511 lines
12 KiB
Groff
511 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: ls.1,v 1.69 2011/04/02 08:38:56 mbalmer Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
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.\"
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.Dd April 2, 2011
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.Dt LS 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ls
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.Nd list directory contents
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl AaBbCcdFfghikLlMmnopqRrSsTtuWwx1
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.Op Ar
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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For each operand that names a
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.Ar file
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of a type other than
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directory,
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.Nm
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displays its name as well as any requested,
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associated information.
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For each operand that names a
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.Ar file
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of type directory,
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.Nm
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displays the names of files contained
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within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
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information.
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.Pp
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If no operands are given, the contents of the current
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directory are displayed.
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If more than one operand is given,
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non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
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and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
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lexicographical order.
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl A
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List all entries except for
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.Ql \&.
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and
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.Ql \&.. .
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Always set for the super-user.
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.It Fl a
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Include directory entries whose names begin with a
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dot
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.Pq Sq \&. .
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.It Fl B
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Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as \exxx, where xxx
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is the numeric value of the character in octal.
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.It Fl b
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As
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.Fl B ,
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but use C escape codes whenever possible.
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.It Fl C
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Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
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.It Fl c
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Use time when file status was last changed,
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instead of time of last modification of the file for sorting
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.Pq Fl t
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or printing
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.Pq Fl l .
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.It Fl d
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Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively) and
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symbolic links in the argument list are not followed.
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.It Fl F
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Display a slash
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.Pq Sq \&/
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immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
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an asterisk
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.Pq Sq \&*
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after each that is executable,
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an at sign
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.Pq Sq \&@
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after each symbolic link,
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a percent sign
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.Pq Sq \&%
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after each whiteout,
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an equal sign
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.Pq Sq \&=
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after each socket,
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and a vertical bar
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.Pq Sq \&|
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after each that is a
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.Tn FIFO .
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.It Fl f
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Output is not sorted.
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.It Fl g
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The same as
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.Fl l ,
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except that the owner is not printed.
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.It Fl h
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Modifies the
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.Fl s
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and
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.Fl l
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options, causing the sizes to be reported in bytes displayed in a human
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readable format.
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Overrides
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.Fl k
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and
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.Fl M .
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.It Fl i
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For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
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.It Fl k
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Modifies the
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.Fl s
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option, causing the sizes to be reported in kilobytes.
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The rightmost of the
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.Fl k
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and
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.Fl h
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flags overrides the previous flag.
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See also
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.Fl h
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and
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.Fl M .
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.It Fl L
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For each file, if it's a link, evaluate file information and file type
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of the referenced file and not the link itself; however still print
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the link name, unless used with
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.Fl l ,
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for example.
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.It Fl l
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(The lowercase letter
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.Dq ell ) .
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List in long format.
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(See below.)
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A total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the long
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listing.
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.It Fl M
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Modifies the
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.Fl l
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and
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.Fl s
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options, causing the sizes or block counts reported to be separated with
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commas (or a locale appropriate separator) resulting in a more readable
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output.
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Overrides
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.Fl h .
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Does not override
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.Fl k .
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.It Fl m
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Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
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.It Fl n
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The same as
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.Fl l ,
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except that
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the owner and group IDs are displayed numerically rather than converting
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to a owner or group name.
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.It Fl o
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Include the file flags in a long
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.Pq Fl l
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output.
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If no file flags are set,
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.Dq -
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is displayed.
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(See
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.Xr chflags 1
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for a list of possible flags and their meanings.)
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.It Fl p
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Display a slash
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.Pq Sq \&/
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immediately after each pathname that is a directory.
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.It Fl q
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Force printing of non-printable characters in file names as
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the character
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.Sq \&? ;
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this is the default when output is to a terminal.
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.It Fl R
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Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
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.It Fl r
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Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
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lexicographical order or the smallest or oldest entries first.
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.It Fl S
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Sort by size, largest file first.
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.It Fl s
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Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
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of 512 bytes or
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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(see
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.Sx ENVIRONMENT )
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where partial units are rounded up to the
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next integer value.
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If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
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sizes is output on a line before the listing.
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.It Fl T
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When used with the
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.Fl l
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(the lowercase letter
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.Dq ell )
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option, display complete time information for the file, including
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month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
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.It Fl t
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Sort by time modified (most recently modified
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first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
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order.
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.It Fl u
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Use time of last access,
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instead of last modification
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of the file for sorting
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.Pq Fl t
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or printing
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.Pq Fl l .
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.It Fl W
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Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
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.It Fl w
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Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
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This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
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.It Fl x
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Multi-column output sorted across the page rather than down the page.
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.It Fl \&1
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(The numeric digit
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.Dq one ) .
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Force output to be one entry per line.
