642 lines
14 KiB
Groff
642 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: printf.3,v 1.10 1998/06/08 23:45:37 jeremy Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
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.\" on Information Processing Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)printf.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
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.\"
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.Dd June 4, 1993
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.Dt PRINTF 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm printf ,
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.Nm fprintf ,
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.Nm sprintf ,
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.Nm snprintf ,
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.Nm vprintf ,
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.Nm vfprintf,
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.Nm vsprintf ,
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.Nm vsnprintf
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.Nd formatted output conversion
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.Sh LIBRARY
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.Lb libc
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Fd #include <stdio.h>
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.Ft int
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.Fn printf "const char *format" ...
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.Ft int
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.Fn fprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" ...
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.Ft int
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.Fn sprintf "char *str" "const char *format" ...
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.Ft int
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.Fn snprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" ...
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.\" .Ft int
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.\" .Fn smprintf "const char *format" ...
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.Fd #include <stdarg.h>
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.Ft int
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.Fn vprintf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
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.Ft int
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.Fn vfprintf "FILE *stream" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
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.Ft int
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.Fn vsprintf "char *str" "char *format" "va_list ap"
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.Ft int
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.Fn vsnprintf "char *str" "size_t size" "const char *format" "va_list ap"
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.\" .Ft int
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.\" .Fn vsmprintf "const char *format" "va_list ap"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Fn printf
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family of functions produces output according to a
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.Fa format
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as described below.
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.Fn Printf
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and
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.Fn vprintf
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write output to
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.Em stdout,
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the standard output stream;
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.Fn fprintf
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and
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.Fn vfprintf
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write output to the given output
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.Fa stream ;
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.Fn sprintf ,
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.Fn snprintf ,
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.Fn vsprintf ,
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and
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.Fn vsnprintf
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write to the character string
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.Fa str .
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.\" .IR str ;
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.\" and
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.\" .I smprintf
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.\" and
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.\" .I vsmprintf
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.\" dynamically allocate a new string with
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.\" .IR malloc .
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These functions write the output under the control of a
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.Fa format
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string that specifies how subsequent arguments
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(or arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of
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.Xr stdarg 3 )
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are converted for output.
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.\" Except for
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.\" .I smprintf
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.\" and
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.\" .IR vsmprintf ,
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.\" all of these functions return
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These functions return
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the number of characters printed
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(not including the trailing
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.Ql \e0
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used to end output to strings).
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.\" .I Smprintf
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.\" and
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.\" .I vsmprintf
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.\" return a pointer to a string of an appropriate length;
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.\" this pointer should be passed to
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.\" .I free
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.\" to release the associated storage
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.\" when it is no longer needed.
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.\" If sufficient space is not avaliable,
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.\" .I smprintf
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.\" and
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.\" .I vsmprintf
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.\" will return
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.\" .SM
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.\" .BR
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.Fn Snprintf
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and
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.Fn vsnprintf
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will write at most
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.Fa size Ns \-1
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of the characters printed into the output string
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(the
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.Fa size Ns 'th
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character then gets the terminating
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.Ql \e0 ) ;
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if the return value is greater than or equal to the
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.Fa size
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argument, the string was too short
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and some of the printed characters were discarded.
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.Fn Sprintf
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and
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.Fn vsprintf
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effectively assume an infinite
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.Fa size .
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.Pp
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The format string is composed of zero or more directives:
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ordinary
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.\" multibyte
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characters (not
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.Cm % ) ,
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which are copied unchanged to the output stream;
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and conversion specifications, each of which results
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in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments.
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Each conversion specification is introduced by
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the character
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.Cm % .
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The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion)
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with the conversion specifier.
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After the
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.Cm % ,
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the following appear in sequence:
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.Bl -bullet
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.It
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Zero or more of the following flags:
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.Bl -hyphen
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.It
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A
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.Cm #
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character
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specifying that the value should be converted to an ``alternative form''.
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For
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.Cm c ,
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm n ,
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.Cm p ,
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.Cm s ,
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and
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.Cm u ,
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conversions, this option has no effect.
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For
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.Cm o
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conversions, the precision of the number is increased to force the first
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character of the output string to a zero (except if a zero value is printed
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with an explicit precision of zero).
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For
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.Cm x
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and
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.Cm X
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conversions, a non-zero result has the string
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.Ql 0x
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(or
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.Ql 0X
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for
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.Cm X
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conversions) prepended to it.
