545 lines
22 KiB
Groff
545 lines
22 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: ipf.5,v 1.9 2002/12/21 13:28:25 wiz Exp $
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.\"
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.TH IPF 5
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.SH NAME
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ipf, ipf.conf, ipf6.conf \- IP packet filter rule syntax
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.PP
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A rule file for \fBipf\fP may have any name or even be stdin. As
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\fBipfstat\fP produces parsable rules as output when displaying the internal
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kernel filter lists, it is quite plausible to use its output to feed back
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into \fBipf\fP. Thus, to remove all filters on input packets, the following
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could be done:
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.nf
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\fC# ipfstat \-i | ipf \-rf \-\fP
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.fi
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.SH GRAMMAR
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.PP
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The format used by \fBipf\fP for construction of filtering rules can be
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described using the following grammar in BNF:
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\fC
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.nf
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filter-rule = [ insert ] action in-out [ options ] [ tos ] [ ttl ]
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[ proto ] [ ip ] [ group ].
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insert = "@" decnumber .
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action = block | "pass" | log | "count" | skip | auth | call .
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in-out = "in" | "out" .
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options = [ log ] [ "quick" ] [ "on" interface-name [ dup ] [ froute ] ] .
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tos = "tos" decnumber | "tos" hexnumber .
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ttl = "ttl" decnumber .
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proto = "proto" protocol .
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ip = srcdst [ flags ] [ with withopt ] [ icmp ] [ keep ] .
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group = [ "head" decnumber ] [ "group" decnumber ] .
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block = "block" [ return-icmp[return-code] | "return-rst" ] .
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auth = "auth" | "preauth" .
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log = "log" [ "body" ] [ "first" ] [ "or-block" ] [ "level" loglevel ] .
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call = "call" [ "now" ] function-name .
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skip = "skip" decnumber .
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dup = "dup-to" interface-name[":"ipaddr] .
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froute = "fastroute" | "to" interface-name .
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protocol = "tcp/udp" | "udp" | "tcp" | "icmp" | decnumber .
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srcdst = "all" | fromto .
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fromto = "from" [ "!" ] object "to" [ "!" ] object .
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return-icmp = "return-icmp" | "return-icmp-as-dest" .
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object = addr [ port-comp | port-range ] .
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addr = "any" | nummask | host-name [ "mask" ipaddr | "mask" hexnumber ] .
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port-comp = "port" compare port-num .
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port-range = "port" port-num range port-num .
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flags = "flags" flag { flag } [ "/" flag { flag } ] .
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with = "with" | "and" .
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icmp = "icmp-type" icmp-type [ "code" decnumber ] .
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return-code = "("icmp-code")" .
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keep = "keep" "state" | "keep" "frags" .
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loglevel = facility"."priority | priority .
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nummask = host-name [ "/" decnumber ] .
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host-name = ipaddr | hostname | "any" .
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ipaddr = host-num "." host-num "." host-num "." host-num .
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host-num = digit [ digit [ digit ] ] .
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port-num = service-name | decnumber .
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withopt = [ "not" | "no" ] opttype [ withopt ] .
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opttype = "ipopts" | "short" | "frag" | "opt" optname .
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optname = ipopts [ "," optname ] .
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ipopts = optlist | "sec-class" [ secname ] .
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secname = seclvl [ "," secname ] .
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seclvl = "unclass" | "confid" | "reserv-1" | "reserv-2" | "reserv-3" |
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"reserv-4" | "secret" | "topsecret" .
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icmp-type = "unreach" | "echo" | "echorep" | "squench" | "redir" |
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"timex" | "paramprob" | "timest" | "timestrep" | "inforeq" |
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"inforep" | "maskreq" | "maskrep" | decnumber .
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icmp-code = decumber | "net-unr" | "host-unr" | "proto-unr" | "port-unr" |
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"needfrag" | "srcfail" | "net-unk" | "host-unk" | "isolate" |
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"net-prohib" | "host-prohib" | "net-tos" | "host-tos" |
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"filter-prohib" | "host-preced" | "cutoff-preced" .
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optlist = "nop" | "rr" | "zsu" | "mtup" | "mtur" | "encode" | "ts" |
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"tr" | "sec" | "lsrr" | "e-sec" | "cipso" | "satid" | "ssrr" |
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"addext" | "visa" | "imitd" | "eip" | "finn" .
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facility = "kern" | "user" | "mail" | "daemon" | "auth" | "syslog" |
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"lpr" | "news" | "uucp" | "cron" | "ftp" | "authpriv" |
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"audit" | "logalert" | "local0" | "local1" | "local2" |
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"local3" | "local4" | "local5" | "local6" | "local7" .
