a32f19d465
This primary causes find to stop traversing the filesystem and exit immediately if a previous condition was met. If no value is specified, the exit value will be 0, else n. Note that other primaries will be evaluated and acted upon before exiting. Ok matt@, garbled@.
748 lines
19 KiB
Groff
748 lines
19 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: find.1,v 1.56 2006/02/20 16:31:02 jschauma Exp $
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|
.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
|
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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.\"
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|
.Dd February 20, 2006
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.Dt FIND 1
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.Os
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|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm find
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|
.Nd walk a file hierarchy
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm find
|
|
.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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|
.Op Fl dhsXx
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|
.Op Fl f Ar file
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|
.Ar file
|
|
.Op Ar file ...
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|
.Ar expression
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nm
|
|
recursively descends the directory tree for each
|
|
.Ar file
|
|
listed, evaluating an
|
|
.Ar expression
|
|
(composed of the
|
|
.Dq primaries
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq operands
|
|
listed below) in terms
|
|
of each file in the tree.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Fl H
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl H
|
|
option causes the file information and file type (see
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ) ,
|
|
returned for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
|
|
those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
|
|
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
|
|
be for the link itself.
|
|
File information of all symbolic links not on the command line is that
|
|
of the link itself.
|
|
.It Fl L
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
option causes the file information and file type (see
|
|
.Xr stat 2 )
|
|
returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
|
|
link, not the link itself.
|
|
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
|
|
be for the link itself.
|
|
.It Fl P
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl P
|
|
option causes the file information and file type (see
|
|
.Xr stat 2 )
|
|
returned for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself.
|
|
.It Fl d
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
|
|
are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
|
|
on before the directory itself.
|
|
By default,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
|
|
Note, the default is
|
|
.Ar not
|
|
a breadth-first traversal.
|
|
.It Fl f
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option specifies a file hierarchy for
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to traverse.
|
|
File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
|
|
following the options.
|
|
.It Fl h
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl h
|
|
option causes the file information and file type (see
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ) ,
|
|
returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
|
|
link, not the link itself.
|
|
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
|
|
be for the link itself.
|
|
.It Fl s
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl s
|
|
option causes the entries of each directory to be sorted in
|
|
lexicographical order.
|
|
Note that the sorting is done only inside of each directory;
|
|
files in different directories are not sorted.
|
|
Therefore,
|
|
.Sq Li a/b
|
|
appears before
|
|
.Sq Li a.b ,
|
|
which is different from
|
|
.Dq Li "find ... \&| sort"
|
|
order.
|
|
.It Fl X
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl X
|
|
option is a modification to permit
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to be safely used in conjunction with
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 .
|
|
If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
|
|
.Nm xargs ,
|
|
a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
|
|
is skipped.
|
|
The delimiting characters include single
|
|
.Pq Dq \&'
|
|
and double
|
|
.Pq Dq \&"
|
|
quotes, backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq \e ,
|
|
space, tab and newline characters.
|
|
Alternatively, the
|
|
.Ic -print0
|
|
or
|
|
.Ic -printx
|
|
primaries can be used to format the output in a way that
|
|
.Nm xargs
|
|
can accept.
|
|
.It Fl x
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
option restricts the search to the file system containing the
|
|
directory specified.
|
|
Does not list mount points to other file systems.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh PRIMARIES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Ic -amin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -anewer Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
.It Ic -atime Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.It Ic -cmin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
|
|
information and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -cnewer Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
.It Ic -ctime Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
|
|
information and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.It Ic -empty
|
|
True if the current file or directory is empty.
|
|
.It Xo Ic -exec Ar utility Op argument ...
|
|
.No ;
|
|
.Xc
|
|
True if the program named
|
|
.Ar utility
|
|
returns a zero value as its exit status.
|
|
Optional arguments may be passed to the utility.
|
|
The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
|
|
.Pq Dq \&; .
|
|
If the string
|
|
.Dq {}
|
|
appears anywhere in the utility name or the
|
|
arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
|
|
.Ar Utility
|
|
will be executed from the directory from which
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was executed.
|
|
.It Xo Ic -execdir Ar utility Op argument ...
|
|
.No ;
|
|
.Xc
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -execdir
|
|
primary is identical to the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
primary with the exception that
|
|
.Ar Utility
|
|
will be executed from the directory that holds
|
|
the current file.
|
|
The filename substituted for the string
|
|
.Dq {}
|
|
is not qualified.
|
|
.It Ic -exit Op Ar n
|
|
This primary causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to stop traversing the filesystem and exit immediately if a
|
|
previous condition was met.
|
|
If no value is specified, the exit value will be 0, else
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
Note that other primaries will be evaluated and acted upon before exiting.
|
|
.It Ic -false
|
|
This primary always evaluates to false.
|
|
This can be used following a primary that caused the
|
|
expression to be true to make the expression to be false.
|
|
This can be useful after using a
|
|
.Ic -fprint
|
|
primary so it can continue to the next expression (using an
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
operator, for example).
