459 lines
12 KiB
Groff
459 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: disklabel.8,v 1.49 2003/11/10 09:22:09 fvdl Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)disklabel.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\"
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.Dd July 13, 2003
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.Dt DISKLABEL 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm disklabel
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.Nd read and write disk pack label
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl rt
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.Op Fl C
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.Ar disk
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl r
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.Op Fl f Ar disktab
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.Ar disk Ar disktype
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.Oo Ar packid Oc
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl r
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.Op Fl I
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.Op Fl C
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.Ar disk
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.Nm
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.Fl i
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.Op Fl I
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.Op Fl r
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.Ar disk
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl r
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.Ar disk Ar protofile
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.Nm
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.Op Fl NW
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.Ar disk
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.sp
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.Nm
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.Fl B
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.Op Fl f Ar disktab
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.Oo
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.Fl b Ar boot1
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.Op Fl s Ar boot2
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.Oc
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.Ar disk
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.Oo Ar disktype Oc
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Fl B
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.Op Fl f Ar disktab
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.Oo
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.Fl b Ar boot1
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.Op Fl s Ar boot2
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.Oc
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.Ar disk Ar disktype
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.Oo Ar packid Oc
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Fl B
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.Op Fl f Ar disktab
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.Oo
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.Fl b Ar boot1
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.Op Fl s Ar boot2
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.Oc
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.Ar disk Ar protofile
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.Oo Ar disktype Oc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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can be used to install, examine or modify the label on a disk drive or pack.
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When writing the label, it can be used
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to change the drive identification,
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the disk partitions on the drive,
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or to replace a damaged label.
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On some systems,
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.Nm
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can be used to install bootstrap code as well.
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.Pp
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There are several forms of the command that read (display), install or edit
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the label on a disk.
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Each form has an additional option,
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.Fl r ,
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which causes the label to be read from or written to the disk directly,
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rather than going through the system's in-core copy of the label.
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This option may allow a label to be installed on a disk
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without kernel support for a label, such as when labels are first installed
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on a system; it must be used when first installing a label on a disk.
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Any special effects of the
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.Fl r
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flag are described with the affected commands.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl I
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option is similar to the
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.Fl r
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option but provides defaults instead of failing with
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an error, if there is no existing disklabel on the disk.
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.Pp
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The read and install forms also support the
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.Fl B
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option to install bootstrap code on some platforms,
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e.g., hp300, vax, and arm32.
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The
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.Fl B
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option is not supported on all platforms.
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These variants are described later.
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.Pp
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The first form of the command (read) is used to examine the label on the named
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disk drive (e.g., sd0 or /dev/rsd0c).
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It will display all of the parameters associated with the drive
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and its partition layout.
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Unless the
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.Fl r
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flag is given,
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the kernel's in-core copy of the label is displayed;
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if the disk has no label, or the partition types on the disk are incorrect,
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the kernel may have constructed or modified the label.
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If the
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.Fl r
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flag is given, the label from the raw disk will be displayed rather
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than the in-core label.
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If the
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.Fl t
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flag is given, then the label will be formatted as a
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.Xr disktab 5
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entry.
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.Pp
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The second form of the command, with the
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.Fl w
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flag, is used to write a standard label on the designated drive.
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The required arguments to
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.Nm
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are the drive to be labelled (e.g. sd0), and
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the drive type as described in the
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.Xr disktab 5
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file.
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The drive parameters and partitions are taken from that file.
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If different disks of the same physical type are to have different
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partitions, it will be necessary to have separate disktab entries
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describing each, or to edit the label after installation as described below.
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The optional argument is a pack identification string,
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up to 16 characters long.
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The pack id must be quoted if it contains blanks.
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If the disk does not already have a label, the
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.Fl r
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flag must be used.
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In either case, the kernel's in-core label is replaced.
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.Pp
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An alternate
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.Xr disktab 5
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file may be specified with the
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.Fl f Ar disktab
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option.