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priority = "emerg" | "alert" | "crit" | "err" | "warn" | "notice" |
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"info" | "debug" .
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hexnumber = "0" "x" hexstring .
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hexstring = hexdigit [ hexstring ] .
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decnumber = digit [ decnumber ] .
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compare = "=" | "!=" | "<" | ">" | "<=" | ">=" | "eq" | "ne" | "lt" |
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"gt" | "le" | "ge" .
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range = "<>" | "><" .
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hexdigit = digit | "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" .
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digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" .
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flag = "F" | "S" | "R" | "P" | "A" | "U" .
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.fi
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.PP
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This syntax is somewhat simplified for readability, some combinations
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that match this grammar are disallowed by the software because they do
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not make sense (such as tcp \fBflags\fP for non-TCP packets).
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.SH FILTER RULES
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.PP
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The "briefest" valid rules are (currently) no-ops and are of the form:
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.nf
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block in all
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pass in all
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log out all
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count in all
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.fi
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.PP
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Filter rules are checked in order, with the last matching rule
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determining the fate of the packet (but see the \fBquick\fP option,
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below).
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.PP
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Filters are installed by default at the end of the kernel's filter
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lists, prepending the rule with \fB@n\fP will cause it to be inserted
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as the n'th entry in the current list. This is especially useful when
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modifying and testing active filter rulesets. See ipf(8) for more
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information.
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.SH ACTIONS
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.PP
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The action indicates what to do with the packet if it matches the rest
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of the filter rule. Each rule MUST have an action. The following
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actions are recognised:
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.TP
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.B block
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indicates that the packet should be flagged to be dropped. In response
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to blocking a packet, the filter may be instructed to send a reply
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packet, either an ICMP packet (\fBreturn-icmp\fP), an ICMP packet
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masquerading as being from the original packet's destination
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(\fBreturn-icmp-as-dest\fP), or a TCP "reset" (\fBreturn-rst\fP). An
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ICMP packet may be generated in response to any IP packet, and its
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type may optionally be specified, but a TCP reset may only be used
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with a rule which is being applied to TCP packets. When using
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\fBreturn-icmp\fP or \fBreturn-icmp-as-dest\fP, it is possible to specify
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the actual unreachable `type'. That is, whether it is a network
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unreachable, port unreachable or even administratively
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prohibited. This is done by enclosing the ICMP code associated with
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it in parenthesis directly following \fBreturn-icmp\fP or
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\fBreturn-icmp-as-dest\fP as follows:
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.nf
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block return-icmp(11) ...
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.fi
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.PP
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Would return a Type-Of-Service (TOS) ICMP unreachable error.
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.TP
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.B pass
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will flag the packet to be let through the filter.
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.TP
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.B log
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causes the packet to be logged (as described in the LOGGING section
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below) and has no effect on whether the packet will be allowed through
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the filter.
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.TP
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.B count
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causes the packet to be included in the accounting statistics kept by
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the filter, and has no effect on whether the packet will be allowed through
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the filter. These statistics are viewable with ipfstat(8).
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.TP
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.B call
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this action is used to invoke the named function in the kernel, which
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must conform to a specific calling interface. Customised actions and
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semantics can thus be implemented to supplement those available. This
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feature is for use by knowledgeable hackers, and is not currently
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documented.
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.TP
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.B "skip <n>"
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causes the filter to skip over the next \fIn\fP filter rules. If a rule is
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inserted or deleted inside the region being skipped over, then the value of
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\fIn\fP is adjusted appropriately.
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.TP
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.B auth
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this allows authentication to be performed by a user-space program running
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and waiting for packet information to validate. The packet is held for a
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period of time in an internal buffer whilst it waits for the program to return
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to the kernel the \fIreal\fP flags for whether it should be allowed through
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or not. Such a program might look at the source address and request some sort
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of authentication from the user (such as a password) before allowing the
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packet through or telling the kernel to drop it if from an unrecognised source.
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.TP
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.B preauth
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tells the filter that for packets of this class, it should look in the
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pre-authenticated list for further clarification. If no further matching
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rule is found, the packet will be dropped (the FR_PREAUTH is not the same
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as FR_PASS). If a further matching rule is found, the result from that is
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used in its instead. This might be used in a situation where a person
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\fIlogs in\fP to the firewall and it sets up some temporary rules defining
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the access for that person.