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Ic -flags
|
|
.Oo Fl Oc Ns Ar flags
|
|
.Xc
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
are preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq - ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
are set in the file's flags bits.
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
are not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if
|
|
the bits in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
exactly match the file's flags bits.
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
is
|
|
.Dq none ,
|
|
files with no flags bits set are matched.
|
|
(See
|
|
.Xr chflags 1
|
|
for more information about file flags.)
|
|
.It Ic -follow
|
|
Follow symbolic links.
|
|
.It Ic -fprint Ar filename
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
This creates
|
|
.Ar filename
|
|
or overwrites the file if it already exists.
|
|
The file is created at startup.
|
|
It writes the pathname of the current file to this file, followed
|
|
by a newline character.
|
|
The file will be empty if no files are matched.
|
|
.It Ic -fstype Ar type
|
|
True if the file is contained in a file system of type
|
|
.Ar type .
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr sysctl 8
|
|
command can be used to find out the types of filesystems
|
|
that are available on the system:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
sysctl vfs.generic.fstypes
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In addition, there are two pseudo-types,
|
|
.Dq local
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq rdonly .
|
|
The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
|
|
the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
is being executed, and the latter matches any file system which is
|
|
mounted read-only.
|
|
.It Ic -group Ar gname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the group
|
|
.Ar gname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar gname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such group name, then
|
|
.Ar gname
|
|
is treated as a group id.
|
|
.It Ic -iname Ar pattern
|
|
True if the last component of the pathname being examined
|
|
matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Case insensitive.
|
|
.It Ic -inum Ar n
|
|
True if the file has inode number
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.It Ic -iregex Ar regexp
|
|
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-insensitive
|
|
basic regular expression
|
|
.Pq see Xr re_format 7
|
|
.Ar regexp .
|
|
This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular expression
|
|
within the path.
|
|
.It Ic -links Ar n
|
|
True if the file has
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
links.
|
|
.It Ic -ls
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
|
|
its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
|
|
links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
|
|
If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
|
|
will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
|
|
If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
|
|
displayed preceded by
|
|
.Dq -\*[Gt] .
|
|
The format is identical to that produced by
|
|
.Dq ls -dgils .
|
|
.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
|
|
True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is specified in
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.It Ic -mindepth Ar n
|
|
True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.It Ic -mmin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -mtime Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.It Xo Ic -ok Ar utility Op argument ...
|
|
.No ;
|
|
.Xc
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primary is identical to the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
primary with the exception that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
requests user affirmation for the execution of the utility by printing
|
|
a message to the terminal and reading a response.
|
|
If the response is other than
|
|
.Dq y
|
|
the command is not executed and the
|
|
value of the
|
|
.Ar \&ok
|
|
expression is false.
|
|
.It Ic -name Ar pattern
|
|
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Po
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
|
|
.Dq \&?
|
|
.Pc
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq \e .
|
|
.It Ic -newer Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
.It Ic -nouser
|
|
True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
|
|
.It Ic -nogroup
|
|
True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
|
|
.It Ic -path Ar pattern
|
|
True if the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Po
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq \&?
|
|
.Pc
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq \e .
|
|
Slashes
|
|
.Pq Dq /
|
|
are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
|
|
matched explicitly.
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Ic -perm
|
|
.Oo Fl Oc Ns Ar mode
|
|
.Xc
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
may be either symbolic (see
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 )
|
|
or an octal number.
|
|
If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
|
|
mode sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode
|
|
creation mask.
|
|
If the mode is octal, only bits 07777
|
|
.Pf ( Dv S_ISUID
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_ISGID
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_ISTXT
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXU
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXG
|
|
|
|
|
.Dv S_IRWXO )
|
|
of the file's mode bits participate
|
|
in the comparison.
|
|
If the mode is preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq - ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this primary evaluates to true if
|
|
the bits in the mode exactly match the file's mode bits.
|
|
Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq - .
|
|
.It Ic -print
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
|
|
by a newline character.
|
|
If none of
|
|
.Ic -exec ,
|
|
.Ic -exit ,
|
|
.Ic -fprint ,
|
|
.Ic -ls ,
|
|
.Ic -ok ,
|
|
.Ic -print0 ,
|
|
nor
|
|
.Ic -printx
|
|
is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
|
|
.Cm \&( Ns Ar given\& expression Ns Cm \&)
|
|
.Ic -print .
|
|
.It Ic -print0
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed
|
|
by a null character.
|
|
.It Ic -printx
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output,
|
|
with each space, tab, newline, backslash, dollar sign, and single,
|
|
double, or back quotation mark prefixed by a backslash, so the output of
|
|
.Nm find
|
|
can safely be used as input to
|
|
.Nm xargs .