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.Pp
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An existing disk label may be edited by using the
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.Fl e
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flag.
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The label is formatted and then supplied to an editor for changes.
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If no editor is specified in an
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.Ev EDITOR
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environment variable,
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.Xr vi 1
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is used.
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When the editor terminates, the formatted label is reread
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and used to rewrite the disk label.
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.Pp
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Labels can also created interactively using the
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.Fl i
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flag.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl C
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flag causes the partition offset and size values to be displayed in
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.Aq cylinder/track/sector
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format.
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Note that, regardless of whether
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.Fl C
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was specified, this format is always accepted by
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.Nm
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on input with either the
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.Fl e
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or
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.Fl R
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flag.
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.Pp
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With the
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.Fl R
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flag,
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.Nm
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is capable of restoring a disk label that was formatted
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in a prior operation and saved in an ascii file.
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The prototype file used to create the label should be in the same format
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as that produced when reading or editing a label.
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Comments are delimited by
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.Ar \&#
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and newline.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl NW
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flags for
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.Nm
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explicitly disallow and
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allow, respectively, writing of the pack label area on the selected disk.
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.Pp
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The final three forms of
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.Nm
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are used to install bootstrap code on machines where the bootstrap is part
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of the label.
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The bootstrap code is composed of one or two boot programs depending on
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the machine.
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The
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.Fl B
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option is used (on some platforms only, see above) to denote that
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bootstrap code is to be installed.
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The
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.Fl r
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flag is implied by
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.Fl B
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and never needs to be specified.
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The name of the boot program(s) to be installed can be selected in a
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variety of ways.
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First, the names can be specified explicitly via the
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.Fl b
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and
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.Fl s
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flags.
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On machines with only a single level of boot program,
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.Fl b
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is the name of that program.
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For machines with a two-level bootstrap,
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.Fl b
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indicates the primary boot program and
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.Fl s
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the secondary boot program.
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If the names are not explicitly given, standard boot programs will be used.
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The boot programs are located in
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.Pa /usr/mdec .
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The names of the programs are taken from the
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.Dq b0
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and
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.Dq b1
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parameters of the
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.Xr disktab 5
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entry for the disk if
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.Ar disktype
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was given and its disktab entry exists and includes those parameters.
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Otherwise, boot program names are derived from the name of the disk.
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These names are of the form
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.Pa basename Ns boot
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for the primary (or only) bootstrap, and
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.Pf boot Pa basename
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for the secondary bootstrap;
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for example,
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.Pa /usr/mdec/sdboot
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and
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.Pa /usr/mdec/bootsd
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if the disk device is
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.Em sd0 .
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.Pp
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The first of the three boot-installation forms is used to install
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bootstrap code without changing the existing label.
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It is essentially a read command with respect to the disk label
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itself and all options are related to the specification of the boot
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program as described previously.
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The final two forms are analogous to the basic write and restore versions
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except that they will install bootstrap code in addition to a new label.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/xxboot -compact
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.It Pa /etc/disktab
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.It Pa /usr/mdec/ Ns Em xx Ns boot
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.It Pa /usr/mdec/boot Ns Em xx
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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.Dl disklabel sd0
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.Pp
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Display the in-core label for sd0 as obtained via
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.Pa /dev/rsd0c .
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -w -r /dev/rsd0c sd2212 foo
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.Pp
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Create a label for sd0 based on information for
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.Dq sd2212
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found in
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.Pa /etc/disktab ,
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using
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.Pa foo
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as the disk pack label.
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Any existing bootstrap code will be clobbered.
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If you do not have an entry for your disk in
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.Pa /etc/disktab ,
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you can use this style to put
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an initial label onto a new disk.
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Then dump the label to a file (using
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.Em disklabel sd0 \*[Gt]
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.Em protofile ) ,
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editing the file, and replacing the label with
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.Em disklabel -R sd0
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.Em protofile .