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.PP
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The next word must be either \fBin\fP or \fBout\fP. Each packet
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moving through the kernel is either inbound (just been received on an
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interface, and moving towards the kernel's protocol processing) or
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outbound (transmitted or forwarded by the stack, and on its way to an
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interface). There is a requirement that each filter rule explicitly
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state which side of the I/O it is to be used on.
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.SH OPTIONS
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.PP
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The list of options is brief, and all are indeed optional. Where
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options are used, they must be present in the order shown here. These
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are the currently supported options:
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.TP
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.B log
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indicates that, should this be the last matching rule, the packet
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header will be written to the \fBipl\fP log (as described in the
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LOGGING section below).
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.TP
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.B quick
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allows "short-cut" rules in order to speed up the filter or override
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later rules. If a packet matches a filter rule which is marked as
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\fBquick\fP, this rule will be the last rule checked, allowing a
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"short-circuit" path to avoid processing later rules for this
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packet. The current status of the packet (after any effects of the
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current rule) will determine whether it is passed or blocked.
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.IP
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If this option is missing, the rule is taken to be a "fall-through"
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rule, meaning that the result of the match (block/pass) is saved and
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that processing will continue to see if there are any more matches.
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.TP
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.B on
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allows an interface name to be incorporated into the matching
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procedure. Interface names are as printed by "netstat \-i". If this
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option is used, the rule will only match if the packet is going
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through that interface in the specified direction (in/out). If this
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option is absent, the rule is taken to be applied to a packet
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regardless of the interface it is present on (i.e. on all interfaces).
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Filter rulesets are common to all interfaces, rather than having a
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filter list for each interface.
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.IP
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This option is especially useful for simple IP-spoofing protection:
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packets should only be allowed to pass inbound on the interface from
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which the specified source address would be expected, others may be
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logged and/or dropped.
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.TP
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.B dup-to
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causes the packet to be copied, and the duplicate packet to be sent
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outbound on the specified interface, optionally with the destination
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IP address changed to that specified. This is useful for off-host
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logging, using a network sniffer.
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.TP
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.B to
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causes the packet to be moved to the outbound queue on the
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specified interface. This can be used to circumvent kernel routing
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decisions, and even to bypass the rest of the kernel processing of the
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packet (if applied to an inbound rule). It is thus possible to
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construct a firewall that behaves transparently, like a filtering hub
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or switch, rather than a router. The \fBfastroute\fP keyword is a
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synonym for this option.
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.SH MATCHING PARAMETERS
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.PP
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The keywords described in this section are used to describe attributes
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of the packet to be used when determining whether rules match or don't
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match. The following general-purpose attributes are provided for
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matching, and must be used in this order:
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.TP
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.B tos
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packets with different Type-Of-Service values can be filtered.
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Individual service levels or combinations can be filtered upon. The
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value for the TOS mask can either be represented as a hex number or a
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decimal integer value.
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.TP
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.B ttl
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packets may also be selected by their Time-To-Live value. The value given in
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the filter rule must exactly match that in the packet for a match to occur.
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This value can only be given as a decimal integer value.
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.TP
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.B proto
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allows a specific protocol to be matched against. All protocol names
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found in \fB/etc/protocols\fP are recognised and may be used.
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However, the protocol may also be given as a DECIMAL number, allowing
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for rules to match your own protocols, or new ones which would
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out-date any attempted listing.
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.IP
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The special protocol keyword \fBtcp/udp\fP may be used to match either
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a TCP or a UDP packet, and has been added as a convenience to save
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duplication of otherwise-identical rules.
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.\" XXX grammar should reflect this (/etc/protocols)
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.PP
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The \fBfrom\fP and \fBto\fP keywords are used to match against IP
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addresses (and optionally port numbers). Rules must specify BOTH
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source and destination parameters.
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.PP
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IP addresses may be specified in one of two ways: as a numerical
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address\fB/\fPmask, or as a hostname \fBmask\fP netmask. The hostname
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may either be a valid hostname, from either the hosts file or DNS
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(depending on your configuration and library) or of the dotted numeric
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form. There is no special designation for networks but network names
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are recognised. Note that having your filter rules depend on DNS
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results can introduce an avenue of attack, and is discouraged.
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.PP
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There is a special case for the hostname \fBany\fP which is taken to
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be 0.0.0.0/0 (see below for mask syntax) and matches all IP addresses.
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Only the presence of "any" has an implied mask, in all other
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situations, a hostname MUST be accompanied by a mask. It is possible
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to give "any" a hostmask, but in the context of this language, it is
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non-sensical.
