576 lines
21 KiB
Groff
576 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: openssl_ca.1,v 1.4 2001/04/12 10:45:47 itojun Exp $
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.\" ======================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "CA 1"
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.TH CA 1 "0.9.6a" "2001-04-12" "OpenSSL"
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.UC
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.SH "NAME"
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ca \- sample minimal \s-1CA\s0 application
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.SH "LIBRARY"
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libcrypto, -lcrypto
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBca\fR
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[\fB\-verbose\fR]
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[\fB\-config filename\fR]
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[\fB\-name section\fR]
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[\fB\-gencrl\fR]
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[\fB\-revoke file\fR]
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[\fB\-crldays days\fR]
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[\fB\-crlhours hours\fR]
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[\fB\-crlexts section\fR]
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[\fB\-startdate date\fR]
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[\fB\-enddate date\fR]
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[\fB\-days arg\fR]
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[\fB\-md arg\fR]
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[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
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[\fB\-keyfile arg\fR]
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[\fB\-key arg\fR]
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[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
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[\fB\-cert file\fR]
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[\fB\-in file\fR]
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[\fB\-out file\fR]
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[\fB\-notext\fR]
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[\fB\-outdir dir\fR]
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[\fB\-infiles\fR]
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[\fB\-spkac file\fR]
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[\fB\-ss_cert file\fR]
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[\fB\-preserveDN\fR]
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[\fB\-batch\fR]
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[\fB\-msie_hack\fR]
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[\fB\-extensions section\fR]
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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The \fBca\fR command is a minimal \s-1CA\s0 application. It can be used
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to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate
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CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates
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and their status.
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.PP
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The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.
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.SH "CA OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "CA OPTIONS"
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.Ip "\fB\-config filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-config filename"
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specifies the configuration file to use.
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.Ip "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-in filename"
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an input filename containing a single certificate request to be
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signed by the \s-1CA\s0.
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.Ip "\fB\-ss_cert filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-ss_cert filename"
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a single self signed certificate to be signed by the \s-1CA\s0.
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.Ip "\fB\-spkac filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-spkac filename"
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a file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge
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and additional field values to be signed by the \s-1CA\s0. See the \fB\s-1NOTES\s0\fR
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section for information on the required format.
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.Ip "\fB\-infiles\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-infiles"
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if present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments
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are assumed to the the names of files containing certificate requests.
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.Ip "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-out filename"
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the output file to output certificates to. The default is standard
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output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this
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file.
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.Ip "\fB\-outdir directory\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-outdir directory"
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the directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be
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written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with
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\&\*(L".pem\*(R" appended.
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.Ip "\fB\-cert\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-cert"
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the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file.
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.Ip "\fB\-keyfile filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-keyfile filename"
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the private key to sign requests with.
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.Ip "\fB\-key password\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-key password"
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the password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some
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systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with
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the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution.
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.Ip "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-passin arg"
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the key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
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see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in openssl(1).
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=item \fB\-verbose\fR
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.Sp
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this prints extra details about the operations being performed.
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.Ip "\fB\-notext\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-notext"
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don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
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.Ip "\fB\-startdate date\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-startdate date"
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this allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the
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date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure).
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.Ip "\fB\-enddate date\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-enddate date"
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this allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the
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date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure).
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.Ip "\fB\-days arg\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-days arg"
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the number of days to certify the certificate for.
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.Ip "\fB\-md alg\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-md alg"
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the message digest to use. Possible values include md5, sha1 and mdc2.
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This option also applies to CRLs.
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.Ip "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-policy arg"
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this option defines the \s-1CA\s0 \*(L"policy\*(R" to use. This is a section in
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the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory
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or match the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. Check out the \fB\s-1POLICY\s0 \s-1FORMAT\s0\fR section
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for more information.
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.Ip "\fB\-msie_hack\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-msie_hack"
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this is a legacy option to make \fBca\fR work with very old versions of
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the \s-1IE\s0 certificate enrollment control \*(L"certenr3\*(R". It used UniversalStrings
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for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs
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its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control \*(L"Xenroll\*(R" does not
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need this option.
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.Ip "\fB\-preserveDN\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-preserveDN"
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Normally the \s-1DN\s0 order of a certificate is the same as the order of the
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fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order
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is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the
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older \s-1IE\s0 enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their
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DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
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.Ip "\fB\-batch\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-batch"
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this sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked
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and all certificates will be certified automatically.
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.Ip "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-extensions section"
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the section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
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to be added when a certificate is issued. If no extension section is
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present then a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section
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is present (even if it is empty) then a V3 certificate is created.
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.SH "CRL OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "CRL OPTIONS"
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.Ip "\fB\-gencrl\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-gencrl"
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this option generates a \s-1CRL\s0 based on information in the index file.
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.Ip "\fB\-crldays num\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-crldays num"
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the number of days before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due. That is the days from
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now to place in the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field.
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.Ip "\fB\-crlhours num\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-crlhours num"
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the number of hours before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due.
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.Ip "\fB\-revoke filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-revoke filename"
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a filename containing a certificate to revoke.