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For
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.Cm e ,
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.Cm E ,
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.Cm f ,
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.Cm g ,
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and
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.Cm G ,
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conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
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digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of
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those conversions only if a digit follows).
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For
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.Cm g
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and
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.Cm G
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conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
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would otherwise be.
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.It
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A zero
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.Sq Cm \&0
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character specifying zero padding.
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For all conversions except
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.Cm n ,
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the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.
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If a precision is given with a numeric conversion
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.Pf ( Mc d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm o ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm x ,
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and
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.Cm X ) ,
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the
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.Sq Cm \&0
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flag is ignored.
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.It
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A negative field width flag
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.Sq Cm \-
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indicates the converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary.
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Except for
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.Cm n
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conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks,
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rather than on the left with blanks or zeros.
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A
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.Sq Cm \-
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overrides a
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.Sq Cm \&0
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if both are given.
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.It
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A space, specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
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produced by a signed conversion
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.Pf ( Cm d ,
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.Cm e ,
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.Cm E ,
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.Cm f ,
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.Cm g ,
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.Cm G ,
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or
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.Cm i ) .
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.It
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A
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.Sq Cm +
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character specifying that a sign always be placed before a
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number produced by a signed conversion.
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A
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.Sq Cm +
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overrides a space if both are used.
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.El
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.It
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An optional decimal digit string specifying a minimum field width.
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If the converted value has fewer characters than the field width, it will
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be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment
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flag has been given) to fill out
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the field width.
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.It
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An optional precision, in the form of a period
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.Sq Cm \&.
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followed by an
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optional digit string. If the digit string is omitted, the precision
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is taken as zero. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm o ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm x ,
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and
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.Cm X
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conversions, the number of digits to appear after the decimal-point for
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.Cm e ,
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.Cm E ,
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and
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.Cm f
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conversions, the maximum number of significant digits for
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.Cm g
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and
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.Cm G
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conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a
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string for
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.Cm s
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conversions.
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.It
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The optional character
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.Cm h ,
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specifying that a following
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm o ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm x ,
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or
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.Cm X
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conversion corresponds to a
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.Em short int
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or
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.Em unsigned short int
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argument, or that a following
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.Cm n
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conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
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.Em short int
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argument.
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.It
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The optional character
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.Cm l
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(ell) specifying that a following
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm o ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm x ,
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or
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.Cm X
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conversion applies to a pointer to a
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.Em long int
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or
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.Em unsigned long int
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argument, or that a following
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.Cm n
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conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
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.Em long int
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argument.
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.It
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The optional character
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.Cm q ,
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specifying that a following
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm i ,
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.Cm o ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm x ,
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or
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.Cm X
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conversion corresponds to a
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.Em quad int
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or
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.Em unsigned quad int
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argument, or that a following
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.Cm n
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conversion corresponds to a pointer to a
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.Em quad int
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argument.
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.It
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The character
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.Cm L
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specifying that a following
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.Cm e ,
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.Cm E ,
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.Cm f ,
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.Cm g ,
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or
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.Cm G
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conversion corresponds to a
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.Em long double
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argument (but note that long double values are not currently supported
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by the
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.Tn VAX
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and
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.Tn Tahoe
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compilers).
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.It
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A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
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.El
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.Pp
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A field width or precision, or both, may be indicated by
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an asterisk
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.Ql *
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instead of a
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digit string.
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In this case, an
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.Em int
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argument supplies the field width or precision.
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A negative field width is treated as a left adjustment flag followed by a
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positive field width; a negative precision is treated as though it were
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missing.
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.Pp
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The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
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.Bl -tag -width "diouxX"
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.It Cm diouxX
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The
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.Em int
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(or appropriate variant) argument is converted to signed decimal
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.Pf ( Cm d
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and
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.Cm i ) ,
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unsigned octal
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.Pq Cm o ,
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unsigned decimal
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.Pq Cm u ,
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or unsigned hexadecimal
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.Pf ( Cm x
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and
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.Cm X )
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notation. The letters
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.Cm abcdef
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are used for
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.Cm x
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conversions; the letters
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.Cm ABCDEF
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are used for
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.Cm X
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conversions.
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The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must
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appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on
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the left with zeros.