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.PP
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The numerical format "x\fB/\fPy" indicates that a mask of y
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consecutive 1 bits set is generated, starting with the MSB, so a y value
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of 16 would give 0xffff0000. The symbolic "x \fBmask\fP y" indicates
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that the mask y is in dotted IP notation or a hexadecimal number of
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the form 0x12345678. Note that all the bits of the IP address
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indicated by the bitmask must match the address on the packet exactly;
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there isn't currently a way to invert the sense of the match, or to
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match ranges of IP addresses which do not express themselves easily as
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bitmasks (anthropomorphization; it's not just for breakfast anymore).
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.PP
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If a \fBport\fP match is included, for either or both of source and
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destination, then it is only applied to
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.\" XXX - "may only be" ? how does this apply to other protocols? will it not match, or will it be ignored?
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TCP and UDP packets. If there is no \fBproto\fP match parameter,
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packets from both protocols are compared. This is equivalent to "proto
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tcp/udp". When composing \fBport\fP comparisons, either the service
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name or an integer port number may be used. Port comparisons may be
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done in a number of forms, with a number of comparison operators, or
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port ranges may be specified. When the port appears as part of the
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\fBfrom\fP object, it matches the source port number, when it appears
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as part of the \fBto\fP object, it matches the destination port number.
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See the examples for more information.
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.PP
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The \fBall\fP keyword is essentially a synonym for "from any to any"
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with no other match parameters.
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.PP
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Following the source and destination matching parameters, the
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following additional parameters may be used:
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.TP
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.B with
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is used to match irregular attributes that some packets may have
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associated with them. To match the presence of IP options in general,
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use \fBwith ipopts\fP. To match packets that are too short to contain
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a complete header, use \fBwith short\fP. To match fragmented packets,
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use \fBwith frag\fP. For more specific filtering on IP options,
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individual options can be listed.
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.IP
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Before any parameter used after the \fBwith\fP keyword, the word
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\fBnot\fP or \fBno\fP may be inserted to cause the filter rule to only
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match if the option(s) is not present.
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.IP
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Multiple consecutive \fBwith\fP clauses are allowed. Alternatively,
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the keyword \fBand\fP may be used in place of \fBwith\fP, this is
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provided purely to make the rules more readable ("with ... and ...").
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When multiple clauses are listed, all those must match to cause a
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match of the rule.
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.\" XXX describe the options more specifically in a separate section
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.TP
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.B flags
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is only effective for TCP filtering. Each of the letters possible
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represents one of the possible flags that can be set in the TCP
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header. The association is as follows:
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.LP
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.nf
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F - FIN
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S - SYN
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R - RST
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P - PUSH
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A - ACK
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U - URG
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.fi
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.IP
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The various flag symbols may be used in combination, so that "SA"
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would represent a SYN-ACK combination present in a packet. There is
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nothing preventing the specification of combinations, such as "SFR",
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that would not normally be generated by law-abiding TCP
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implementations. However, to guard against weird aberrations, it is
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necessary to state which flags you are filtering against. To allow
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this, it is possible to set a mask indicating which TCP flags you wish
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to compare (i.e., those you deem significant). This is done by
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appending "/<flags>" to the set of TCP flags you wish to match
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against, e.g.:
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.LP
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.nf
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... flags S
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# becomes "flags S/AUPRFS" and will match
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# packets with ONLY the SYN flag set.
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... flags SA
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# becomes "flags SA/AUPRFSC" and will match any
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# packet with only the SYN and ACK flags set.
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... flags S/SA
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# will match any packet with just the SYN flag set
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# out of the SYN-ACK pair; the common "establish"
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# keyword action. "S/SA" will NOT match a packet
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# with BOTH SYN and ACK set, but WILL match "SFP".
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.fi
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.TP
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.B icmp-type
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is only effective when used with \fBproto icmp\fP and must NOT be used
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in conjunction with \fBflags\fP. There are a number of types, which can be
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referred to by an abbreviation recognised by this language, or the numbers
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with which they are associated can be used. The most important from
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a security point of view is the ICMP redirect.
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.SH KEEP HISTORY
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.PP
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The second last parameter which can be set for a filter rule is whether or not
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to record historical information for that packet, and what sort to keep. The
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following information can be kept:
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.TP
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.B state
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keeps information about the flow of a communication session. State can
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be kept for TCP, UDP, and ICMP packets.
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.TP
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.B frags
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keeps information on fragmented packets, to be applied to later
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fragments.
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.PP
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allowing packets which match these to flow straight through, rather
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than going through the access control list.