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.Ip "\fB\-crlexts section\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-crlexts section"
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the section of the configuration file containing \s-1CRL\s0 extensions to
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include. If no \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present then a V1 \s-1CRL\s0 is
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created, if the \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present (even if it is
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empty) then a V2 \s-1CRL\s0 is created. The \s-1CRL\s0 extensions specified are
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\&\s-1CRL\s0 extensions and \fBnot\fR \s-1CRL\s0 entry extensions. It should be noted
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that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs.
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.SH "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
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The options for \fBca\fR are contained in the \fBca\fR section of the
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configuration file. Many of these are identical to command line
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options. Where the option is present in the configuration file
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and the command line the command line value is used. Where an
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option is described as mandatory then it must be present in
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the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if
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any) used.
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.Ip "\fBoid_file\fR" 4
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.IX Item "oid_file"
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This specifies a file containing additional \fB\s-1OBJECT\s0 \s-1IDENTIFIERS\s0\fR.
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Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
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object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
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by white space and finally the long name.
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.Ip "\fBoid_section\fR" 4
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.IX Item "oid_section"
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This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
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object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the
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object identifier followed by \fB=\fR and the numerical form. The short
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and long names are the same when this option is used.
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.Ip "\fBnew_certs_dir\fR" 4
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.IX Item "new_certs_dir"
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the same as the \fB\-outdir\fR command line option. It specifies
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the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
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.Ip "\fBcertificate\fR" 4
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.IX Item "certificate"
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the same as \fB\-cert\fR. It gives the file containing the \s-1CA\s0
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certificate. Mandatory.
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.Ip "\fBprivate_key\fR" 4
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.IX Item "private_key"
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same as the \fB\-keyfile\fR option. The file containing the
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\&\s-1CA\s0 private key. Mandatory.
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.Ip "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4
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.IX Item "RANDFILE"
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a file used to read and write random number seed information, or
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an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see RAND_egd(3)).
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.Ip "\fBdefault_days\fR" 4
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.IX Item "default_days"
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the same as the \fB\-days\fR option. The number of days to certify
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a certificate for.
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.Ip "\fBdefault_startdate\fR" 4
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.IX Item "default_startdate"
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the same as the \fB\-startdate\fR option. The start date to certify
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a certificate for. If not set the current time is used.
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.Ip "\fBdefault_enddate\fR" 4
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.IX Item "default_enddate"
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the same as the \fB\-enddate\fR option. Either this option or
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\&\fBdefault_days\fR (or the command line equivalents) must be
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present.
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.Ip "\fBdefault_crl_hours default_crl_days\fR" 4
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.IX Item "default_crl_hours default_crl_days"
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the same as the \fB\-crlhours\fR and the \fB\-crldays\fR options. These
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will only be used if neither command line option is present. At
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least one of these must be present to generate a \s-1CRL\s0.
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.Ip "\fBdefault_md\fR" 4
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.IX Item "default_md"
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the same as the \fB\-md\fR option. The message digest to use. Mandatory.
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.Ip "\fBdatabase\fR" 4
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.IX Item "database"
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the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present
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though initially it will be empty.
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.Ip "\fBserialfile\fR" 4
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.IX Item "serialfile"
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a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
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This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
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.Ip "\fBx509_extensions\fR" 4
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.IX Item "x509_extensions"
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the same as \fB\-extensions\fR.
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.Ip "\fBcrl_extensions\fR" 4
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.IX Item "crl_extensions"
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the same as \fB\-crlexts\fR.
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.Ip "\fBpreserve\fR" 4
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.IX Item "preserve"
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the same as \fB\-preserveDN\fR
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.Ip "\fBmsie_hack\fR" 4
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.IX Item "msie_hack"
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the same as \fB\-msie_hack\fR
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.Ip "\fBpolicy\fR" 4
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.IX Item "policy"
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the same as \fB\-policy\fR. Mandatory. See the \fB\s-1POLICY\s0 \s-1FORMAT\s0\fR section
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for more information.
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.SH "POLICY FORMAT"
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.IX Header "POLICY FORMAT"
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The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to
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certificate \s-1DN\s0 fields. If the value is \*(L"match\*(R" then the field value
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must match the same field in the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. If the value is
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\&\*(L"supplied\*(R" then it must be present. If the value is \*(L"optional\*(R" then
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it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
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are silently deleted, unless the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is set but
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this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
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.SH "SPKAC FORMAT"
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.IX Header "SPKAC FORMAT"
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The input to the \fB\-spkac\fR command line option is a Netscape
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signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from
|
|
the \fB\s-1KEYGEN\s0\fR tag in an \s-1HTML\s0 form to create a new private key.
|
|
It is however possible to create SPKACs using the \fBspkac\fR utility.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The file should contain the variable \s-1SPKAC\s0 set to the value of
|
|
the \s-1SPKAC\s0 and also the required \s-1DN\s0 components as name value pairs.
|
|
If you need to include the same component twice then it can be
|
|
preceded by a number and a '.'.
|
|
.SH "EXAMPLES"
|
|
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
|
|
Note: these examples assume that the \fBca\fR directory structure is
|
|
already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually
|
|
involves creating a \s-1CA\s0 certificate and private key with \fBreq\fR, a
|
|
serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in
|
|
the relevant directories.