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.It Cm DOU
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The
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.Em long int
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argument is converted to signed decimal, unsigned octal, or unsigned
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decimal, as if the format had been
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.Cm ld ,
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.Cm lo ,
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or
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.Cm lu
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respectively.
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These conversion characters are deprecated, and will eventually disappear.
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.It Cm eE
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The
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.Em double
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argument is rounded and converted in the style
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.Sm off
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.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
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.Sm on
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where there is one digit before the
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decimal-point character
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and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision;
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if the precision is missing,
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it is taken as 6; if the precision is
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zero, no decimal-point character appears.
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An
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.Cm E
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conversion uses the letter
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.Cm E
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(rather than
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.Cm e )
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to introduce the exponent.
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The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero,
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the exponent is 00.
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.It Cm f
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The
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.Em double
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argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style
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.Sm off
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.Pf [-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd ,
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.Sm on
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where the number of digits after the decimal-point character
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is equal to the precision specification.
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If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is
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explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears.
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If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.
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.It Cm g
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The
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.Em double
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argument is converted in style
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.Cm f
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or
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.Cm e
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(or
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.Cm E
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for
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.Cm G
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conversions).
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The precision specifies the number of significant digits.
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If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero,
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it is treated as 1.
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Style
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.Cm e
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is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than
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or equal to the precision.
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Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a
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decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.
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.It Cm c
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The
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.Em int
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argument is converted to an
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.Em unsigned char ,
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and the resulting character is written.
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.It Cm s
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The
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.Dq Em char *
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argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer
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to a string).
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Characters from the array are written up to (but not including)
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a terminating
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.Dv NUL
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character;
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if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are
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written.
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If a precision is given, no null character
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need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than
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the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating
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.Dv NUL
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character.
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.It Cm p
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The
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.Dq Em void *
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pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by
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.Ql %#x
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or
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.Ql %#lx ) .
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.It Cm n
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The number of characters written so far is stored into the
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integer indicated by the
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.Dq Em int *
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(or variant) pointer argument.
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No argument is converted.
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.It Cm %
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A
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.Ql %
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is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification
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is
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.Ql %% .
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.El
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.Pp
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In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
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a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the
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field is expanded to contain the conversion result.
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.Pp
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.br
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To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02',
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where
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.Em weekday
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and
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.Em month
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are pointers to strings:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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#include <stdio.h>
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fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en",
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weekday, month, day, hour, min);
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.Ed
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.Pp
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To print \*(Pi
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to five decimal places:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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#include <math.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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To allocate a 128 byte string and print into it:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <stdarg.h>
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|
char *newfmt(const char *fmt, ...)
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|
{
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|
char *p;
|
|
va_list ap;
|
|
if ((p = malloc(128)) == NULL)
|
|
return (NULL);
|
|
va_start(ap, fmt);
|
|
(void) vsnprintf(p, 128, fmt, ap);
|
|
va_end(ap);
|
|
return (p);
|
|
}
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr printf 1 ,
|
|
.Xr scanf 3
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Fn fprintf ,
|
|
.Fn printf ,
|
|
.Fn sprintf ,
|
|
.Fn vprintf ,
|
|
.Fn vfprintf ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn vsprintf
|
|
functions
|
|
conform to
|
|
.St -ansiC .
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The functions
|
|
.Fn snprintf
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn vsnprintf
|
|
first appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.4 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The conversion formats
|
|
.Cm \&%D ,
|
|
.Cm \&%O ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm %U
|
|
are not standard and are provided only for backward compatibility.
|
|
The effect of padding the
|
|
.Cm %p
|
|
format with zeros (either by the
|
|
.Sq Cm 0
|
|
flag or by specifying a precision), and the benign effect (i.e. none)
|
|
of the
|
|
.Sq Cm #
|
|
flag on
|
|
.Cm %n
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm %p
|
|
conversions, as well as other nonsensical combinations such as
|
|
.Cm %Ld ,
|
|
are not standard; such combinations should be avoided.
|
|
.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
|
|
Because
|
|
.Fn sprintf
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn vsprintf
|
|
assume an infinitely long string, callers must be careful not to
|
|
overflow the actual space; this is often impossible to assure.
|
|
For safety, programmers should use
|
|
.Fn snprintf
|
|
or
|
|
.Fn vsnprintf
|
|
instead.
|
|
Unfortunately, this interface is not portable.
|