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.SH GROUPS
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The last pair of parameters control filter rule "grouping". By default, all
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filter rules are placed in group 0 if no other group is specified. To add a
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rule to a non-default group, the group must first be started by creating a
|
|
group \fIhead\fP. If a packet matches a rule which is the \fIhead\fP of a
|
|
group, the filter processing then switches to the group, using that rule as
|
|
the default for the group. If \fBquick\fP is used with a \fBhead\fP rule, rule
|
|
processing isn't stopped until it has returned from processing the group.
|
|
.PP
|
|
A rule may be both the head for a new group and a member of a non-default
|
|
group (\fBhead\fP and \fBgroup\fP may be used together in a rule).
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "head <n>"
|
|
indicates that a new group (number n) should be created.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "group <n>"
|
|
indicates that the rule should be put in group (number n) rather than group 0.
|
|
.SH LOGGING
|
|
.PP
|
|
When a packet is logged, with either the \fBlog\fP action or option,
|
|
the headers of the packet are written to the \fBipl\fP packet logging
|
|
pseudo-device. Immediately following the \fBlog\fP keyword, the
|
|
following qualifiers may be used (in order):
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B body
|
|
indicates that the first 128 bytes of the packet contents will be
|
|
logged after the headers.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B first
|
|
If log is being used in conjunction with a "keep" option, it is recommended
|
|
that this option is also applied so that only the triggering packet is logged
|
|
and not every packet which thereafter matches state information.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B or-block
|
|
indicates that, if for some reason the filter is unable to log the
|
|
packet (such as the log reader being too slow) then the rule should be
|
|
interpreted as if the action was \fBblock\fP for this packet.
|
|
.TP
|
|
.B "level <loglevel>"
|
|
indicates what logging facility and priority, or just priority with
|
|
the default facility being used, will be used to log information about
|
|
this packet using ipmon's -s option.
|
|
.PP
|
|
See ipl(4) for the format of records written
|
|
to this device. The ipmon(8) program can be used to read and format
|
|
this log.
|
|
.SH EXAMPLES
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBquick\fP option is good for rules such as:
|
|
\fC
|
|
.nf
|
|
block in quick from any to any with ipopts
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
which will match any packet with a non-standard header length (IP
|
|
options present) and abort further processing of later rules,
|
|
recording a match and also that the packet should be blocked.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The "fall-through" rule parsing allows for effects such as this:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
block in from any to any port < 6000
|
|
pass in from any to any port >= 6000
|
|
block in from any to any port > 6003
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
which sets up the range 6000-6003 as being permitted and all others being
|
|
denied. Note that the effect of the first rule is overridden by subsequent
|
|
rules. Another (easier) way to do the same is:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
block in from any to any port 6000 <> 6003
|
|
pass in from any to any port 5999 >< 6004
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that both the "block" and "pass" are needed here to effect a
|
|
result as a failed match on the "block" action does not imply a pass,
|
|
only that the rule hasn't taken effect. To then allow ports < 1024, a
|
|
rule such as:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
pass in quick from any to any port < 1024
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
would be needed before the first block. To create a new group for
|
|
processing all inbound packets on le0/le1/lo0, with the default being to block
|
|
all inbound packets, we would do something like:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
block in all
|
|
block in quick on le0 all head 100
|
|
block in quick on le1 all head 200
|
|
block in quick on lo0 all head 300
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
and to then allow ICMP packets in on le0, only, we would do:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
pass in proto icmp all group 100
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note that because only inbound packets on le0 are used processed by group 100,
|
|
there is no need to respecify the interface name. Likewise, we could further
|
|
breakup processing of TCP, etc, as follows:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
block in proto tcp all head 110 group 100
|
|
pass in from any to any port = 23 group 110
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
and so on. The last line, if written without the groups would be:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.nf
|
|
pass in on le0 proto tcp from any to any port = telnet
|
|
.fi
|
|
.PP
|
|
Note, that if we wanted to say "port = telnet", "proto tcp" would
|
|
need to be specified as the parser interprets each rule on its own and
|
|
qualifies all service/port names with the protocol specified.
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
/dev/ipauth
|
|
.br
|
|
/dev/ipl
|
|
.br
|
|
/dev/ipstate
|
|
.br
|
|
/etc/hosts
|
|
.br
|
|
/etc/services
|
|
.br
|
|
/usr/share/examples/ipf Directory with examples.
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
ipftest(1), iptest(1), mkfilters(1), ipf(4), ipnat(5), ipf(8), ipfstat(8)
|