|
|
.It Ic -prune
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to not descend into the current file.
|
|
Note, the
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
primary has no effect if the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option was specified.
|
|
.It Ic -regex Ar regexp
|
|
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-sensitive
|
|
basic regular expression
|
|
.Pq see Xr re_format 7
|
|
.Ar regexp .
|
|
This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular expression
|
|
within the path.
|
|
.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
|
|
True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is followed by a
|
|
.Dq c ,
|
|
then the primary is true if the file's size is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
bytes.
|
|
.It Ic -type Ar t
|
|
True if the file is of the specified type.
|
|
Possible file types are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width flag -offset indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm b
|
|
block special
|
|
.It Cm c
|
|
character special
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
directory
|
|
.It Cm f
|
|
regular file
|
|
.It Cm l
|
|
symbolic link
|
|
.It Cm p
|
|
FIFO
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
socket
|
|
.It Cm W
|
|
whiteout
|
|
.It Cm w
|
|
whiteout
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ic -user Ar uname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the user
|
|
.Ar uname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such user name, then
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is treated as a user id (and considered a numeric argument).
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
|
|
preceded by a plus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq +
|
|
or a minus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq \- .
|
|
A preceding plus sign means
|
|
.Dq more than n ,
|
|
a preceding minus sign means
|
|
.Dq less than n ,
|
|
and neither means
|
|
.Dq exactly n .
|
|
.Sh OPERATORS
|
|
The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
|
|
The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width (expression)
|
|
.It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
|
|
This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
|
|
true.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Cm \&! Ns Ar expression
|
|
This is the unary
|
|
.Tn NOT
|
|
operator.
|
|
It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
|
|
.It Ar expression expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn AND
|
|
operator.
|
|
As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
|
|
have to be specified.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn OR
|
|
operator.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
|
|
is true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
|
|
to be a separate argument to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width findx
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
|
|
.Dq \&.c .
|
|
.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files owned by user
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
that are newer than the file
|
|
.Dq ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt
|
|
and owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -exit 1"
|
|
Return immediately with a value of 1 if any files are found that are either
|
|
owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Dq ttt ,
|
|
but do not print them.
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -ls -exit 1"
|
|
Same as above, but list the first file matching the criteria before exiting
|
|
with a value of 1.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr locate 1 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr fts 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getgrent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getpwent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strmode 3 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
|
|
.St -p1003.2
|
|
standard.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options and the
|
|
.Ic -amin ,
|
|
.Ic -anewer ,
|
|
.Ic -cmin ,
|
|
.Ic -cnewer ,
|
|
.Ic -empty ,
|
|
.Ic -follow ,
|
|
.Ic -fstype ,
|
|
.Ic -iname ,
|
|
.Ic -inum ,
|
|
.Ic -iregex ,
|
|
.Ic -links ,
|
|
.Ic -ls ,
|
|
.Ic -maxdepth ,
|
|
.Ic -mindepth ,
|
|
.Ic -mmin ,
|
|
.Ic -path ,
|
|
.Ic -print0
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -regex
|
|
primaries are extensions to
|
|
.St -p1003.2 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historically, the
|
|
.Fl d ,
|
|
.Fl h
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
options were implemented using the primaries
|
|
.Dq -depth ,
|
|
.Dq -follow ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq -xdev .
|
|
These primaries always evaluated to true.
|
|
As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
|
|
began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
|
|
An example is the expression
|
|
.Dq -print -o -depth .
|
|
As -print always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
|
|
implies that -depth would never be evaluated.
|
|
This is not the case.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The operator
|
|
.Dq -or
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Dq -o ,
|
|
and the operator
|
|
.Dq -and
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Dq -a .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historic implementations of the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primaries did not replace the string
|
|
.Dq {}
|
|
in the utility name or the
|
|
utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
|
|
This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
|
|
it appears.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A much simpler
|
|
.Nm find
|
|
command appeared in First Edition AT\*[Am]T Unix.
|
|
The syntax had become similar to the present version by
|
|
the time of the Fifth Edition.
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The special characters used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
are also special characters to many shell programs.
|
|
In particular, the characters
|
|
.Dq \&* ,
|
|
.Dq \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq \&] ,
|
|
.Dq \&? ,
|
|
.Dq \&( ,
|
|
.Dq \&) ,
|
|
.Dq \&! ,
|
|
.Dq \e
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq \&;
|
|
may have to be escaped from the shell.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
|
|
names and the
|
|
.Ar expression ,
|
|
it is difficult to specify files named
|
|
.Dq -xdev
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq \&! .
|
|
These problems are handled by the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option and the
|
|
.Xr getopt 3
|
|
.Dq --
|
|
construct.
|