|
|
.PP
|
|
To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA,
|
|
demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The \s-1CA\s0
|
|
certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private
|
|
key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be
|
|
created containing for example \*(L"01\*(R" and the empty index file
|
|
demoCA/index.txt.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Sign a certificate request:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem
|
|
.Ve
|
|
Sign a certificate request, using \s-1CA\s0 extensions:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem
|
|
.Ve
|
|
Generate a \s-1CRL\s0
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem
|
|
.Ve
|
|
Sign several requests:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
|
|
.Ve
|
|
Certify a Netscape \s-1SPKAC:\s0
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt
|
|
.Ve
|
|
A sample \s-1SPKAC\s0 file (the \s-1SPKAC\s0 line has been truncated for clarity):
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 5
|
|
\& SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
|
|
\& CN=Steve Test
|
|
\& emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
|
|
\& 0.OU=OpenSSL Group
|
|
\& 1.OU=Another Group
|
|
.Ve
|
|
A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for \fBca\fR:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& [ ca ]
|
|
\& default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& [ CA_default ]
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& dir = ./demoCA # top dir
|
|
\& database = $dir/index.txt # index file.
|
|
\& new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # new certs dir
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 4
|
|
\& certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA cert
|
|
\& serial = $dir/serial # serial no file
|
|
\& private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key
|
|
\& RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # random number file
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 3
|
|
\& default_days = 365 # how long to certify for
|
|
\& default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL
|
|
\& default_md = md5 # md to use
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& policy = policy_any # default policy
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.Vb 7
|
|
\& [ policy_any ]
|
|
\& countryName = supplied
|
|
\& stateOrProvinceName = optional
|
|
\& organizationName = optional
|
|
\& organizationalUnitName = optional
|
|
\& commonName = supplied
|
|
\& emailAddress = optional
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "WARNINGS"
|
|
.IX Header "WARNINGS"
|
|
The \fBca\fR command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBca\fR utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things
|
|
in a \s-1CA\s0. It was not supposed be be used as a full blown \s-1CA\s0 itself:
|
|
nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBca\fR command is effectively a single user command: no locking is
|
|
done on the various files and attempts to run more than one \fBca\fR command
|
|
on the same database can have unpredictable results.
|
|
.SH "FILES"
|
|
.IX Header "FILES"
|
|
Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options,
|
|
configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options.
|
|
The values below reflect the default values.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 10
|
|
\& /usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
|
|
\& ./demoCA - main CA directory
|
|
\& ./demoCA/cacert.pem - CA certificate
|
|
\& ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem - CA private key
|
|
\& ./demoCA/serial - CA serial number file
|
|
\& ./demoCA/serial.old - CA serial number backup file
|
|
\& ./demoCA/index.txt - CA text database file
|
|
\& ./demoCA/index.txt.old - CA text database backup file
|
|
\& ./demoCA/certs - certificate output file
|
|
\& ./demoCA/.rnd - CA random seed information
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
|
|
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
|
|
\&\fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR reflects the location of master configuration file it can
|
|
be overridden by the \fB\-config\fR command line option.
|
|
.SH "RESTRICTIONS"
|
|
.IX Header "RESTRICTIONS"
|
|
The text database index file is a critical part of the process and
|
|
if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible
|
|
to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current
|
|
\&\s-1CRL:\s0 however there is no option to do this.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\&\s-1CRL\s0 entry extensions cannot currently be created: only \s-1CRL\s0 extensions
|
|
can be added.
|
|
.PP
|
|
V2 \s-1CRL\s0 features like delta \s-1CRL\s0 support and \s-1CRL\s0 numbers are not currently
|
|
supported.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only
|
|
possible to include one \s-1SPKAC\s0 or self signed certificate.
|
|
.SH "BUGS"
|
|
.IX Header "BUGS"
|
|
The use of an in memory text database can cause problems when large
|
|
numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies
|
|
the database has to be kept in memory.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Certificate request extensions are ignored: some kind of \*(L"policy\*(R" should
|
|
be included to use certain static extensions and certain extensions
|
|
from the request.
|
|
.PP
|
|
It is not possible to certify two certificates with the same \s-1DN:\s0 this
|
|
is a side effect of how the text database is indexed and it cannot easily
|
|
be fixed without introducing other problems. Some S/MIME clients can use
|
|
two certificates with the same \s-1DN\s0 for separate signing and encryption
|
|
keys.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBca\fR command really needs rewriting or the required functionality
|
|
exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility
|
|
(perl script or \s-1GUI\s0) can handle things properly. The scripts \fB\s-1CA\s0.sh\fR and
|
|
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR help a little but not very much.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently
|
|
deleted. This does not happen if the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is used but
|
|
the extra fields are not displayed when the user is asked to certify
|
|
a request. The behaviour should be more friendly and configurable.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can
|
|
create an empty file.
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
|
|
openssl_req(1), openssl_spkac(1), openssl_x509(1), openssl_CA.pl(1),
|
|
openssl.cnf(5)
|