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -e -r sd0
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.Pp
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Read the on-disk label for sd0, edit it and reinstall in-core as well
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as on-disk.
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Existing bootstrap code is unaffected.
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -e -I sd0
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.Pp
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As previous, but don't fail if there was no label on the disk yet;
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provide some default values instead.
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -i -I sd0
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.Pp
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As previous, only use the built-in interactive editor.
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -R sd0 mylabel
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.Pp
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Restore the on-disk and in-core label for sd0 from information in
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.Pa mylabel .
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Existing bootstrap code is unaffected.
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -B sd0
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.Pp
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Install a new bootstrap on sd0 (only for platforms which support the
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.Fl B
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option, see above).
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The boot code comes from
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.Pa /usr/mdec/sdboot
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and possibly
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.Pa /usr/mdec/bootsd .
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On-disk and in-core labels are unchanged.
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -w -B /dev/rsd0c -b newboot sd2212
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.Pp
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Install a new label and bootstrap (on platforms which support the
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.Fl B
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option, see above).
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The label is derived from disktab information for
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.Dq sd2212
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and installed both in-core and on-disk.
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The bootstrap code comes from the file
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.Pa /usr/mdec/newboot .
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.Pp
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.Dl disklabel -R -r sd0 \*[Lt]protofile\*[Gt]
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.Pp
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Install a new label and bootstrap on a disk, from a prototype label
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file.
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This is a good way to install a label on a previously unlabeled
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disk for which no entry appears in
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.Pa /etc/disktab ,
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if you create the
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prototype file by dumping some other disk's label to a file and editing
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it appropriately (total size, partition offsets, types, etc.)
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition
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to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open.
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Some device drivers create a label containing only a single large partition
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if a disk is unlabeled; thus, the label must be written to the
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.Dq a
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partition of the disk while it is open.
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This sometimes requires the desired label to be set in two steps,
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the first one creating at least one other partition,
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and the second setting the label on the new partition
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while shrinking the
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.Dq a
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partition.
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.Pp
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On some machines the bootstrap code may not fit entirely in the area
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allocated for it by some filesystems.
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As a result, it may not be possible to have filesystems on some partitions
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of a
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.Dq bootable
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disk.
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When installing bootstrap code,
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.Nm
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checks for these cases.
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If the installed boot code would overlap a partition of type FS_UNUSED
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it is marked as type FS_BOOT.
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The
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.Xr newfs 8
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utility will disallow creation of filesystems on FS_BOOT partitions.
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Conversely, if a partition has a type other than FS_UNUSED or FS_BOOT,
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.Nm
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will not install bootstrap code that overlaps it.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr disklabel 5 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr dkctl 8 ,
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.Xr fdisk 8 ,
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.Xr installboot 8 ,
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.Xr mbrlabel 8
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.Sh BUGS
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If the disk partition is not specified in the disk name
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(i.e.,
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.Dq xy0
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instead of
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.Dq /dev/rxy0c ) ,
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.Nm
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will construct the full pathname of the disk and use the
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.Dq d
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partition on i386, hpcmips, or arc, and the
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.Dq c
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partition on all others.
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.Pp
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On the sparc, sparc64, sun2, and sun3
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.Nx
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systems, the size of each partition must be a multiple of the number
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of sectors per cylinder (i.e., each partition must be an integer
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number of cylinders), or the boot ROMs will declare the label
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invalid and fail to boot the system.
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.Pp
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In addition, the
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.Fl r
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option should never be used on a sparc, sparc64, sun2 or sun3 system
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boot disk - the
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.Nx
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kernel translates the
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.Nx
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disk label into a SunOS compatible format (which is required by the
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boot PROMs) when it writes the label.
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Using the
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.Fl r
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flag causes
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.Nm
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to write directly to disk, and bypass the format translation.
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This will result in a disk label that the PROMs will not recognize,
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and that therefore cannot be booted from.
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