq lukem@NetBSD.org
|
|
(original program),
|
|
.An Daniel Watt ,
|
|
.An Walter Deignan ,
|
|
.An Ryan Gabrys ,
|
|
.An Alan Perez-Rathke ,
|
|
.An Ram Vedam
|
|
(cd9660 support),
|
|
.An UCHIYAMA Yasushi
|
|
(v7fs support),
|
|
.An Tamas Toth
|
|
(chfs support),
|
|
.An Christos Zoulas
|
|
(msdos support),
|
|
.An Reinoud Zandijk
|
|
(udf support).
|