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This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl B ,
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.Fl b ,
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.Fl w ,
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and
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.Fl q
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options all override each other; the last one specified determines
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the format used for non-printable characters.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl 1 ,
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.Fl C ,
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.Fl g ,
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.Fl l ,
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.Fl m ,
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and
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.Fl x
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options all override each other; the last one specified determines
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the format used with the exception that if both
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.Fl l
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and
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.Fl g
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are specified,
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.Fl l
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will always override
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.Fl g ,
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even if
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.Fl g
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was specified last.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl c
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and
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.Fl u
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options override each other; the last one specified determines
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the file time used.
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.Pp
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By default,
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.Nm
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lists one entry per line to standard
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output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
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.Fl C
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or
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.Fl m
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options are specified.
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.Pp
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File information is displayed with one or more
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.Aq blank
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separating the information associated with the
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.Fl i ,
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.Fl s ,
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and
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.Fl l
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options.
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.Ss The Long Format
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If the
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.Fl l
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option is given, the following information
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is displayed for each file:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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file mode
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.It
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number of links
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.It
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owner name
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.It
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group name
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.It
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file flags (if
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.Fl o
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given)
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.It
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number of bytes in the file
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.It
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abbreviated month file was last modified
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.It
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day-of-month file was last modified
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.It
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hour and minute file was last modified
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.It
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pathname
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.El
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.Pp
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In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total
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number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed
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on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the
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directory.
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.Pp
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If the owner or group names are not a known owner or group name,
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or the
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.Fl n
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option is given,
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the numeric ID's are displayed.
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.Pp
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If the file is a character special or block special file,
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the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
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in the size field.
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If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
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linked-to file is preceded by
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.Dq \-\*[Gt] .
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.Pp
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The file mode printed under the
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.Fl l
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option consists of the entry type, owner permissions, group
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permissions, and other permissions.
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The entry type character describes the type of file, as
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follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy a
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Archive state 1.
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.It Sy A
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Archive state 2.
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.It Sy b
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Block special file.
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.It Sy c
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Character special file.
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.It Sy d
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Directory.
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.It Sy l
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Symbolic link.
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.It Sy s
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Socket link.
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.It Sy p
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FIFO.
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.It Sy w
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Whiteout.
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.It Sy \-
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Regular file.
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.El
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.Pp
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The next three fields
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are three characters each:
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owner permissions,
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group permissions, and
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other permissions.
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Each field has three character positions:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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If
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.Sy r ,
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the file is readable; if
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.Sy \- ,
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it is not readable.
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.It
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If
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.Sy w ,
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the file is writable; if
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.Sy \- ,
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it is not writable.
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.It
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The first of the following that applies:
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.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
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.It Sy S
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If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
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set-user-ID mode is set.
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If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
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and set-group-ID mode is set.
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.It Sy s
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If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
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and set-user-ID mode is set.
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If in the group permissions, the file is executable
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and setgroup-ID mode is set.
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.It Sy x
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The file is executable or the directory is
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searchable.
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.It Sy \-
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The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
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nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
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(See below.)
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.El
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.Pp
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These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
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(other permissions).
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.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
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.It Sy T
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The sticky bit is set
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(mode
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.Li 1000 ) ,
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but not execute or search permission.
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(See
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.Xr chmod 1
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or
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.Xr sticky 7 . )
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.It Sy t
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The sticky bit is set (mode
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.Li 1000 ) ,
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and is searchable or executable.
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(See
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.Xr chmod 1
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or
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.Xr sticky 7 . )
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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The number of bytes displayed for a directory is a function of the
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number of
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.Xr dirent 3
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structures in the directory, not all of which may be allocated to
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any existing file.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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The following environment variables affect the execution of
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.Nm :
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.Bl -tag -width BLOCKSIZE
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.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
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If the environment variable
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.Ev BLOCKSIZE
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is set, and the
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.Fl h
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and
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.Fl k
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options are not specified, the block counts
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(see
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.Fl s )
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will be displayed in units of that size block.
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.It Ev COLUMNS
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If this variable contains a string representing a
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decimal integer, it is used as the
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column position width for displaying
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multiple-text-column output.
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The
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.Nm
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utility calculates how
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many pathname text columns to display
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based on the width provided.
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(See
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.Fl C . )
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.It Ev TZ
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The timezone to use when displaying dates.
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See
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.Xr environ 7
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for more information.
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.El
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
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files in order to be compatible with the
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.St -p1003.2
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specification.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr chflags 1 ,
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.Xr chmod 1 ,
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.Xr stat 2 ,
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.Xr dirent 3 ,
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.Xr getbsize 3 ,
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.Xr sticky 7 ,
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.Xr symlink 7
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm
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utility is expected to be a superset of the
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.St -p1003.2
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specification.
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.Sh HISTORY
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|
An
|
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.Nm
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utility appeared in
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.At v5 .
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